Spanish American War
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Transcript of Spanish American War
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Spanish-American War"It has been a splendid little war, begun with the highest
motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that fortune which loves the brave."
-John Hay, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
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Spain and Cuba
• 1895: Cuban revolt against the rule of Spain
Columbia (the American people) reaches out to help oppressed Cuba in 1897 while Uncle Sam (the US Government) is blind.
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U.S. Sympathizes with Cubans
• William Hearst’s New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World publish atrocity stories (some true, some created)
• Men like Hearst and Pulitzer created what would be known as Yellow Journalism- is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead used eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.
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U.S. War Fever was Incited
• USS Maine visited Cuba and mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor February 15, 1898
• A Spanish letter critical of President McKinley angered Americans
• President McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war
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Congress’s Declaration of War
• Issues a four part statement on April 19, 1898
- They declared Cuba free
- They stated that Spain must withdraw
- They stated that armed forces would be used to achieve the above two items
- They declared that the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba (Teller Amendment)
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Time Line and Events of the War
• May 2, 1898: Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish in the Philippines
• August 13, 1898: American troops capture Manila in the Philippines
• July 3, 1898: Spanish fleet destroyed in Cuba
• August 12, 1898: armistice
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Events to Consider during the War
• The U.S. preparation for war with Cuba was poorly coordinated. Troops were poorly trained and conditions in the camps were very poor
• The most famous of the troops were known as the Rough Riders. They were organized by Teddy Roosevelt and commanded by Col. Leonard Wood.
• 5000 Americans died in the war, but only 500 died in battle. The remainder died of disease.
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Treaty of Paris
• U.S. received Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain
• Cuba was freed
• U.S. paid Spain 20 million for the Philippines
John Hay, Secretary of State, signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of the United States
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Opposition to American Imperialism
• Anti-imperialists argued against acquisition of the Philippines:
-it violated the American ideal of “consent of the governed” as found in the Declaration of Independence
-despotism abroad might lead to despotism at home
-annexation would propel the U.S. into the political and military cauldron of the Far East
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McKinley’s Decision
• The President decides to keep control of the Philippines
• This decision was followed by a rebellion in the Philippines led by Emilio Aguinaldo
• The rebellion lasted 3 years, cost more than 170 million dollars, and resulted in the lives of 4000 Americans and 20000 Filipinos
• With the Philippines as a base, the U.S. now sought an Open Door Policy in China
Emilio Aguinaldo in the field.
Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.
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McKinley’s Decision continued…
• Cuba was freed, but the U.S. imposed the Platt Amendment which gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuba and to guarantee a U.S. base in southeast Cuba (Guantanamo Bay)
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McKinley’s Considerations
• He considered commercial interests: a base for trade in Asia; the need to keep other countries from seizing it
• He considered what was the “White Man’s Burden”: to develop, educate, and uplift less fortunate peoples
• He considered the need for refueling bases for the growing U.S. Navy (Alfred Thayer Mahan’s book, “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783”)
The white man's burden – The Journal, Detroit, 1898.