Grammar Book Second Semester

1. Conditional 2. Conditional irregular3. Present perfect4. Present perfect

irregulars5. Past perfect6. Subjunctive perfect7. Tanto vs. tan8. Impersonal se9. Saber vs. Conocer10. Formal commands11. Formal irregular

commands12. Informal commands

13. Informal irregular commands

14. DOP and IOP placement

15. Nosotros commands16. Mono verbs17. Subjunctive with

irregulars18. Trigger words for

impersonal expressions, emotional expressions, and conjunctions of time

19. Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns

Table of Contents

Conditional Used to describe uncertainty or polite requests Describe what you would, should, could, or probably

do Infinitive + ending

Example: Yo comería por que tengo hambre.

-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

Conditional Irregulars Change the verb to the root then add

the same endings

Hacer

har

Haber

habr

Saber

sabr

Tener

tendr

Venir

vendr

Salir

saldr

Poner

pondr

Poder

podr

Caber

cabr

Decir

dir

Present Perfect Used to describe actions that happened

recently or still hold true Also used to tell what you have or

haven’t done Uses the verb Haber

Example: Hanadado en el lago.

He Hemos

Has

Ha Han

-ar verbs to -ado

-er/ir verbs to -ido

Present Perfect Irregulars Used with Haber

Abrir

•Abierto

Cubrir

•Cubierto

Decir

•Dicho

Escribir

•Escrito

Ver

•Visto

Ir

•Ido

Hacer

•Hecho

Poner

•Puesto

Morir

• Muerto

Volver

• Vuelto

Romper

• Roto

Past Perfect Use both a main verb and an auxiliary

verb Use haber plus a past participle Don’t separate the two verbs with

pronounsHe Hemos

Has

Ha Han

-ar verbs to -ado

-er/ir verbs to -ido

Subjunctive Perfect Uses the subjunctive form to express

the perfect tense Conjugate haber in the subjunctive Then add the endings to the infinitives

Example: Es importante que hayas bebido agua.

Haya Hayamos

Hayas

Ha Hayan

-ar verbs to -ado -er/ir verbs

to -ido

Used to compare

two nouns

Tanto + (noun) +

Como

Tanto

Ex: Juan come tanta

comida como su amigo.

Tanto vs. Tan

Used to compare

two adjectives

Tan + (adj) + Como

Tan

Ex: Ella es tan baja

como tú.

Impersonal Se

Can be used for all

tenses

Conjugate the verb with se in 3rd peron

No specific person

doing the action

Ex: Se vende

comida.

Conocer

Published Works

People, Places

To know:

Saber Vs. Conocer

Saber

information

facts

To know:

Formal Commands

-ar• Change to

yo form• Drop the

“o” and add “e”

-er• Change to

yo form• Drop the

“o” and add “a”

-ir • Change to

yo form• Drop the

“o” and add “a”

Formal Irregular Commands

Tener: tenga

Venir: venga

Dar: dé

Ir: vaya

Ser: sea

Hacer: haga

Estar: esté

Saber: sepa

Informal Commands

Affirmative

• Change to tú form• Drop the “s”

Negative

• Change to yo form• Drop the “o”• Add opposite ending

Informal Irregular Commands

Irregulars

Decir: di

Hacer: haz

Ir: ve

Poner: pon

Salir: sal

Ser: sé

Tener: ten

Venir: ven

DOP and IOP Placement For affirmative

commands it can be attached to the end of the command

Remember appropriate accent rules

For negative commands it is after the “no” but before the command

They are not attached to the command

Nosotros Commands

Add the nosotros opposite ending

Drop the “o”

Change to yo form

Mono Verbs

Use only for reflexive

verbs while also using

the nosotros

command

Instead of –mosnos, drop the

first “s” to become –monos

Ex: Vámonos

Subjunctive

Expressions

Conviene que, es bueno que, es dudoso que, es importante que, es posible

que, es raro que

Reason

Wishing/wanting,

emotions, doubt/disbelief,

impersonal expressions, negotiation,

god/grief

Formation

Needs a “special verb”, 2 clauses,

2 different subjects, and

the word “que”

To change the verb into the subjunctive: change to yo

form, drop the “o” and add the opposite ending

Subjunctive IrregularsTener Tenga

Venir Venga

Decir Diga

Dar Dé

Ir Vaya

Ser Sea

Hacer Haga

Estar Esté

Saber Sepa

-Car -que

-Gar -gue

-Zar -cé

Subjunctive Trigger Words

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que, es malo que, es

posible que, es importante que

Emotional Expressions

Esperar que, evitar que, rogar

que, sorprenderse que, es agradable

que

Conjunctions of Time

Cuando, hasta que, luego que,

tan pronto como, después de que

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Adjectives would match the noun

Add an accent on the first “e” to change it to a pronoun.

This or these That or those That or those over there

Singular Este/ Esta Ese/ Esa Aquel/ Aquella

Plural Estos/ Estas Esos/ Esas Aquellos/ Aquellas