Space-Based Solar Power - Northwestern University study/Jessica Hoffman... · Space-Based Solar...
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Space-Based Solar Power
Jessica HoffmanMSE 395
June 3 2008June 3, 2008
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What is Space-Based Solar Power (SSP)?
• Capture solar energy using satellite
• Convert electricity to microwave frequency
• Beam to Earth using transmitterC ll t d t b k t• Collect and covert back to electricity using rectenna
Rodenbeck, C.T. and K. Chang. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2005. 47(4): p. 67-72.
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Space-Based vs. Terrestrial Solar Power
• Not affected by:
Solar Power
• Not affected by: • Day/Night cycles
Cl d• Clouds
U bl h• Usable anywhere on Earth (“sunfuel”)
• Requires less landq
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Brief History of SSP
1995: NASA conducts Fresh
“science fiction”technically feasible but still expensive!
2000: NASA i1968: Peter
Glasser proposes space solar power
Look Study; possible systems and architectures
outsources testing and R&D on related concepts
d t h l iproposed and technologies
2000: US
1976-1980: DOE and NASA first
1998: NASA Concept Definition Study
2000: US government calls for NASA toconsider solar
power satellitesand market assessment
NRC t i
NASA to reduce earth-to-orbit transitNRC says: too expensive;
time needed to develop technologies
orbit transit costs within 20 years
Mankins, J.C. Acta Astronautica, 1997. 41(4-10): p. 347-359.
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"A single kilometer-A single kilometerwide band of geosynchronous Earth orbit experiences enough solar flux in one year to nearly equal the amount of energy contained within all known recoverable conventional oil reserves on Earth today"
In 2007, Pentagon’s National Security Space Office encourages US government to spearhead this effort
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Challenges
• Need for interim markets• Global acceptance and cooperation
Radio frequencies• Radio frequencies• Orbits
• Concern regarding microwaves• Development of related technologies• Development of related technologies
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Wireless Power Transmitters• Efficient DC to RF conversion• Emit at 5.8 GHz• Total aperture size: diameter = 500 m• Three converter types:
Klystron Magnetron
Solid-State Amplifier
# converters ~210,000 ~400,000 ~84,000,000
Converter mass (kg) 14 1 0.001
Converter operating 28,000 6,000 80Converter operating voltage (Vdc)
28,000 6,000 80
Overall transmitter 40.4 32.0 33.9specific mass (kg/m2)
J.C. Mankins. IEEE Microwave Magazine, Dec 2002: p. 46-57.
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Transmitters: the Solid State AmplifierState Amplifier
PAE = Power Added Efficiencyy• Measure of amplification
abilitiesabilities• Varies with frequency
G N t i i b t• GaN most promising, but:• Expensive• Charge and interface effects• Resistance at contacts and
i h l f d iin channels of deviceJ.C. Mankins. IEEE Microwave Magazine, Dec 2002: p. 46-57.
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Rectennas• Rectifying Receiving Antenna• Collect microwaves and convert to DC• Typically found in printed-circuit format• Optimization by different printing patterns• Optimization by different printing patterns
J.C. Mankins. IEEE Microwave Magazine, Dec 2002: p. 46-57.
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~45% efficient
J.C. Mankins. IEEE Microwave Magazine, Dec 2002: p. 46-57.
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Questions?Questions?
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B k U SlidBack Up Slides
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Lunar Solar Power
• Modular factories sent to t t t lmoon to construct solar
power units out of lunar soil (silicon aluminumsoil (silicon, aluminum, etc)
• “Improvement” over SSP:Lower launch cost• Lower launch cost
• No orbital debris
Moore, T. Epri Journal, 2000. 25(1): p. 6-17.
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klystron
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magnetron
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Solid State Transmitter