Grammar BookPart 2

Memo Strickland

5th Period

Table of Contents:1. Conditional + Irregulars

2. Perfect tenses

1. Present

2. Past

3. Present perfect irregulars

4. Subjunctive perfect

3. Tanto y Tan

4. Impersonal se

5. Saber vs. Conocer

6. Los Mandatos

1. Informal/ formal

2. Affirmative

3. Negative

4. Irregular

7. DOP + IOP placement

8. Nosotros Commands

1. Mono Verbs

9. Subjunctive + Irregulars

1. Expressions of Emotion with Present Sub.

10. Trigger Phrases

1. Impersonal Expressions

2. Expressions of Emotion

3. Conjunctions of Time

11. Demonstrative Adjective and Pronouns

Conditional + Irregulars• Expresses probability,

possibility, or conjecture.• “Would, could, should.”Ía

Ías

Ía

íamos

ían

Decir- dirHacer- harPoner- pondrSalir- saldrTener- tendrValer- valdrVenir- vendrPoder- podrQuerer- querrSaber- sabrCaber- cabrHaber- habr

• These irregulars are the same as future tense.

Perfect Tenses• Prefect tense portrays an action or state as

completed and not in progress; from a different point of view

• It has two parts…. – helping verb + past participle

• 3 main perfect tenses: – present perfect – past perfect – future perfect

Present • The present perfect is formed by

combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.

• Example:– He comido- I have eaten.

He

Has

Ha

Hemos

Han

Past• Past tense is “had”• It has the same endings as the

conditional

• Example:– Había vivido- I had lived.

Había

Habías

Había

Habíamos

Habían

Present Perfect Irregulars • Hemos puesto- we have put• Han escrito- they have written• He abierto- I have opened• Ha muerto- she has died

• Han visto- you all have seen• Ha dicho- you (formal) have said• Has vuelto- you have returned• Hemos hecho- we have done

Subjunctive Perfect

• Subjunctive perfect is the compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb

Perfect subjunctiveYo

Tú

El/ella

Nosotros

Ellos

Haya

Hayas

Haya

Hayamos

hayan

+ Hablado

+ Comido

+ Vivido

Tanto & TanForming comparisons of equalities with nouns:

Tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como

• Example:

Roberto tiene tanto galletas como Shakira.

Forming comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs:

Tan + adj (adverb) + como

• Example:

El libro es tan bueno como la película.

Impersonal ‘Se’• Verb is always in 3rd person and followed by a

direct object

Se + 3rd person singular

• Example:– Se habla español.

Saber vs. Conocer

Saber

• To know a fact, to know something thoroughly, to know how to do something

• Example: Shakira sabe conducir.

Conocer• To be acquainted

with a person, place, or thing

• Example: Conozco tu hermano.

Los Mandatos:• Used to directly address someone and

give them an order

–Can be formal or informal–Can be nosotros

–Can be affirmative or negative

Informal & Formal

Informal mandatos are in the tú form and

can be affirmative or negative

Example: Compra el Burger King

Informal mandatos are in the tú form and

can be affirmative or negative

Example: Compra el Burger King

Affirmative• Same as present subjunctive• Put in Yo form, drop the –o, add –e

for –ar verbs or –a for er/ir verbs• Example: hable

Formal

• Same as present indicative form• -ar + a• - er/ir + e• Example: habla

Informal

Negative• For formal negative, you use the

same form as formal affirmative• Example: No coma

Formal

• For informal negative, you use same form as present subjunctive

• Example: No comas

Informal

Decir- di

Hacer- haz Ir- ve Poner-

ponSalir-

sal Ser- sé Tener- ten

Venir- ven

Irregulars

Dop & Iop Placement• The DOP is placed before verb• It answers the questions of who?

& what? • The IOP is placed before

the verb• It answers the questions of

to whom? & for whom?

DOP

• Me• Te

• Lo, la• Nos

• Los, Las

IOP

• Me• Te• Le• Nos• Les

Nosotros Commands• Used when speaker is included, used to express:

lets + verb• Opposite nosotros ending is used

• Example:

Comamos allí

***For negative, just add no before verb

-emos: nosotros command of -AR verbs-amos: nosotros command of -ER and -IR verbs

Mono Verbs• With affirmative

nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se

• Example: Sentemos + nos = sentémonos

• With negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verd

• Example: No nos sentemonos

Subjunctive• The subjunctive is used

to express everything but certainty and objectivity

Process:• Start w/ “yo” form, drop

the –o ending, and add the following endings

• Examples:

com + a = coma

habl + e = hable

-ar

• e• es• e

• emos• en

-er/-ir

• a• as• a

• amos• an

Subjunctive Irregulars• The irregulars for subjunctive are the car, gar, zars and

T.V.D.I.S.H.E.S.

• Examples:

Dardédesdé

demosden

Estarestéestésesté

estemosestén

IrVayavayasvaya

vayamosVayan

Phrases:

Alegrarse (de)- to be happy

Esperar – to hope; to with

Sentir- to be sorry; to regret

Soprender – to surprise

Temer – to be afraid; to fear

Es triste- its sad

Ojala (de) – I hope

Main Clause Examples: hope, fear, joy, pity, surprise

Subjunctive with Words of Emotion:

Infinitive is used after the subjunctive when there is

no change in subject:

Temo llegar tarde

Im afraid of arriving late

Example Sentences:

Nos alegramos de que te gusten las floresWe are happy that you like the flowers

 Siento que tu no puedas venir mañanaIm sorry that you cant come tomorrow

Expressions of Emotions with Present Subjunctive

Trigger Phases:• A menos que…• Antes que…• Cuando…• Dudar que…• En cuanto…• Es bueno que…• Es imposible que…• Es malo que…

• Querer que…• Sin que…• Negar que…• Hasta que…• En raro que…• Es mejor que…• Es posible que…• Esperar que…

Impersonal Expressions

Triggers of the subjunctive

Conviene que…

Es bueno que…

Es importante

que…

Es fácil que…

Es malo que…

Es necesario

que…

Es preciso que…

Es mejor que…

Es probable

que…

Expressions of Emotions

alegrarse de que- to be happy that

es bueno que- it's good that

es conveniente que- it's

convenient that

es difícil que- it's hard

es extraño que- it's strange that

es fácil que- it's easy

es increíble que- it's incredible

that

es interesante- it's interesting

that

es inútil que- it's useless that

(there's no point)

es justo que- it's fair that

es (una) lástima que- it's a pity

that

es malo que- It's (too) bad that

es mejor que- it's better that

es peor que- it's worse that

es raro que- it's strange that

es triste que- it's sad that

Conjunctions of Time

Así que- as soon

as

Cuando- when

Despues de que-

after

En cuanto- as soon

as

Hasta que- until

Luego que- as soon as

Tan pronto como- as soon

as

Demonstrative AdjectivesAdjectives: This That That Over There

M este ese aquel

F esta esa aquella

These Those Those Over There

M estos esos aquellos

F estas esas aquellas

•Placed before the noun and agree with number and gender• Example: this restaurant = este resturante

Demonstrative Pronouns

Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There

M éste ése aquél

F ésta ésa aquélla

These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There

M éstos ésos aquéllos

F éstas ésas aquéllas

Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There

M éste ése aquél

F ésta ésa aquélla

These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There

M éstos ésos aquéllos

F éstas ésas aquéllas

• Adj. can act as a noun, accent is added to the first “e” in the word

•Example: prefiero ésa =that one

The End