SPACE TIMES · The mission begins with the launch of the AMOOS spacecraft using a vertical launch...

1SPACE TIMES•Sep/Oct2014

MAY / JUNE 2015

THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICANASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETYISSUE 3–VOLUME 54

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FEATURES Autonomous Mission for On-Orbit Servicing: Promoting a Sustainable Space Environment 4 The amount of tracked debris objects has increased by more than 50% for all Earth orbits in the past decade. Action is needed to stem the debris population increase and foster a sustainable Low Earth Orbit environment. byPaulLemon,RoxanneCote-Bigras,andPatrickGavigan My Transatlantic Teatime with Venetia: Remembering a Conversation with the Girl Who Named Pluto 10 As New Horizons nears its close encounter with Pluto and provision of Earth images to millions, let us be reminded of the retired English schoolteacher who decades ago at age 11 named this distant planetary body. byEdwardGoldstein Aerojet Rocketdyne Employees Bid Farewell to MESSENGER The end of NASA MESSENGER’s decade long mission is bittersweet to Aerojet Rocketdyne 14 employees.

NASA MaterialsLab Changes Materials Research on the International Space Station 15 A new approach to materials science research called MaterialsLab provides an unprecedented level of collaboration among stakeholders performing research on the International Space Station, a unique orbiting laboratory where advanced materials can be studied and used to stimulate the U.S. economy.

NOTES ON NEW BOOKS Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight 16 ReviewedbyMattBille

Space Careers 17 byScottSacknoff

TEHNICAL CONFERENCE 26th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting 18

HONORS AND AWARDS AT THE ASTRONAUTS AND ROBOTS CONFERENCE 20

AAS CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS 23

AAS SCHEDULE OF EVENTS 24

MAY / JUNE 2015

ISSUE 3–VOLUME 54

T H E M A G A Z I N E O F T H E A M E R I C A N A S T R O N A U T I C A L S O C I E T Y

Fromthe2014StudentCanSatCompetition:AviewintoaCanSatpayloadaftertheegghasbeeninserted.Theeggandelectroniccomponentsmustsurvivea7to9grocketlaunchandcontrolleddescent.(Source: Jamie Hartman/Naval Research Laboratory)

ON THE COVER

6352 Rolling Mill Place, Suite 102Springfield, VA 22152-2370 USA

Tel: 703-866-0020 ♦ Fax: [email protected] ♦ www.astronautical.org

AAS OFFICERSPRESIDENT LynD.Wigbels,RWI International Consulting ServicesEXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT J.WalterFaulconer,Strategic Space Solutions, LLCVICE PRESIDENT–TECHNICAL JimMcAdams,JHU/Applied Physics LaboratoryVICE PRESIDENT–PROGRAMS HarleyA.ThronsonVICE PRESIDENT–PUBLICATIONS DavidB.Spencer,The Pennsylvania State UniversityVICE PRESIDENT–STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH MadhuritaSengupta,Federal Aviation AdministrationVICE PRESIDENT–MEMBERSHIP TracyLamm,Space Center HoustonVICE PRESIDENT–EDUCATION LanceBush,Challenger Center for Space Science EducationVICE PRESIDENT–FINANCE PaulEckert,Federal Aviation AdministrationVICE PRESIDENT–INTERNATIONAL SusanJ.Irwin,Irwin Communications, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–PUBLIC POLICY EdwardGoldstein,Aerospace Industries AssociationLEGAL COUNSEL FranceskaO.Schroeder,Fish & Richardson P.C.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR JamesR.Kirkpatrick,American Astronautical Society

AAS BOARD OF DIRECTORSTERM EXPIRES 2015A.WilliamBeckman,The Boeing CompanyVincentC.Boles,The Aerospace CorporationSandyColeman,Orbital ATKDavidA.King,Dynetics, Inc.CarolS.LaneKimLuu,Air Force Research LaboratoryIanW.Pryke,Independent Consultant-AerospaceFrankA.Slazer,Aerospace Industries AssociationMarciaS.Smith,Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC

TERM EXPIRES 2016StephanieBednarekOrton,SpaceXRonaldJ.Birk,Northrop GrummanThomasF.Burns,National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPeggyFinarelli,George Mason University/CAPRRobFulton,Valkyrie Strategic Partners, LLCRebeccaL.Griffin,Rebecca Griffin SpaceHalE.Hagemeier,Eagle Ray Inc.MollyKennaMacauley,Resources for the FutureKathyJ.NadoJohnOlson,Sierra Nevada Corporation

TERM EXPIRES 2017GaleAllenRobertH.Bishop,University of South FloridaMarkK.Craig,SAICLauraDelgadoLópez,Secure World FoundationKathleenKarika,Lockheed Martin Space Systems CompanyZigmondV.Leszczynski,VCSFA/MARSSuneelSheikh,ASTER Labs, Inc.PatriciaGraceSmith,Patti Grace Smith ConsultingDaveA.Spencer,Georgia Institute of TechnologyMichelineTabache,European Space AgencyGreggVane,Jet Propulsion Laboratory

SPACE TIMES EDITORIAL STAFFEDITOR,DianeL.Thompson

PHOTOANDGRAPHICSEDITOR,DianeL.ThompsonPRODUCTIONMANAGER,DianeL.Thompson

SPACE TIMES is published bimonthly by theAmericanAstronauticalSociety,aprofessionalnon-profitsociety.SPACE TIMES isfreetomembersoftheAAS.IndividualsubscriptionsmaybeorderedfromtheAASBusinessOffice.©Copyright2015bytheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,Inc.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ISSN1933-2793.

PERIODICALSSPACE TIMES,magazineoftheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,bimonthly,Volume54, 2015—$80domestic, $95 foreign (Toorder,contacttheAASat703-866-0020.)The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,quarterly,printandonline(Toorder,contactSpringerat1-800-777-4643.)

REPRINTSReprintsareavailableforallarticles inSPACE TIMESandallpaperspublishedinThe Journal of the Astronautical Sciences.

SPACE TIMES•May-June2015

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AAS–AdvancingAllSpace

LynD.Wigbels [email protected]

CongressionalactiononthePresident’sFiscalYear2016budgetrequestbeganinAprilwhentheHouseScience,SpaceandTechnologyCommitteemettoconsiderandapproveNASAFiscalYear2016and2017reauthorizationlegislation.OnApril30,AASwrotetotheseniorleadershipoftheCommittee“insupportofthereauthorizationoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)FY2016budgetatafundinglevelof$18.5billionand$18.8billionforFY2017.However,westronglybelievethatthebudgetshouldsupportallofNASA’scriticalexploration,science,technology,andaeronauticsactivities.WecommendmembersoftheCommitteeforrecognizingthatNASA,whichdoessomuchtoexpandtheboundariesofexplorationandscientificen-deavor,developtechnologiesthathelpmillionsofpeople,andaddresstangiblethreatstolifeandproperty,needsabudgetincrease.IfNASAfundinghadremainedconstantrelativetoinflationfromagenerationago,ourspaceprogrambudgetwouldberoughly$24billiontoday.Also,aslastyear’sNationalResearchCouncilreportPathways to Explorationstated,amodestincreaseoftwotothreepercentinNASA’sbudgetaboveinflationwouldprovidethesupportneededtoenableahumanmissiontoMarsinthe2030’s.GiventhemostrecentroundofbudgetcutsundertheBudgetControlActof2011,AASapplaudstheCommitteeforoutliningapathforwardintheeventthereismeaningfulbudgetcaprelief.WelookforwardtoworkingwithyoutohelpsupportNASAadvanceallofitsvitalworkthatissoimportanttoourNation.”

Iamhappytoreportthatour“AstronautsandRobots:PartnersinSpaceScienceandExploration”conferenceattheTheodorevonKármánAuditoriuminPasadenalastmonthwasverywellreceived.WepartneredwithJPLandThePlanetarySocietyandpresentedanimpressivelineupofspeakersandrelevanttopics.WealsowereverypleasedtopresenttheCarlSaganMemorialAwardtoJPLDirectorCharlesElachi,theNealArmstrongSpaceFlightAchievementAwardtotheCuriosityMarsScienceLaboratoryTeam,theSpaceTechnologyAwardtoBobbyBraun,ProfessorofSpaceTechnology,GeorgiaTech,andtheSpaceEntrepreneurshipAwardtoSkyboxImagingandPlanetLabs.AAShadnothostedaconferencewithJPLinmanyyears,andthepositiveresponsereceivedsuggeststhatweshoulddefinitelynotwaitseveralmoreyearsbeforereturningtoPasadena!

ThecoverofthisissueofSpace TimeshighlightsourannualStudentCanSatCompetitioninTexas,whichcontinuestoattractnewteamsfromcollegesanduniversitiesaroundtheworld.ThisistheCompetition’seighthyear,andithasevolvedintoourSociety’spremierSTEMevent.OurpartnersincludeAIAA,NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,theNavalResearchLaboratory,JPL,andKratosISI.Over220studentsfromtencountrieswillbuildCanSatpayloadsandcompeteJune12-14,2015.

Inclosing,IhopetoseemanyofyouJuly7-9inBostonatthe4thAnnualInternationalSpaceStationResearchandDevelopmentConference.Thethemethisyearis“GainaNewPerspective.”Wehaveasetofoutstandingspeakersinclud-ingSpaceXCEOElonMusk,whowillopentheConference;NASAAssociateAdministratorforHumanSpaceExplora-tionandOperationsBillGerstenmaier;CNNDigitalCorrespondentRachelCrane;KenSavin,DirectorofInnovation,EliLilly;andmanyothers.Forafulllistofspeakersandprogramdetails,pleasevisithttp://www.issconference.org/

SPACE TIMES•May-June2015



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4 SPACE TIMES•May-June2015

ModernsocietydependsonLowEarthOrbit(LEO)satellitesformanyoftheconveniencesofeverydaylife.Hundredsofme-teorological,communication,scientific,military,positioning,andnavigationsatellitesoperateinLEO,particularlyinSunSyn-chronousOrbit(SSO),whichoffersuniqueadvantagesforremotesensing.Inthepastdecadealone,theamountoftrackeddebrisobjectshasincreasedbymorethan50%forallEarthorbits.Highlypopulatedorbitscouldreachadangerouslevelofsatelliteanddebrisdensityandbecomeunusableifdebriscollisionsoccur.Astheuseofthisvaluabledomainhasincreased,theamountofdebristhreateningactivesatelliteshasgrownconsiderably,placingthisresourceinjeopardy.ActionisneededtostemthedebrispopulationincreaseandtofosterasustainableLEOenvironment.

Topromoteasustainablespaceenvironmentforfuturegenerations,theAutonomousMissionforOn-OrbitServicing(AMOOS)projecthasconductedaninterdisciplinaryfeasibilityanalysisofrobotics-equipped,autonomousspaceplanestoservicesatellitesinandtoremovedebrisfromLEO.TheAMOOSprojectwascreatedaspartoftheInternationalSpaceUniversity(ISU)2014SpaceStudiesProgram(SSP)heldinMontréal,Canada.

Inthechallengingproblemoforbitaldebristhereisgreatopportunitytobothpreserveacommonresourceandtodevelopad-vancedcapabilitiesthatenablethesustainableandresponsibleuseofLEO.ThefollowingmissionproposalseekstohighlightandaddressthechallengespresentedbyActiveDebrisRemoval(ADR)andOn-OrbitServicing(OOS).

Proposed Mission Phases ThecompleteAMOOSmissionprofile,fromlaunchtore-entryofthespacecraft,isshowninFigure1.Themissionprofileisde-signedtoleverageavailablecapabilitiesandincrementallyexpandthosecapabilitiesthroughmissiondemonstrationsofincreas-ingcomplexity.Tothatend,bothneartermandfartermmissionprofilesweredeveloped.

Autonomous Mission for On-Orbit Servicing: Promoting a Sustainable Space EnvironmentbyPaulLemon,RoxanneCote-Bigras,andPatrickGavigan

Figure 1: AMOOS Mission Phases



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5SPACE TIMES•May-June2015

ThemissionbeginswiththelaunchoftheAMOOSspacecraftusingaverticallaunch–themostfeasibleoptionbasedoncurrentspacelaunchtechnologies.ThelaunchvehiclewouldinjecttheAMOOSspacecraftintoSSOwithaltitudeandinclinationthatmatchthetargetspacecraft.Atthispoint,theAMOOSspacecraftwoulddeployanysecondarypayload.AMOOSwouldthenbe-ginapproachoperationstosmallerormidsizedtargetspacecraftanddebris.Theseobjectswouldbesmallenoughthattheywouldburnupcompletelyuponre-entryintoEarth’satmosphere,therebymitigatinganyriskofterrestrialdamage.Inthenearterm,themissionwouldbelimitedtoattachingde-orbitmodulestothesesmallerobjects.WithoutindustrystandardizationitisunlikelythatOOSwouldbeeconomicallyfeasible.

Next,theAMOOSspacecraftwouldbegintheprocessofapproachingtheprimarydebrisobjecttoberemovedfromorbit.Thisobjectwouldlikelybealarger,defunctspacecraftthatwouldnotburnupcompletelyduringre-entry.Earlytargetswouldlikelybegovernmentsponsoredspacecraftthatneedtoberemovedfromorbittolimitthegenerationofnewdebrisfragmentsfrompotentialcollisions.ExamplespacecraftcouldbeCanada’sRADARSATorESA’sENVISAT.TheAMOOSspacecraftwouldthenrendezvouswithandcapturethisobjectandapplyade-orbitthrusttotargetthedebrisellipseoveranunpopulatedarea.AMOOSanditscapturedobjectwouldprogressintandemtowardre-entry.AMOOSwouldreleasetheobjectandadjustitsowntrajectoryforacontrolledlandingwhilethedebriswouldcontinueitstargetedde-orbitintoanuninhabitedareafordisposal.

Asthetechnologyforperformingthisneartermmissiongainsmaturityinthespaceindustrythroughsuccessfuldebris-removalmissions,popularity for industrystandardization inspacecraftcomponentmodularitywill likelygrow. It isanticipated thatamarketforon-orbitservicingwouldemerge,enablingAMOOStoshiftitsmissionfromdisposaltoperformingorbitalservicingofspacecraftthatwouldmitigatetheriskofspacecraftfailureandextendprofitableservicelife.

Target and Orbit SelectionThemosteconomicalmeansforperformingtheAMOOSmissionwouldbetoidentifyseveralspacecraftcustomersforeverylaunchofAMOOS.ThismeansthatgroupsoftargetspacecraftwouldneedtobeselectedbasedonthecapabilitiesofAMOOSaswellastheirrelativeorbits.Figures2and3providethevelocitychangecostofperformingorbitchangingmaneuvers,suchasachangeinorbitalinclinationoraltitude.AscanbeseeninFigure2,altitudechangeshaveaveryhighcostintermsoftheamountofvelocitychangerequired,andthereforetheamountofpropellantrequired.

Figure 2: Altitude Change

Figure3showsthatinclinationchangesarealsocomparativelycostlyintermsofvelocitychange.Therefore,itisimportantthatcustomerspacecraftbeinorbitsofsimilaraltitudeandinclination.



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Bydeterminingwhatorbitshavealargeshareofdebrisobjectswithsimilaraltitudesandinclinations,thepropellantrequiredtoreachseveralobjectsduringamissioncanbeminimized.Figure4showsaplotofthepopulationofspaceobjectsinvariousaltitudesandinclinationsinLEO.ItwasnotedthatSSOs,withinclinationsbetween95oand100oandaltitudesbetween500kmand1,000kmhaveahighpopulationofspaceobjects.Itisanticipatedthattherecouldbeaviablecustomerbaseintheseorbits,astheyarehighlyvaluableforEarthobservationmissions.ThefocusofthemissionisthereforeonremovinglargeobjectswithhighfragmentationpotentialfromSSOstoultimatelyreducetheriskofgeneratingfuturefragmentationdebris.

Figure 3: Inclination Change

Figure 4: Population of Spacecraft in Orbits of Interest



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Active Debris RemovalSpacedebriscanbedividedinthreecategories:rocketbodies,spacecraft,andfragmentationdebris.Thepositionandvelocityofdebrisgreaterthan10cminLEOmaybemonitoredfromgroundbyusingradarorlasersystems.

PerformingADRrequirestheuseofde-orbitingdevicessuchaselectrodynamictethers,propulsionmodules,lasers,ionbeams,orsails.Someofthesedevicesneedtobeusedinconjunctionwithcapturedevicestobeattachedtothetargetdebris.Robotics,nets,orharpoonsarethecommonlyconsideredchoicesforthispurpose.Whilelasersandionbeamsdonotrequirecontactwiththedevice,theyarebestsuitedtoremovalofdebrisofsmallermass.

ThefirstphaseoftheAMOOSmissionfocusesonremovaloflargeandextra-largedebrisindenselypopulatedorbits;therefore,theAMOOSmissionwouldusearoboticarmtograspthelaunchadapterringsoflargedebrisandattachnon-targetedde-orbitingpropulsionmodulestothem.Afterperformingthismaneuveronmultipledebrisobjects,theAMOOSspacecraftwouldcapturelargedebrisandbeginachemicalpropulsionmaneuvertoinitiateatargetedre-entry.Oncethetargetisonthedesiredtrajectory,theAMOOSspacecraftwoulddetachfromtheobjectandbeginitsownre-entryintheatmosphere.

On-Orbit ServicingGiventheharshenvironmentalconditionsofspaceandtherisksassociatedwithcrewedspaceflight,relyingoneitherremoteoperationorautonomytoperformOOSreducesrisktopersonnel.Whileinitialdevelopmentcostsofautonomousmissionsmaybehigh,thepotentialforsoftwareandhardwarereusabilityinaseriesofsuccessivemissionscouldpotentiallymakeitacost-efficientlongtermstrategy,allowingOOStobecomeroutine.

TheAMOOSmissionhasfocusedprincipallyonemployingareusablespaceplaneasaservicerspacecraft.Thespaceplanewouldbelaunchedintoorbitbyaverticaltakeoffrocket,completeitsmission,andre-entertheatmospherebeforeperformingahorizon-tallanding.Thistypeofsystemwouldallowforgreaterversatility,whichwouldhelpfulfillthebroadrangeofclientrequirementswithregardtoservicing.ThespaceplaneandservicingspacecrafthavebeensuccessfullydemonstratedbytheX-37andOrbitalExpressspacecraft,respectively.

Roboticsystemsplayanimportantroleinanyautonomousmission.TheyfacemanychallengesonEarthsuchasenvironmentmodeling,targetacquisitionandtracking,andplanningandmonitoring.Operationinaspaceenvironmentaddsanadditionalsetofchallengesthatneedtobeaddressed:severelightingvariations,limitedon-boardcomputingresources,extremetemperatures,andlimitedobservationpoints.ToperformOOS,aroboticmanipulatormustprovidethestrengthandspeednecessarytocaptureatarget.Tumblingtargetsposeanevengreaterchallenge;theyrequireadetailedvisualorLIDARinspectiontodeterminetheirattitudeatthetimeofcapture.

TheAMOOSmissionwouldrelyontheuseoftworoboticarmsequippedwithinterchangeabletools.Thesetoolswillallowfortargetgrasping,docking,refueling,anddatatransfer,amongstothersfunctions.

Cost BenefitsFortheAMOOSmissionconcepttobeviable,severalkeycostbenefitfactorsmustbewellunderstood.Today,mostspacecraftaredesignedasdisposablesystems,notintendedforservicing.Inmanycases,thesesatellitesareintendedtobeabandonedinorbitattheendoftheirmissions,althoughthisischangingasnewdebrismitigationguidelinesgaintractionandinternationaladoption.Iftheindustryshiftstowardmaintainingexistingspacecraftinorbit,spacesystemoperatorsmaysavecostsbycapitalizingonthelaunchofsatellitepartsintendedforanumberofdifferentmissions.

Thekeycostdriverforthesemissionsislaunchcost.ThenumberoflaunchesrequiredcanbereducedbyplacingAMOOSintoanorbitwithseveralpotentialcustomerstosharethecostofthelaunchandmaneuversacrossawidercustomerbase.Otherthanthelaunchvehiclecosts,thekeyfactorinthecostoftheAMOOSmissioncomesfrommissioncomplexity,includingdesignandoperationsofthespacecraft.Thiscostcanbereducedthroughcarefulconsiderationofthegoaloftheservicingmissionaswellasthedesignofthetargetspacecraft.Forexample,wasthetargetdesignedwithpotentialservicingmissionsinmind?Arethetargetspacecraftreasonablymodular?Selectingtargetswithaffirmativeanswerstosuchquestionswillreducemissioncomplexityandcost.

AmoreabstractcostconsiderationisthepriceoflosingaccesstotheLEOenvironment.Theimportanceofthisorbitalspacemay



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justifyhigherupfrontexpenditurestoavoidatragedyofthecommonsscenariothatwouldbeunacceptabletotheglobaleconomy.

Standardization and Industry AcceptanceTotakeadvantageofOOScapabilities,futuresatelliteswillneedtobedesignedwithserviceabilityinmind.WhiletheadoptionofwidespreadindustrystandardsforOOSseemsunlikelyintheshortterm,severalfeaturesmaybeincludedtofacilitatestandardsatelliteservicingrequirements.Introductionofspecificinterfacesonsatellitesfordocking,datatransfer,orfueltransfercouldbeafirststepininitiatingthecreationofthosestandards.Designingsatelliteswithincreasingmodularitywouldalsoallowre-placementofdefectivemodulesinatimelyandcost-efficientmanner.However,adoptionofthesenewdesignpracticesislikelytoresultinahighermass,whichtranslatesintohigherinitiallaunchcosts.Thisreason,combinedwiththerisksassociatedwithOOS,islikelytomaketheindustryreluctanttoadoptthesenewpractices.TheAMOOSteamforeseesgovernmentsfacilitatingthesechangesbyassumingsomeoftheinitialriskswhiledemonstratingtechnologicalreadinessandbuildingonpreviouspro-gramssuchasHubbleSpaceTelescopeservicing,X-37,andOrbitalExpress.TheprivatesectorwouldlikelyfollowasthecostsofOOSdecrease.

Policy and LawNumerouspolicyandlawchallengesexistthatmustbeaddressedtosuccessfullypracticeADRandOOSinafashionthatcanbeacceptedbytheinternationalcommunity.TheAMOOSprojectwouldaddressthesechallengesbyusingaPublicPrivatePartner-ship(PPP)toengageindustryandgovernmentsbelongingtotheESAnations.AlthoughthereiscurrentlyalackofinternationalconsensusonthelegaldefinitionoforbitaldebristhatisrecognizedbytheUnitedNationsCommitteeonthePeacefulUseof

The 2015 ISS Research & Development (R&D) Conference (July 7-9 in Boston) is your connection to the latest innovations, breakthroughs, and discoveries on-board the International Space Station. Located at the Marriott Copley Place in the center of Boston, the 2015 ISS R&D Conference brings together the leading minds in scientific research from the commercial and academic communities. This 4th annual conference focuses on new discoveries in microgravity research, life sciences, materials development, and remote sensing.

Join us in Boston to gain insight and perspectives on the new era of researchand technology development. Register now at www.issconference.org

MARK YOUR CALENDAR



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OuterSpace(UNCOPUOS),guidelineshavebeenadoptedbyspacefaringnationsandcanserveasastartingpointforADRac-tivities.ArticleVIoftheOuterSpaceTreatydetailsthateveryStatehasinternationalresponsibilityforgovernmentandindustryactivitiesinouterspacecarriedoutbythatStateornon-governmentalentitiesfromthatState.ArticleVIIIdelineatesthatobjectslaunchedbyaStateremainunderitsjurisdictionandcontrolwithownershipretainedwhetherthoseobjectsremaininspaceorreturntoEarth.

Tooperatewithintheconstraintsofresponsibilityandownership,aPPPcomprisedofESAmembernationsandindustrywouldbeabletotargetmanydebrisobjectsforremovalaswellassatellitecandidatesforservicing.Severalofthelargestdebrisob-jectswithintheSSO,suchasENVISAT,areownedbyESAnationsaccordingtoArticleVIIIoftheOuterSpaceTreaty(OST).RADARSAT,anotherlargedebrisobject,isapromisingpreliminarytargetforremovalduetoitsorbitandthelonghistoryofcooperationbetweentheoperatingstate,Canada,andthelaunchingstate,theUnitedStatesofAmerica.Additionally,theinvolvedpartieswouldneedtoagreetowaivefaultliabilityandthecountrythatestablishedoriginalownershipwouldneedtograntpermis-siontoremoveitsdebrisorserviceitssatellitesortotransferownershippriortothemission.

Aspacecraftcapableofproximityoperations,on-orbitmodifications,andobjectremovalfromorbitcouldraiseconcernsfromspacefaringnationsoverthepotentialtousethesecapabilitiesformilitarypurposes.Toallaythedualuseconcernofsuchaca-pability,severalstepswouldbepursued.First,allmemberStatesandpartiesinvolvedinamissionwouldneedaccesstogroundcontroloperations,evenifonlytoobserveoperations.Second,themissionplansshouldbepublishedforthegeneralpublicpriortoeachmission,and–whilerespectingintellectualpropertyrightsofthepartiesinvolvedinAMOOS–missionoperationsshouldbebroadcasttodemonstratethepeacefuluseofthespacecraft.

Finally,apublicoutreachprogramshouldincreaseawarenessoftheimportanceofsustainableLEOoperationsandshouldtargetbothnationalspacepolicymakersandthegeneralpublic.DevelopingspacepowerssuchasChinaandIndiashouldbeengaged,aswellasnationsthatarestrivingtobecomespacefaringStates.Byincludinginsteadofexcludinginterestedparties,thesupportforanexpansionoftheprogramwouldgrowandenablemanymoredebrisobjectsandat-risksatellitestobeaddressed.Thisef-fortwouldalsoseektoshiftthesatelliteindustrybusinessmodeltowardmoresustainablepractices,suchascontrolledpropellantandpowerreleaseandspacecraftde-orbit,whilefosteringgrassrootssupportformaintainingLEO,andinparticular,SSOforcontinueduse.

ConclusionAs thenumberof spacefaringnationsand theirfleetsof satellitesgrow, thecommon resourceofLEObecomes increasinglythreatenedbytheamountofdebrisobjectsandsoon-to-bedefunctsatellites.Activedebrisremovalandon-orbitservicingofferachallengingbutnecessarymeanstostemthetideofdebriscreationbybothremovingexistingdebrisandextendingthelifeofoperationalsatellites.ManyofthetechnologiesneededtoperformADRandOOShavebeendemonstrated;AMOOSseekstomergethesetechnologiesintoasinglespacecraft.Asthetechnologicalchallengesareovercome,theplethoraoflegal,economic,andpoliticalchallengeswillalsobeaddressed.AcooperativearrangementstartingwithESAmembernationswouldbeusedtolaythefoundationoftrustandreliabilitytobuilduponwithotherspacefaringStatesinthefuture.

AcknowledgmentsThe AMOOS report was prepared by an international multidisciplinary group of 33 participants from 17 countries dur-ing the course of the Space Studies Program 2014 at the International Space University, held in cooperation with École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS) and École des Hautes Études commerciales (HÉC) de Montréal in Montréal Canada. Spe-cial thanks are due to teaching associate Adam Vigneron, project manager Larry Zakaib, project chair René Jr. Landry, and the numerous guest lecturers for their guidance and hard work.

The Final Report and Executive Summary documents for the AMOOS project can be downloaded from the ISU library at: http://isulibrary.isunet.edu

All citations are available in the Final Report.



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NewHorizons’ close encounterwithPluto is justweeks away.Likemillionsofspaceenthusiaststhroughouttheworld,I’llwatchintentlyasNASA’sspacecraftsends back toEarth images of its clos-estapproachwiththekingoftheKuiperbelt objects, scheduled for 7:49:59 amEDTonJuly14th.WhenwefinallyviewPluto’sicysurfacewithaweandwonder,mythoughtswill turnbacknearlyade-cadetoanicydayinWashington,D.C.,when I had the privilege to speakwithVenetiaBurneyPhair,theretiredEnglishschoolteacher,whoasan11-yearold in1930,suggestedthenameforthedistantplanetarybodydiscoveredby24-yearoldClydeTombaughatFlagstaff,Arizona’sLowellObservatory.

HowIcametotalkwithVenetia, theonlywomancreditedwithnamingaplanet– InternationalAstronomicalUnion bedamned–was the product of serendip-ity.Backinearly2006,asNASA’sheadspeechwriter,IwascraftingAdministratorMichaelGriffin’s remarks prior toNewHorizon’sJanuary19thlaunchfromCapeCanaveralAirForceStation. Ihoped tofind a colorful anecdote or two aboutTombaugh, the self-taught astronomerfromIllinoisandKansas,whowashiredbytheLowellObservatoryin1929afterhavingsentthemdrawingsofJupiterandMarsmadefromobservationswithtele-scopeshehadbuilt.InresearchingTom-baugh’slife,IcameacrossawebarticlethatmentionedVenetia’srole innamingPluto.“That’s interesting,” I thought.“Iwonderifshe’sstillalive.”(Tombaughhadpassed in1997, afterhavingdiscovered15significantasteroids,thecomet274P/Tombaugh-Tenagra,andhundredsofvari-ablestars.Asmallportionofhisashesare

My Transatlantic Teatime With Venetia:Remembering A Conversation With the Girl Who Named PlutobyEdwardGoldstein

aboardNewHorizons.)I subsequently learned thatVenetia,

who taught economics andmath at twogirls’schoolsinsouthwestLondon,was87 years old and living in the southernEnglish townofEpsom, famous for theEpsomDerbyandEpsomsalts.Turningasidethoughtsoftheupcomingspeech,Ibargedintotheofficeofmyboss,NASAPublicAffairsChiefDavidMould, andsaid, “I just found out that thewomanwhonamedPlutoislivinginEngland.Weshouldgetherthoughtsontape!”David’sresponse:“Terrificidea.Goforit.”

The next morning I called Epsomdirectoryassistance,hopingVenetiahada listed phone number. Paydirt!Upondialinghernumber,aniceladyansweredbutexplainedthatshewasahousekeeperandthatVenetiawasoutshopping.Afterexplaining the purpose ofmy call, she

responded, “I’m certainVenetiawouldlove to talk to you.Call back in aboutthreehours.”

Attheappointedtime,IwasdowninthebowelsofNASAHeadquarters,work-ingwithexpertsoundengineerstosetupourtransatlanticteatimecall.Whathap-penednextwasakin to callingEnglandcirca1930.Therewasahorribleechoonthe line,with our voices bouncingovereachothersincacophonouswaves.“We’llhangupandcallback,”Isheepishlysaid.Afewminuteslaterourtechnicaldifficultywassolved,andIwasabouttobetakenonajourneybackintimethreequartersofacenturybythisdelightful,unassum-inglady.

A Brief Remark at BreakfastVenetia’s story beganwith a family

breakfast conversationwith hermother,Ethel, andgrandfatherFalconerMadan,theretiredLibrarianofOxford’sBodle-ianLibrary,onthemorningofMarch14,1930.Thepreviousday,afterpainstakingexaminationofphotographicplatestakenonJanuary23rdand29th,confirmationofTombaugh’s discoverywas telegraphedbytheLowellObservatorytotheHarvardCollegeObservatory andmade public.AsVenetia recounts,Falconeropenedacopyof theTimes of London,“andreadoutthegreatnewsandsaidhewonderedwhat itwould be called.And for somereason,I,afterashortpause,said,‘WhynotcallitPluto?(TheRomanGodoftheUnderworldwhowasabletomakehim-selfinvisible)’.IwasfairlyfamiliarwithGreekandRomanlegendsfromvariouschildren’sbooks that Ihad read, andofcourseIdidknowaboutthesolarsystemandthenamestheotherplanetshave.And

Venetia Burney Phair at age 11, the year she named Pluto



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The telegram read, “Namingnewplanet,please consider PLUTO, suggested bysmall girl Venetia Burney for dark andgloomyplanet.”

soIsupposeIjustthoughtthatthiswasanamethathadn’tbeenused.Andthereitwas.Therestwasentirelymygrandfa-ther’swork.”

Plotting the Planets in the ParkBefore getting to howGrandpaFal-

conerbecameVenetia’sgreatchampion,it’sworthnoting thatVenetiawasmorethanabuddingclassicist.“Atschool,”shetoldtheBBC,“weusedtoplaygamesintheuniversitypark,putting–Ithinktheywerelumpsofclay–attherightdistancefromeachothertorepresentthedistancesoftheplanetsfromtheSun.SomeofthedistancesIcanstillmoreorlessremem-ber,soitwasprobablyagoodlessontohavehad.”

Ina1951essaywrittenforthediamondjubileeofherelementaryschool,Parents’Union School, her teacherMissK.M.Claxtonwrotewithmore detail abouttheouting:“Apparentlyitallbeganwitha school ‘NatureWalk’,whichonedayturneditselfintoa‘PlanetWalk’.InthosedaysFormIIstillusedThe SciencesbyE.S.Holden,andwehadreachedthesec-tionontherelativesizesanddistancesoftheplanets.Leavingthesun,representedby a circle two feet in diameter on theclassroomblackboard,we set out fromschool carefully carrying our planets!After41paces,weplacedMercury(thesizeofacanaryseed)onanOxfordpave-ment.After77paces,Venus,representedbyasmallpea,waslaiddown.TheEarth(apea),Mars(asmallbead),Jupiter(anorange), Saturn (a golf ball)were dulyplaced–thelastafterzealouscountingof1,019paces.Thenweletourimaginationsfinishthewalk,foritseemedbesttoturnbackwhileourenthusiasmandour legsstillremainedfresh!”

“Thefollow-uptothiscamewiththereading ofThe Age of Fable,when thechildrenbecamemore intimatewith thecharacters of theGreek gods and god-dessesandthenatureoftheirkingdoms.Andthenonemorning,March14th,1930,wereadinthedailypapersthediscoveryofanewplanet,a‘dark’one.”

A Family of Moon NamersIt’salsoremarkablethatVenetiacame

froma familywith ahistoryofnamingheavenlybodies.HergreatuncleHenryMadan,achemistwhowashousemasterat Eton, is creditedwith suggesting in1877thenamesPhobosandDeimos,twoattendantsoftheGreekwargodmentionedinHomer’sIliad,whosenamemeansfear

andterror,forthemoonsofMars.“Ithinkthatisoneofthenicestthingsaboutthewholestory,”Venetiaobserved.“I’msovery pleased because he had done thatfromamuchmoreknowledgeable basethatIcameupon(for)thenamePluto.”

“The Name Seems to Be Thoroughly Suitable”

OnthatmorningofMarch14th,Plutowasjustoneof1,000namingsuggestionsthatwerestartingtofindtheirwaytotheLowellObservatory,whichhadtherighttonamethenewobject.ItcertainlyhelpedVenetia’s cause that Falconerwaswellconnected.ThatdayFalconerdroppedoffanoteat thehomeofhis friendOxfordastronomerHerbertHallTurner,oneoftheleadersoftheworldwideefforttoproduceanastrographicchart,orcomprehensivemapoftheheavens.Venetia’sname,wroteFalconer,“seemstometobethoroughlysuitable”forthe“bigobscurenewbaby.”

Ironically,TurnerwasinLondonatameetingoftheRoyalAstronomicalSoci-

ety,whereheatedspeculationwasalreadyoccurringaboutwhatthenewninthplanetwouldbenamed.“NoneofthemcameupwithPluto,”VenetiatoldtheBBC.“Thatwasanotherstrokeofluck.”WhenTurnereventuallysawFalconer’snote,hecametotheconclusionthatVenetia’sideawassplendid. “I think PLUTO excellent!!”hewrotetoFalconeronhisreturn.“Wedid notmanage to thinkof anything sogoodattheRASyesterday.Theonlyatallmeritorious suggestionwasKronos, butthatwon’tdoalongsideSaturn.”(KronosistheGreekequivalentofSaturn.)TurnerthenshotoffthistelegramtotheLowellObservatory:“Namingnewplanet,pleaseconsider PLUTO, suggested by smallgirlVenetiaBurneyfordarkandgloomyplanet.”

TendayslatermembersoftheLowellObservatorygatheredtovoteonashort-listofthreenames:Minerva,Cronus,andPluto.ReportedlythenameMinervalostsupportbecauseanasteroidalreadyhadthatname,andCronushadtheburdenofbeingproposedintheU.S.bytheunpopu-larastronomerThomasJeffersonJacksonSee.ThefactthatthefirsttwolettersofPlutoaretheinitialsoftheObservatory’sfounder,PercivalLowell,certainlyhelped,andtheendresultwasaunanimousvoteinfavorofVenetia’ssuggestion.

A Five Pound RewardTherewas no public announcement,

however, untilMay.By that time,Ve-netia toldme, “I’d just really forgottenabout it for the interveningmonths.”Venetia foundout the goodnewswhenhergrandfatherpresentedherwithafive-poundnote(worthwellover$400today)asafittingreward.WhenIaskedVenetiaif therewas anygreat fanfarewhen thenamewasannounced,shedemurred.“Toalimitedextent…IthinkthenewspapersweremostlyoccupiedbytheexploitsofthewomanpilotAmyJohnson(thepio-neeringEnglishaviatrixwhoinearlyMay1930wasabouttoflyonadeHavillandGypsyMothsolofromBritaintoAustra-lia,becoming thefirstwoman todoso)atthetime.Anyway,therewasacertainamount…youknowafewpapersIthink.



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“Mygrandfather collectedany informationtherewasthroughapressagencyandputitintotwoscrapbookswhichItreasure.”

MygrandfathercollectedanyinformationtherewasthroughapressagencyandputitintotwoscrapbooksthatIhave,whichItreasure,andfromwhichIcanrefreshmymemoryattimes.

“OnMay 28th, the following letterappeared in theLondon Times: “Sir,ApostcardfromthePresidentoftheRoyalAstronomicalSocietyofferedthismorn-ing‘congratulationstothesuggesterofthenamePluto,nowadopted’.Thereferenceis toa telegramwhichIhadthehonourofsendingtotheLowellObservatoryonMarch 15th (the day after the news ofdiscovery reachedEngland), conveyingthesuggestionofMissVenetiaBurneyofOxford,madeatbreakfastonthatdaytohergrandfather,whosent iton tome. ImayaddthatitwasabrotherofthatsamegrandfatherwhosuggestedthenamesDei-mosandPhobosforthesatellitesofMars.Yoursfaithfully,H.H.Turner,UniversityObservatory,Oxford.May27th.”

On June 1st,Venetia’s teacher,MissClaxtonreceivedthefollowingletterfromFalconerMadan:“DearMissClaxton, Ihopeyouwillkindlyaccepttheenclosed‘scrapofpaper’(acheckforthepurchaseofagramophoneforMusicAppreciation)asapersonalgifttoyourself,ingratefulrecognitionofyourshareinVenetia’stri-umphantnamingofthenewplanet.TheRoyalAstronomicalSociety itselfcouldthinkofnobetternamethanKronos(notChronos), the father of Jupiter. I reallybelieve that hadVenetia been under alesscapableandenlightenedteacherthanyourself,thesuggestionofPlutowouldnothaveoccurredtoher,or ifmade,wouldhavebeenjustavagueguess.Asitis,heracquaintancewithsomeoftheoldlegendsofGreekandRomandeitiesandheroes,and that ‘naturewalk’ in theUniversity

Parks,bywhichshewastaughttherelativespacesbetweenthePlanetsandtheSun,andthegloomofdistance,enabledhertograspatoncethespecialelementsofthesituation,andtobethefirsttomakeasug-gestionsoreasonableastobeaccepted(itappears)bythewholeworldofscience.

“IamquiteawarethatyoumightsaythatyouareonlycarryingoutthesyllabusoftheP.U.S.,butIventuretocongratulateyouonyourpartinanachievementwhichisnotonlynotableandsingularbutalsooflastinginterest.Iam,Sincerelyyours,F.Madan”

Herteachercommentedthat“thisletterwillbeaninspirationtoothersasitwastome,showingasitdoeshowbigdoorsswingonlittlehinges.Weareunabletoassessourwork,butwehavebeenshownthebreadoflife,andifwefreelycastituponthewatersitwilltrulynourish.”

VenetiawentontostudyMathematicsatNewnhamCollege,Cambridge.Dur-ingWorldWarII,shebecameacharteredaccountant.In1947shemarriedMaxwellPhair, a classicist,who became house-master and head of English at EpsomCollege.Inthelate1950sshebeganherteachingcareerwithretirementcominginthemid-1980s.

“It Doesn’t Arise in Conversation”Ifapersonlivesthroughoutmostofthe

20thcenturyandwellintothe21stbeingthe onlyperson creditedwith naming aplanetary body, themodern conventionwouldbethatshewouldmilkthisdistinc-tionforfameandcelebrity.InVenetia’scase, admirably the oppositewas true.Thus,whenIaskedifpeopleinherhometownknewofherroleinhistory,Venetiaresponded,“Nottoanygreatextent.SomeofthemmayknowbecauseIbelievewhen

theBBCdoes itscoverageof the (NewHorizons)launch…itmayslipinabit,asmallinterviewwithme.Butonthewhole,itdoesn’t arise inconversationandyoudon’t just go around tellingpeople thatyounamedPluto.Butquitealotoffriendsknowandareinterested.”Waitaminute,Ipersisted,you’veneverhadthetempta-tion at a holiday gathering to tell yourfriends?“Well,notreally.Butsometimesit’snice,sometimesI’mgladtohavethemknow.”Anotherfollowupwasinorder.Buthaven’tyouevertoldyourstudents?“Idon’tthinkso.No.Itdidn’treallycometomindmuch.TherehadbeenyearsandyearswhenIneverreallythoughtaboutit.Itthinkit’sonlysincePatrickMoore(Sir.PatrickMoore, the latePresidentof theBritishAstronomicalAssociation)wroteanarticleinSky and Telescope in1984,andIshouldthinkthatsincethentherehasbeenanincreasingamountofinterestinit,especiallyinAmerica,whichhasbeendelightfulformeasonegetsolderone’shorizonsnarrow.Andit’sbeenverynicetohave these letters fromSt.Mary’s inMemphis(StudentsfromMemphis,Ten-nessee’sSt.Mary’sEpiscopalElementarySchoolasaclassassignmenthadwrittencongratulatoryletterstoVenetiain2004),orthischatrightnowshallwesay.”

IalsowonderedifatanypointVenetiaandClydeTombaughhadcrossedpaths.“No,never,sadly,”wastheresponse.Andhadtheycorresponded?“No.”AndwhataboutPlutoitself,hadsheevervieweditinatelescope?“Idon’tthinkIhave.I’vejustseenaphotographofPluto.IthinkthefirstphotographthatClydeTombaughwaslookingat,andthenextpictureshowingthatthesamelittlepinpointhadmovedacertaindegree. IhavebeentoFlagstaff,andtheywereverykind.Andtheyshowedus aroundand they showedus the tele-scopethroughwhichitwasfirstseen.”

Followingourinterview,Venetiafinallygot the opportunity to viewPluto.ThatsummerherattempttoseeitwhilelookingthroughSirPatrickMoore’stelescopewasunsuccessful due to cloudy conditions.Butinthesummerof2007,thankstothestaffof theObservatoryScienceCentreinHerstmonceux,EastSussex,England,shefinallywasabletoseetheplanetary



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Edward Goldstein is AAS’s Vice Presi-dent for Public Policy. He currently is the Director of Executive Communica-tions at the Aerospace Industries Asso-ciation and was Lead Writer at NASA Headquarters from 2002-2007.

“Onthewhole,itdoesn’tariseinconversationandyoudon’tjustgoaroundtellingpeoplethatyounamedPluto.”

bodyshenamed.“Ican’tsaythatI’mas-tounded,”sheremarkedunderstandablyasallshecouldseewasapinprickoflight.

Duringourconversation, IaskedVe-netiawhat shewould like to tell all thepeoplewhoworkedontheNewHorizonsmission.“Iwouldsay,Ithink,‘Thebestof luck.’And I canonlyhope that theydiscover all that theywant to discoverfromthisprobewhichmustbeoneofthemost exciting things that has happenedastronomicallyrecently.”Incidentally,oneof theexperimentsonNewHorizons, astudentdustcounter,isnamedinVenetia’shonor,aswellastheasteroid6235Burney.

Turning to Round Two of Solar System Exploration

GiventhatNewHorizonswillcompletetheinitialroboticexplorationoftheinner

andoutersolarsystem,it’sworthwonder-ingwhatexcitingmissionsome11yearold girlwatching July’s encounterwillparticipate inwhenthesecondroundofsolarsystemexplorationgetsunderway.ForpossibleanswersIqueriedoneofmyfavoriteNASA people, JamesGarvin,thechiefscientistfortheGoddardSpaceFlightCenter’sSciencesandExplorationDirectorate.

“First isVenus, themost unexploredoftherocky,innerplanets,”saidGarvin.“OurcurrentviewsofVenusareequiva-lent to those ofMars circa 1973 at theconclusionoftheMariner9orbiter,andoffer only clues to howVenus’ surfaceevolvedtoitscurrentstate.Understand-ingthelandscapegeology,chemistry,andlevelsofcurrentactivityonthispossiblymoreEarth-likeworld(initsdistantpast)remains a priority…WasVenus oncehabitable,withstablesurfaceliquidwater,andamorebenignclimate-statebeforearunawaygreenhousescenariotookover?Ifso,couldthereberelictsignsofancientmarineenvironments?”

GarvinalsothinksweoughttotakeacloserlookatCeres,thelargestasteroidbelt object. “Preliminary imaging byNASA’sDawnspacecraft revealbizarreregions of ultra-high-reflectivitywithinsomewhat subdued impact craters, sug-

gesting either deposits ofmirror-likefrozenwater(asice)orbrightly-reflectivesurface salts, as in theBonneville SaltFlats...It’spossiblethisdwarfplanetisout-gassing‘volatilematerials’(watervapor?)and that a shallow subsurface reservoirofwater-bearingmaterialsexistsonthiscaptivatingnewworld.”

Thenthere’sNeptune’slargemoonTri-ton,whose“quiltworkoflandscapessug-gestcurrent-dayactivityintheformof‘icevolcanoes’thateruptgeyserlikeplumesofmaterials billions of kilometers fromoursun.Geysersofoutgassingmaterialshave alsobeenobserved atEnceladus’ssouthpole,oneofSaturn’sicysatellites,andit,likeTriton,isacompellingplaceforfutureexploration.”

GarvinalsopointstoTitan,“thelarge,hydro-carbon lake-bearing moon ofSaturn,withitslargesemiopaqueatmo-sphere,maywellbeanidealnaturallabo-ratory for investigating early planetaryatmospheres, includingEarth’s as theyevolvetoenablehabitableenvironments.”

Finally,Garvinnotes recentobserva-

tionsofpossibleseasonalflowsofliquidwater or brines with an iron-mineralantifreeze,suchasferricsulfateinareasknownasrecurringslopelineae(RSL)onthesurfaceofMars,assuggestinganothertargetforinvestigationanddiscovery.

Apostscript.IlearnedaboutVenetia’spassing onApril 30th, 2009,while onmyhoneymooninHawaii.Fortuitously,whileonthebigislandmywife,Melanie,andImadeanimpromptuplantoforgothe tropical beaches and take a guidedbustouruptothe13,796footsummitofMaunaKeatoseetheinternationalobser-vatoriesthere.Duringourbusridedownfromthesummit to the9,300foot levelwherenearbytheEllisonOnizukaCenterfor InternationalAstronomy (named inhonoroftheHawaiian-bornastronautwhowasonthefinalSpaceShuttleChallengercrew)wewoulddosomestargazingofourown,ItoldourfellowtrippassengersaboutVenetia’s story.Whenwefinallyhad theopportunity to look through thetelescopesatstarclusters,SaturnandtheSouthernCross,Ididn’tgetachancetospyPluto,butmyrecentlydepartedfriendfromEpson,England,wasverymuchinmythoughts.

Venetia Burney Phair in 2006 at the time of this interview



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Aerojet Rocketdyne Employees Bid Farewell to MESSENGERNASA’sMESSENGER(MErcurySurface,SpaceENvironment,GEochemistry,andRanging)spacecraftcompleteditsfinalactonApril30,2015asthespacecraftslammedintothesurfaceofMercury.TheMESSENGERmissionisthefirstspacecrafttoorbitMercuryandprovideadetailedlookattheinnermostplanet,followingMariner10’svisittotheplanet.

TheendofthisdecadelongmissionisbittersweettoAerojetRocketdyneemployees.

“MESSENGERisoneofmyfavoriteprogramsatAerojetRocketdynebecauseitrequiredahighperformancespacecraftpropulsionsystemthatcouldhandleboth the journey toMercuryand theharshenvironmentonceitarrivedinorbit,”saidSamWiley,thecompany’schiefengineerforMESSENGERandthecurrentprogramdirectorforHumanSpace.“ThetalentedMESSENGERteamendedupwithaspacecraftdesignedaroundapropulsionsystemthatcarriedapropellantloadthatwas54%ofthetotalspacecraftmass.”

“Workingcloselywithourcustomerwasthekeytodevelopingthenewpropulsionsystemandbuildingaspacecraftin35months,”saidKatieDommer,systemsengineerfortheMESSENGERprogramandcurrentchiefsystemsengineerforNASA’sOrionspacecraftAerojetRocketdyne.

ToreachMercury,theMESSENGERspacecraftrequiredbothanoveltrajectoryandahighlycapablepropulsionsystem.Atotalofsixplanetaryflybys(oneEarth,twoVenus,andthreeMercury)andfivelargevelocitychangeswereusedbeforethefinalrocketinsertionburnintoMercury’sorbit.WorkingcloselywithNASAandJohnsHopkinsUniversityAppliedPhysicsLaboratory,AerojetRocketdynedevelopedapropulsionsystemthatconsistedofoneheliumtank,fourpropellanttanks,one150lbfmainthrusterandsixteenattitudecontrolthrusters.

According toWiley,“to travel theapproximatelyfivebillionmilestoreachMercuryviaflybysofEarthandVenus,thespacecrafthadatotalof220propulsionsys-temfiringsthatworkedflawlessly.”

ThesystemsandtechnologiesonMESSENGERcon-tinuetobeusedonthepropulsionsystemsthatAerojetRocketdyneprovidesforcommercialandgovernmentmissionstoday.

“WiththemissiontoMercury,AerojetRocketdynehasprovidedpropulsiontovisitalleightplanetsinthesolarsystemandwearriveatPlutoonJuly14,2015,”addedDommer.

“Itishardtoseethemissionend,butweareextremelyproudofouraccomplishmentsandtherearenotmanypeoplethatcansaytheyworkedonaspacecraftthathaspartsinacrateronMercury,”concludedWiley.

MESSENGERwaslaunchedaboardaDeltaIIonAug.3,2004andisaDiscoveryclassmissionmanagedbytheJohnsHopkinsUniversityAppliedPhysicsLaboratory.

MESSENGER engineering leads from APL and Aerojet Rock-etdyne stand in front of the spacecraft, January 28, 2003. (Source: Aerojet Rocketdyne)

Artist’s rendition of MESSENGER orbiting Mercury (Source: NASA)

Job Name: 515709_SpaceTimes_54_3PDF Page: 14_SpaceTimes54_R1.p1.pdf


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NASA MaterialsLab Changes Materials Research on the International Space Station

May26,2015-AnewapproachtomaterialsscienceresearchcalledMaterialsLabprovidesanunprecedentedlevelofcollabo-rationamongstakeholdersperformingresearchontheInternationalSpaceStation,auniqueorbitinglaboratorywhereadvancedmaterialscanbestudiedandusedtostimulatetheU.S.economy.

Witheachspacestationinvestigation,scientistsbetterunderstandthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofmaterials,gaininguniqueinsightsonhowtheydevelopandbehavewithoutgravityaffectingtheresults.TheMaterialsLabapproachenhancesthewayresearchersingovernment,industryandacademiadevelopinvestigationsandshareinformation.

“We’recreatinganewopportunitytodevelopmaterialsexperimentsinspacethatmakesiteasierforscientiststoconducttheseinvestigationsandsharetheirresearchanddatawidelywiththescientificcommunity,”saidMarshallPorterfield,NASA’sdirectorofSpaceLifeandPhysicalSciencesintheagency’sHumanExplorationandOperationsMissionDirectorateatNASAHeadquartersinWashington.“TheOpenScienceconceptallowsmultipleresearchersaroundtheworldtheabilitytoaccessdatafromstationexperimentsandbuildoneachother’swork.”

ArecentlysignedMemorandumofUnderstandingbetweenNASAandtheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)fosterscollaborationamongNASA’smicrogravitymaterialsscienceprogram,theNISTMaterialMeasurementLaboratoryandthemulti-agencyMaterialsGenomeInitiative.

“OurpartnershipwithNASAenablesoneofthekeygoalsoftheMaterialsLabconcept,whichistotransferfederallydevel-opedmaterials-relatedresearchandtechnologytoindustry,”saidLaurieLocascio,directoroftheNISTMaterialMeasurementLaboratory.“BothNASAandNISTwanttoacceleratethediscovery,manufacture,anddeploymentofadvancedmaterialsontheInternationalSpaceStationandpromoteU.S.innovationandindustrialcompetitiveness.”

WithMaterialsLab,NASAischangingthewayscientistsconductresearchbyaddingaslighttwist:spacestationmaterialsresearchwillaimtosolveengineeringproblemsthatrelatetospacetravelandtargetaspecificoutcomeoraddressamaterialsproblemchallengeidentifiedbyindustry.

“Wewanttoconductnewinvestigationsthatfulfillaspecificindustryneedorcouldleadtoanewcommercialapplication,”saidJohnVickers,managerofNASA’sNationalCenterforAdvancedManufacturingattheMarshallSpaceFlightCenterinHuntsville,Alabama.“Iftheautomobileindustryishavingaproblemwithaspecificmaterial,wemaybeabletostudythatmaterialonthestationandgetananswerthattheycouldn’tobtainthroughground-basedresearch.WearenotonlylearningaboutthematerialbutalsoprovidingvaluabledatathatimmediatelyaffectscompaniesandconsumersonEarth.”

ThroughMaterialsLab,NASAischangingthewayscientistssharedataandeventheirapproachtoproposingexperiments.“Itshouldbeeasyforinvestigatorstoaccesscurrentdatafromexperimentsanduseittodetermineiftherearegapsinknowledgethatcanbeaddressedwithnewinvestigations,”Porterfieldsaid.

MaterialsLabsharesdatafrompastandpresentspacestationexperimentsthroughNASA’sPhysicalSciencesInformatics—aresourceforprocessingandsortingdatafromphysicalscienceexperimentsperformedaboardthespacestation.Thegoalistopromoteanopenaccessapproachtoscientificdataanalysisandpotentiallybecomeagatewaytohundredsofnew,station-basedscientificinvestigations.Sharingthesefindingsinacomprehensiveandopensourcesystemwhilebuildinguponthestoredknowl-edgehasthepotentialtodriveadvancesinmaterialsscienceatafasterpace.

NASAandNISTwillprovethemodelfortheMaterialsLabprojectbycollaboratingtofacilitatetheexchangeofinformationandexperimentaldata,enablingandacceleratingtheapplicationoftheresultsofmaterialsresearchconductedonthespacestation.

www.nasa.gov/marshall/news/news/releases/2015/15-070.html

Media Contacts:

StephanieSchierholz TracyMcMahan DanHuotNASAHeadquarters NASAMarshallSpaceFlightCenter NASAJohnsonSpaceCenterWashington,D.C. Huntsville,Alabama Houston,Texas202-358-1100 256-544-0034 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]



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NOTES ON NEW BOOKS

Neil Armstrong: A Life of FlightReviewedbyMattBille

Neil Armstrong: A Life of FlightbyJayBar-bree.ThomasDunneBooks,2014.384pages.

NeilArmstrongwasacomplexandprivateman;nota“recluse,”justamanwhotriedtolivehislifeashewanteddespitebeingworld-famous.JayBarbreepresentsaveryinterest-inglookattheastronautwithsomeglimpsesoftheinnerNeil,themanwhoneverlobbiedtobefirstontheMoonbuttookaquietprideinhisaccomplishments.

Twodecadesago,IcontactedNeilthroughafriendofhistoaskifhe’ddoashortinter-viewforanencyclopediaIwascontributingto.Neilsentbackwordthathewouldratherbeleftoutofthebookentirely.ThatIcouldn’tdo,andhedidansweracoupleofquestionsthroughhis friend: themost interesting re-sponsewasthatheconsideredhisworkonfly-by-wire aircraft control systems to behismost significant technical contribution.Clearly, thiswas amanwhodidn’t let theworldorthemediadefinehisownvisionofwhohewas.

A Life of Flightis,onbalance,agoodbookthataddstoourunderstandingofArmstrongandhis accomplishments. Itwill of coursebe compared to JamesHansen’sThe First Man(2006).Itcomesoffasthelesserbook,althoughthatmaybeinevitablebecauseThe First Manwassothorough.TheuniverseisbigenoughfortwomajorbiographiesofNeilArmstrong.HerewehaveArmstronginmo-mentsofpersonalintrospection–noreaderwillbeunmovedbythelossofArmstrong’sthree-year-olddaughterKarenin1962–aswellasinmomentsofleadership,includinghismasterfulhandlingofthescaryGemini8crisisandhisinsistenceonmoretrainingintheLunarLandingTrainingVehicle(LLTV)evenafteritnearlykilledhim.Armstrong’soft-overlookedsenseofhumorisondisplay,too.Overall, though, thebook stilldoesn’taddasmuchtoArmstrong’sstoryasitshould.

All the flight sequences are describedwell, and the book spends themost time(understandably)onArmstrong’stwospacemissions,Gemini8andApollo11.ArmstrongwasasuperbpilotwhohandledemergenciesandbailoutsonEarthandanomaliesinspacewithequalaplomb.Barbreegivestheclear

impressionthat,whiletherewereothergreatpilotsintheastronautcorps,andArmstrongwould never put himself at the top of anyranking,otherastronautswouldhavehadhimatthetoporatleastinthetoptier.Everyonehadfaithinhisabilities.

Likealotofreaders,I’llalwaysenvyhowwellJayBarbreeknewoneofthecentury’sgreatexplorers.Barbree,veteranNBCspacecorrespondent,metNeilearlyinhisGeminidays and remained a friend throughout hislife.Whilehesayshehasnotbrokenacon-fidence,thestrengthofthisbiographyistheinsightintoNeil’sthoughts.That’salso,inasense,itsweakness.WecantakeBarbreeathisword that he didn’t fabricate anything,butmemorieschangeoverdecades,andheputshimselfinNeil’sheadmuchmorethanother biographers do.WhenNeil looks attheroughlandingsiteforApollo11,thetextreads “Damn!” (noquotes)–DidNeil tellBarbreehe’dhadthisthought,orisBarbreeoverreaching?

Afewfactualblipscontributetomyun-ease.It’snotcorrecttosaytheLunarModulewastheonlyspacecrafttocarryhumansandnever fail:Vostoknever lost a cosmonaut.It’sdefinitelyincorrectforBarbreetoquotehimselfassaying,in1968,thatJimLovellwould commandApollo 13.Thatwasn’tdecideduntilyearslater.

Any time an authorwrites of a closefriend, there’s some danger of seeing thesubject in only a favorable light. IfArm-strongevermadeamistake,processionalorpersonal,it’snotinhere,saveformissinganalarmlightontheLLTV.Attheend,Barbreesays,“Nogreatermanwalkedamongus…NeiltaughtushowtotakecareofourEarth-Moonsystem.”NeilArmstrongisoneofmypersonalheroes,butthatseemsoverthetop.

Therearenofootnotesorendnotes,andtheywouldbehelpfulatmanypoints.BarbreehasSergeiKorolevcountingdowntozeroinAmericanfashionforSputnik1:I’vewrittenonthisperiodandnevercomeacrossanyac-countofthis,norcanIfindonenow.

On one of themain questions that noamountoffactswilleverstoppeoplefromasking –WhywasNeil firstman on theMoon?–Barbreepresentsitasawhollylogi-caldecisionwith,asArmstrongsaid,abitof“theluckofthedraw.”Hedoesn’tmention

thequestionofwhetherNeil’scivilianstatusplayedarole–mostaccountsagreeitdidnot,butitwouldbeinterestingtoknowwhetherBarbreeandArmstrongeverdiscussedit.

ThereturnfromApollo11isinteresting,ifbrief.AsBarbreetellsit,Neilwasaskedifhewantedtokeepflying,buthefeltanysuchwishwould be overridden, so he just said“No”andpressedontowardsotherpursuits.Another interestingnote is thatArmstronghopedCharlesLindberghwouldcometooneofthepost-flightevents,butLindy,afellowseekerofprivacy,didnot.AndIneverknewthatArmstrongattendedapresentationbyas-tronautFranklinChang-DiazonhisVASIMRpropulsion system and encouraged him tokeepworkingonit.

Still,thebooktailsoffattheend.OntheRogersCommissionaboutthespaceshuttleChallengerloss,welearnnothingwhatsoeveraboutNeil’s role.Thefly-by-wireworkhewassoproudofisn’tmentioned,notaretherecordshesetflyingbusinessjets.Hisprofes-sorshipandcorporateboardworkzoombyinparagraphs.Neil’sdivorceandremarriage,ahugeeventinanyone’slife,alsogetsonlyafewparagraphs,althoughthestorytoldofNeil’s first visit to his futurewife’s house(Iwon’tspoilithere)isagreatone.Neil’sviewsonthe21st-centuryNASAandfuturespaceexplorationareinteresting,but,again,notreallynew.

Irecommendthisbooktospaceenthusi-astsandhistorians,butthebackcoverblurbof“thedefinitivebiography”ismisleading.MuchofwhatBarbreewroteisinteresting:Ijustwishhe’dwrittenmore.

Matt Bille is a former Air Force officer, now a freelance science writer and his-torian in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He coauthored the NASA-sponsored his-tory The First Space Race: Launching the World’s First Satellites (Texas A&M, 2004). Reach him through his website at www.mattwriter.com



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New book offers the most in-depth source for understanding and finding a career in the space and satellite industry.Designed for high school, college, and graduate students and job seekers of all ages.

May2015

ItismypleasuretoannouncethereleaseofSpace Careers,acompletely-updatedandrevisedversionofthe1998award-winningclassic,“GuidetoSpaceCareers.”

Fully-updatedfor2015,thebookisdesignedforhighschool,college,andgraduatestudents,aswellasjobseekersinterestedintheop-portunitiesthatthespaceandsatelliteindustrypresent.Whetherthereaderisinterestedinsatellitecommunicationsservices,designingnextgenerationrockets,planningfutureMarsmissions,ormonitoringtheEarth’senvironment,Space Careerswillbeavaluedresource.

WrittenbylongtimespacejournalistLeonardDavid,entrepreneurScottSacknoff,andwithaforewordfromastronautBuzzAldrin,thisaward-winningbookcontainsresourcesthatenabletheusertounderstandthevariedactivitiesoftheindustrysotheycannarrowanddeter-minetheirareasofinterest.Thisguidehelpsyouidentifyuniversityprogramsandfindscholarshipsandfellowshipsthatcanfinanceyourcareertrajectory.Itprovidesdetailsonhowandwheretonetwork,locateopportunities,andoffershundredsofprofilesaswellaslinkstoindustryorganizations.

It does the work so you don’t have to.

Butthisbookoffersmorethanjustacompilationoffactsanddata.ThroughoutthebookisvaluableadvicetostudentsandjobseekersprovidedbyleadingindustryprofessionalsincludingMarillynHewson,thePresident&CEOofLockheedMartin;CharlesBolden,theadministratorofNASA;aswellasengineers,scientists,andbusinesspeopleworkinginthefield.

Space Careersisaresourcethatneedstobeshared,read,andusedbystudents,educators,andpeopleworkingintheSTEM/STEAMfields[Science,Technol-ogy,Engineering,[Art]&Mathematics].Withtheindustryseekingtoidentifyandenticethenextgenerationofworkers,companiesandinstitutionsneedtomakethisvaluableresourceavailable.

Formoredetailsincludingbiosoftheauthors,thetableofcontents,andorder-inginformation,pleasevisitwww.spacebusiness.com/careers

Space CareersbyLeonardDavidandScottSacknoffForewordbyBuzzAldrin

InternationalSpaceBusinessCouncil,2015ISBN:978-1-887022-19-4RetailPrice:$20USDPages:224,tradepaper

Ordering and Contact Information

Phone:+1-703-524-2766Email:[email protected]:www.spacebusiness.com/careersMail:Space Careers,POBox5752,Bethesda,MD20824-5752USAOnline:http://www.spacehistory101.com/Space_Careers_p/career.htmorviaamazon.comViaAmazon:http://www.amazon.com/dp/1887022198

Ifyouhaveanyquestionsorcomments,pleasecontactme.

BestRegards,ScottSacknoff,PresidentInternationalSpaceBusinessCouncilLLC

Space Careers



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The26thSpaceFlightMechanicsMeetingwillbeheldSunday,February14throughThursday,February18,2016,attheEmbassySuitesNapaValleyinNapa,California.TheconferenceisorganizedbytheAmericanAstronauticalSociety(AAS)SpaceFlightMechanicsCommittee and co-sponsoredby theAmerican Institute ofAeronautics andAstronautics (AIAA)AstrodynamicsTechnicalCommittee.Manuscriptsaresolicitedontopicsrelatedtospaceflightmechanicsandastrodynamics,includingbutnotnecessarilylimitedto:

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26th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics MeetingEmbassy Suites Napa Valley ♦ Napa, CaliforniaFebruary 14-18, 2016

Job Name: 515709_SpaceTimes_54_3PDF Page: 18_SpaceTimes54_3_R1.p1.pdf


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BREAKWELL STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDTheAASSpaceFlightMechanicsCommitteeannouncestheJohnV.BreakwellStudentTravelAward.Thisawardprovidestravelexpensesforuptofour(4)U.S.andCanadianstudentspresentingpapersatthisconference.Studentswishingtoapplyforthisawardarestronglyadvisedtosubmittheircompletedmanuscriptbytheabstractsubmittaldeadline.Themaximumcoverageperstudentislimitedto$1,000.Detailsandapplicationsmaybeobtainedathttp://www.space-flight.org

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORSBecausethesubmissiondeadlineofOctober19,2015,hasbeenfullyextendedfortheconvenienceofcontributors,therearenoplanstodeferthisdeadlineduetotheconstraintsoftheconferenceplanningschedule.NotificationofacceptancewillbesentviaemailbyNovember19,2015.Detailedauthorinstructionswillbesentbyemailfollowingacceptance.Bysubmittinganabstract,theauthoraffirmsthatthemanuscript’smajoritycontenthasnotbeenpreviouslypresentedorpublishedelsewhere.Authorsmayaccesstheweb-basedabstractsubmittalsystemusingthelinkavailableviatheofficialwebsitehttp://www.space-flight.org.Duringtheonlinesubmissionprocess,authorsareexpectedtoprovide:1.apapertitle,aswellasthename,affiliation,postaladdress,telephonenumber,andemailaddressofthecorrespondingauthorandeachco-author;2.anextendedabstractinthePortableDocumentFile(PDF)formatofatleast500wordsthatincludesthetitleandauthors,andprovidesaclearandconcisestatementoftheproblemtobeaddressed,theproposedmethodofsolution,theresultsexpectedorobtained,andanexplanationofitssignificancetoastrodynamicsand/orspaceflightmechanics,withpertinentreferencesandsupportingtablesandfiguresasnecessary;and3.acondensedabstract(100words)tobeincludedintheconferenceprogram,whichisdirectlytypedintothetextboxprovidedonthewebpageandavoidstheuseofspecialsymbolsorcharacters,suchasGreekletters.

ForeigncontributorsrequiringanofficialletterofacceptanceforavisaapplicationshouldcontacttheTechnicalChairmenbyemailattheirearliestopportunity.

Technology Transfer Notice – Technology transferguidelinessubstantiallyextend the timerequired to reviewabstractsandmanuscriptsbyprivateenterprisesandgovernmentagencies.Toprecludelatesubmissionsandwithdrawals,itistheresponsibilityoftheauthor(s)todeterminetheextentofnecessaryapprovalspriortosubmittinganabstract.

No-Paper/No-Podium Policy – AcompletemanuscriptmustbeelectronicallyuploadedtothewebsitepriortotheconferenceinPDFformat,benomorethantwenty(20)pagesinlength,andconformtotheAASmanuscriptformat.Ifacompletemanuscriptisnotreceivedontime,thenitspresentationattheconferenceshallbeforfeited;andifapresentationisnotmadebyanauthorattheconference,thenthemanuscriptshallbeomittedfrompublishedproceedings.

Questions concerning the submission of manuscripts should be addressed to the Technical Chairs.AASTechnicalChair AIAATechnicalChairRenatoZanetti RyanRussellNASAJohnsonSpaceCenter UniversityofTexasatAustinEG6 1UniversityStation,C0600Houston,TX77058 Austin,TX78712281-483-7435 [email protected] [email protected] other questions should be directed to the General Chairs.AASGeneralChair AIAAGeneralChairMartinT.Ozimek AngelaBowesJohnsHopkinsUniversity/AppliedPhysicsLab NASALangleyResearchCenter11100JohnsHopkinsRoad Bldg1209,MS489Laurel,MD20723 Hampton,VA23681443-778-1569 [email protected] [email protected]



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HONORS AND AWARDS AT THE ASTRONAUTS AND ROBOTS CONFERENCE

Photos courtesy of Frank Slazer

Walt Faulconer, Steve Lee, and Ashwin Vasavada, who ac-cepted the Neil Armstrong Space Flight Achievement Award on behalf of the Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory Team

Walt, Mark Craig, and the recipient of the Carl Sagan Award, Charles Elachi

Walt and Bobby Braun, recipient of the Space Technology Award

Walt and Mike Rubel from Skybox Imaging, co-recipient of the Space Entrepreneurship Award

Keith Rothman from Planet Labs and Mike Rubel, recipients of the Space Entrepreneur-ship Award



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21



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