Spanish 3 Grammar Notebook sem 1 and 2
Transcript of Spanish 3 Grammar Notebook sem 1 and 2
Spanish 3 Grammatical ConceptsNicholas Arce
Table of Contents1- Title
2- Table of Contents
3- Preterite Tense
4- Preterite Triggers
5- Car, Gar, Zar
6- Spock
7- Snake, Snakey
8- Cucuracha
9- Imperfect Tense
10- Imperfect Triggers
11- Irregulars
12-Preterite vs. Imperfect
13- Ser vs. Estar
14- Verbs like Gustar
15- Comparatives and Superlatives
16- Future Tense
17- Future Triggers
18- Future Irregulars
19- Transition Words
20- Por
21- Para
Preterite
This verb form is used for completed actions in the past. Such as you ate yesterday, comiste ayer, or I swam at 8, Nadé a las ocho. They have a definitive start and end.
Regular Verb Forms
-Ar
-Er/Ir
é amos
aste -
ó aron
í imos
iste -
ió ieron
Triggers Every verb tense has words which will help you identify which tense to use. For the preterite tense... Ante ayer
El dia anterior
El jueves pasado
El otro dia
UN! vez
All these will help you identify the perterite tense
Car, Gar, Zar Most (if not all) verb forms have
irregulars. The preterite has quite a few...the first being the car, gar, and zar verbs.
For these verbs, take off the ending of the infintive, and for the YO form with verbs ending in car, gar, or zar, use the endings qué, gué, and cé respectively.
buscar---busqué
llegar---llegué
empezar---empecé
Spock! Irregular conjugations for each grouping. No accents!
Hacer
Dar Ir
SerVer Dar/Ver
-i,-imos,-iste,-io,-ieron
Hacer
hice, hicimos, hiciste, hizo, hicieron
Ir/Ser
fui, fuimos, fuiste, fue, fueron
Snake....Snakey Only the bottom of the chart....(3rd person) has an irregular conjugation where the vowel changes to a y.
Leer
leyó
leyeron
Oir
oyó
oyeron
Cucurachas!
These verbs all have the same endings: e, imos, iste, o, ieron.
Anduve, anduvimos, anduviste, anduvo, anduvieron
andar anduv-
estar estuv-
tener tuv-
caber cup-
haber hub-
poder pud-
poner pus-
saber sup-
hacer hic-
querer quis-
venir vin-
*decir dij-
*producir produj-
*traer traj-
***** for those, the 3rd person plural drops the 'I' in the conjugation. For example. Trajeron instead of trajieron....
Imperfect
Used to describe past actions that don't have a specific beginning or ending. They have an imperfect time. They describe habitual past actions, or uncompleted actions. Also vague refrences would use the imperfect.... cuando ERA niño...
The endings are....
-Ar
-Er/Ir
aba abámos
abas -
aba aban
ía íamos
ías -
ía ían
Triggers
Denotes the imperfect tense!!!!
A veces
A menudo
De vez en cuando
Mientras
Muchas veces
Los lunes
Cada dia
Frequentemente
siempre
Imperfect Irregulars
Ir
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
iban
Ser
era
eras
era
éramos
eran
Ver
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veían
Only 3, enough said?
Preterite vs. ImperfectWe have two ways we could
possibly express past actions, with the preterite and imperfect tenses. So, which one should we use? Well, the preterite, as I said before, is like a snapshot, a definite time. Imperfect is like a movie, it keeps moving.
If that isn't confusing enough, they can both be used in the same sentence. But luckily, the imperfect shows the background information such as time, weather, and location, while the preterite shows the specific events.
Nadaste a las dies (Pret.)
Nadaba de vez en cuando (imp.)
Cuando dormía, mi perro comió una hamburguesa con queso.
Ser vs. Estar
Ser D- descriptions
O- occupations
C- characteristic
T- time
O- origin
R- relationships
P- possesion
E- events
D- dates
Estar H- health
E- emotions
L- location
P- physical characteristics
ING- for verbs in English ending in -ing you need estar + verb + ando/iendo
Verbs like Gustar
Some verbs work like gustar
Personal pronoun + gusta/an + noun
me encantan los zapatos
me fascina comer
no me importa
aburrir, faltar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer, doler, disgustar, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer
Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparatives
Mas ____ que ____
Menos ____ que ____
Nuestra casa es mas grande que su casa
Superlatives
el mas ___ de ____
el menos ___ de ____
Nuestra casa es el mas grande de todos en el mundo
*Irregular adjectives Bueno- mejor
Malo- peor
Viejo- mayor
Joven- menor
*Numbers! Mas de or menos de
*OTRO! Tan___ como
as ___ as Tanto ___como
as much/many as
Future Tense
All verbs end the same way! Infintive + ending
Hablaré miercoles.
é emos
ás -
á án
Triggers
When you see these, you know the event will be happening sometime in the future!
Mañana El lunes Despues de mañana El proximo dia
Irregulars!
Same endings, but the stem changes!
Caber cabr
Poner pondr
Decir dir
Haber habr
Salir saldr
Hacer har
Poder podr
Tener tendr
Querer querr
Valer valdr
Sabe sabr
Venir vendr
Transition Words These words will spice
up your sentences and provide you with ways of saying more things.
• Aunque- even though
• Mientras- while
• A pasar de- in spite of
• Por lo tanto- therefore
• Sin embargo/no obstante- nevertheless
Por
For By means of
Passing through PORtal
General, not specific PORtugal
How long PORever
The cause of something PORpuse
An exhange imPORt/exPORt
Doing something in place of someone
I am POR, pay for me
By means of moving transPORtation
Para
For In order to
For whom something is done
Suprise PARAtay
Destination PARAguay
The purpose for whom something is done
PARAsites
Opinions PARAdon me, but...
Contrast and compare comPARAson
deadline PARAmedic
Grammar Book Sem. 2
Nicholas Arce
Table of Contents
24,25 Conditional + irregulars-Perfect Tenses 26 Present 27 Present perfect irregulars 28 Past29 Subjunctive perfect30 Tanto y Tan31 Impersonal ‘se’32 Saber vs. Conocer-Los Mandatos 33 Informal 34 Formal 35 Nosotros commands36,37 Subjunctive + irregulars38 Trigger phrases39 Demonstrative Adjectives
Conditional
• Used to express probability, wonder, conjecture, or possibility
*when would is used-imperfect is used
Infinitive + = Conditional
It has the same irregulars as the future tenseCan be used to make polite requests – Me gustaría…..
ía íamos
ías íais
ía ían
Irregulars
• Caber Cabr• Poner Pondr• Decir Dir• Haber Habr• Salir Saldr• Hacer Har• Poder Podr• Tener Tendr• Querer Querr• Valer Valdr• Saber Sabr• Venir Vendr
Presente Perfect
• The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb.– AR- ado– ER- ido– IR- ido
• True in past and still is true in present.
• Action was completed recently• To tell what you have done or have
not done.
Irregulars!
Abrir - abiertoCubrir - cubiertoDecir - dichoEscribir - escritoHacer - hechoMorir - murtoPooner - puestoResolver - resueltoRomper - rotoVer - vistoVolver - vueltoIr - ido
Past Perfect
• habíahabíashabíahabíamos + Verb = Past perfecthabíaishabían
• Used when you have or had done something in the past
• Drop (er, ir) + ido• Drop (ar) + ado
Subjunctive Perfect
• The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used to indicate the action as completed with verbs in the present or future tense.
• You use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos + Participle
Hayan
Tanto y Tan
• Tan… como (as…as)
• Tanto… como (as much/as many… as)
• Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs
• Tanto is used with nouns and verbs
• Conduzco tan despacio como puedo.
• El tiene tanto miedo como yo.
Impersonal Se
• Se vende fruta en el mercado
• Se habla Ingles• Se hizo mucho
• Use 'se' to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.
• When using 'se' the verb is always in the 3rd person.
• Can be used in ALL tenses.
Saber v Conocer
• Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works.
¿Conoces el libro All Quiet on the Western Front?
• Saber is used when you need to state factual information.
Ella sabe que 2 + 2 = 4
Informal Commands
+ Conjugate to the usted form
- Drop ending add opposite ending and 's'
--Dop/Iop
--Irreg
+ Habla, Come, Escribe
- No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas
-- Hablalo, No lo hables
--Di has ve sé sal ten ven pon * add infinitive to end: dílo, ponla
Formal Commands
+ Yo form, opposite ending
- Yo form opposite ending
--Dop/Iop
--Irreg
*if plural, just add 'n'
+ Hablen, compre, escriba
- No Hable, No compren, No escriba
– Hablelo, No la compren
– Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga, venga, ponga
Nosotros Commands
• Simply add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation...
• Hablamos-> Hablemos
• Mono Verbs- When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemosnos->Hablemonos
Subjunctive
• Represents attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical, will, influence, emotion, or doubt.
• Put in ‘yo’ form, change to opposite ending• Que- connector to subjunctive• When no change in subject from clause to
clause, use infinitive!
Irregulars
• Car, Gar, Zar- formed same way as always• Conducir, decir, oir- conduzca, diga, oiga• Dar-> dé, des, den, demos• Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos
Trigger Phrases
• Impersonal expressions- es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario que, etc. Express an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire.
• Expressions of emotion- alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que, temer que, etc. Shows fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity
• Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past. Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.
Demonstrative Adjectives
este (this) estaese (that) esaaquel (that over there) aquellaestos (these) estasesos (those) esasaquellos (those over there) aquellas*when used as a pronoun, add an accent, esté