.8 ! .,<I.,.<. ,\,(>\<.,<<>.,>\,:\.<,,<,<,,,,,,>,<,.,.,,,,.,., ,.,)

1.1 Background to the survey

This was the ninth n>ttionai survey of smokins

among secondary schc><~lchildren and wascarried

out in England and Scotlandat the request ofthe

Department of Health and the Scottish Office

Department of Health. The results of the surwy

in Scotland are discussed in a separate repOI-t.l

The first of this series of surveys was carried out in

1982, to provide estirtmtes of the proportion of

pupils who smoked, and to describe the smokkg

behaviour of those who did smoke. Similar surveys

have been carried out every two years since then

to provide further estimates from which trends in

the prevalence of cigarette smoking among

secondary schoolchildren can be monitored.

Recent surveys, including an additional survey

conducted only in England in 1993, h~ve also

been used tomeasure progress towards the 1994

Health ofthe Nhtzon~ target for children’s smoking

in Ert@md. The target set oucin the White Paper

ptlhlishcdin 1992 tvastoreduce smtJking

prevalence among 11-15 ycarolds l>yotleast:13%

by 1994 from J 1988 baseline figure of S%. The

1994 survey in this series found that [he tar~et

had not been reached anti that the prewdence of

smoking in this age Xroup hitd risen to 12Y0.

Theaim ofthe 1996 survey,base don independent

saIIIples fol- England and Scodandwm to continue

[he se[ies of estimates of prewdence of cigmette

srnoki”g among secondary schoolchildrenand to

draw at.tent ion to any changes in behaviour.

Thecon[entof[he 1996surve ywassimilartothat

ofprevious years with dteaddltion of some

questions asking pupils about consumer durahles in

Lheir home. the number ofcars their Family had

anrlwllether their h<>rnew~s ome(ic>rren[ed, to be

usedas indic.tt(]rs (~ftheirf~nl ily’ss[~cimcf]nc] nlic

position. Questiom shout educational expec~ltions

were also ;~sked tor dw first time, As in previous

survey s,saliv clspec.imenswere collectecifmm hall

the sample. These were amdysed fo[ the presence of

cotinine, zinwtcifu>lite l]f nicotine, which isa

measure otcxptMuI-c to t(>ty.icc[]slllc>kc.Tllc m:lill

purpose l>fdlis w.ls t(I enable some vulidati<m [.0 Ix

I~l;lcte (~ltllc selI:rcp(]rtc(l srll()king [lilkl. Asir1 1994

the suIm’ey included s,lrn? quesli<>lls :Itx>tlt

childrvu’s diiukin~ Ixhavk)ur. l-IIV ICSLIIL7lii)m dlis

part 0[’ [IIC sIIrvcy will bc published SCpaI-:[l[:ly.”{ ‘

1.2 Sample coverage

Estinmtes {Jt smokinx prevalence were required

Ibr the population 01 secondary school pupils in

England.

The population covered by the survey in Engkmcl

was pupils in years 7 to 1I (previously called first

tofifthformers); th;it is, mainly pupils who were

aged 11 to 15 at the start of the school year in

September 1996.

The survey covered pupils attending all types of

maintained secondwy schcmls, including middle

schools with pupils ~ged 11 or over, md non-

maintained sccond>wy schools, except special

scbm>ls.

1.3 Design of the survey

A two-stage sample design was used. AL the first

stage a sample of schools was drawn, and :it the

second stage a sample of pupils was selected

within each school. A list of seconds!-y schtmls

was extracted lrom the 1996 school database

supplied by the School’s Register for the

Deptirtment for Education and Employment.

The list ofschook was stratified by type of.schoo],

whether single sex or mixed, and region.

A sample of 128 schools was selected with

probability proportional to the number of pupils

tiged 11-15. This type of sample design enabled

equal numbers of pupils to he selected for

intervitxv from each school. Further details of the

sample are given in Appendix A.

Saliva specimens were collected from all pupils in

half the sample of schools, Afthough it is not ideal

m have all the pupils in one school allocated (.o

either Lhe saliva or’ non-saliva sample, because of

the effect of clustering in the sample desi,qn, this is

rmxc practicxblc than c[~llecting specimens from

half the selected pupils in each school.

All dIe schools selected wme approached (with

lbc pcrmissi(>t) <)1’tbcir cxlum[ ion aud]ori tics itl

th, cxsc <)1’I .fL\ lmain!ain<,[l SCI1O(IIS) Jnd asked if

IIICVW[>IIIII lx willir]~ to [;tkc par~ it] the surwy.

Each <)1’tile co-(]peratin~ schools” W<ISt.bcn visite(l

.

., IOI.IW ,WI.G.W <).II\ILi .( IIIK)I , II II IIKI. I. IPI,I,I I..L.L.II i“9

Each school was $iven copies of a letter from

ONS to be sent to parents of the selected

children, tellinS them about the sur~,ey, and

askin~ them m reply only it’ Lhey wished their

child not LOtake p~rt.

The smnplecl p[tpils were broLlght together in a

classroom under the supervision of m

interviewer but with no teacher present. They

were each asked to complete two documents :

1 a qLtestionnaire about current smoking

behaviour and other topics.

2 a diary in which they were asked to record all

cigarettes smoked during the previoLLs seven days.

In those schools where saliva specimens were to

be obtained, pupils were asked to put a small

dental roll in their mouth, between the cheek

md the lower Sum, and keep it there for about

twenty minLltes while they completed the

qLlestionnaire. Pupils were fully ware of the

purpose of tbe procedure and were told [bat

both smokers znd non-smokers would have

nicotine in Lbeir saliva.

Care was taken m protect the confidentiality of

pupils’ answers and to make them awme that

their mswers would not be identified with Lhem

personally, nor with the school. Questionnaires,

diaries, and saliva specimens were linked by

means of a serial number only; names were not

used on any of the documents.

If four or more pupils were absent at tbe main

visit, the interviewer made a follow-up visit to tbe

school several days later, if possible checking

beforehand that pLLpils who were absent at the

main visit were back in school,

1.4 Response

information W.ISoht.ained from 2854 pL!pils in

the 111 c[)-{)peratir]~sclloc>ls, 87% ofthme

selected for inte!-view. Takin S into :tccount non-

response :mIons eli~ihle schools m WCIIx WIIOIIS

pupils in c[]-ope[aling schools, the I)vemll

Ircsp<)rlsc ram was 7X%.

“Hlcsaliv:i test did tlotappc:mtl) bavcun cfk,cl

(,11school” R’sponse: CCIIIJ1n{IInbcrs <11’%tliwl>In(l

[ Fig”rel.1 Respon se in England: 1982 to 1996

100

95

90

g

~ 85

:

80

75

70

I 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

survey. The most common reasons given by head

teachers fornottaking partin the survey were

that they had recently participated in other

surveys, ortbat their school was going to be

inspected.

Table 1.I

The response rate for schools was sligbdy higher

than in 1994 but the pupil response rate was at its

lowest level in this series of surveys.

Fi,q=I.I

References1. Bart(,r, JarlclJanisL. .Smc)ki.x amwn,q Jeconclay.schorll

,:hikhn in 199 fxScollmu, 1997 (Lundon: The Stationery

otFice)

2. TtLe Healltt,~”l)Le !Valivn, lY92(London:IiMSO)

:3. Goddard E. Ywngtem<Lgc~ r~n,L,~lcoh,,lin 1996

Volww l: Kn#ul(i.press)

4. GoddardE. Y<,tLnglem,Lp.r,Ln<I,Llcoholin /996

VA,.< 2: .S,dfznft (in press)

10 I .,,<,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,<<,,,,,,,,.,,,C><,,<,,,,,,,,,.,.,’<,.<, !.,)

Table 1.1 .SUMITMIY Of response r.SteSEngland 1996

saliva Nonsallva Total

SchoolssamoludInelielblaschools.

Eligibleschoolsco-operatingschools

IWmkerofpupilssnlec!sd

PUQIISIntewlew,d

TotalROW18SPOPS0absent,sickabsent,truantabsent,unknownrefusalbypupilrelusalbyparentother

overallroxponserate(allowingfornOn-mpmsaofschoolsaadpupils]

N,.64

6456

1620

1434

186481340331438

% No,64

1

6388 55

100 1578

69 1420

11 156451145166

35

77%

onewool Maclosed F,?

—~% No. ~%

128

87127111 87

100 3198 100

90 2854 69

10 344 11932485492073

79% 780A

6 I , .,,, \\<.,,.\,<<,,<, ,\ , <),.,,,,,,.,,,.,.,)

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

This report presents the analysis of questions on

drinking that were included in the 1996 survey of

smoking among secondary schoolchildren in

England. A companion publication presents

similar information for Scotlandl. Since drinking

is not the main topic of the survey, the number of

questions that can be included is limited. The

current survey is the latest in the biennial series

which began in 1982, butdrinking was not

covered until 1988, when only avery few general

questions were included. In 1990, the section was

expanded to provide estimates of consumption of

different types ofdrink. [n 1996, the questions

were modified further tocollectalitde more

information about the circumstancesin which 11-

15 year olds drink, and to include alcoholic

lemonades and similar drinks for brevity,

referred to in this report asdcopops.

! 2 Methodology “

The survey was carried out in October 1996, A

full description of the methodology is given in

the report on smoking!, but a few key points are

repeated here.

1. An equal probability sample of secondary

school children aged 11-15 in England (all types

of school Grant Maintained and independent

as well as LEA schools) was obtained by first

selecting a sample of schools and then drawing

a sample of pupils from school registers.

2. In each school, the sampled pupils were

gathered together in a classroom. and they

filled in a self-complt?tion questionnaire under

the supervision of an ONS interviewer: no

t.eachcrs were present.

3. (;arc uus t.:tken to protect the cc,nlidentiali!.y of’

pupils’ :mswc:rs :md [o assure d~em that their

answers would at no stage be identified with

them personally, nor with their school.

4, Taking into account non-response both of

schools and of’ pupils, the response rate

was 77%.

1.3 Measuring self-reported alcoholconsumption

In recent years, the range of alcoholic drinks

available has grown but practical constrain ts

make it impossible to ask about every type 01

drink individually. Pupils who bad drunk alc,)l),,1

in the last seven days were asked how mucl] III<)

had drunk of each of the following six Lypcs (,1

drink:

. beer, lager and cider;

. shandy,

. wine;

● martini and shcrrfi

e spirits and liqueurs

● alcoholic lemonade, alcoholic cola or <)([1<!

alcoholic soft drinks.

The last category listed above was incl~[[lt[i l{,!

the first time in 1996.

Answers could be given in terms of’ pii,ts, 11:111

pints, large cans and small cans for hccI, I: Is{I.

cider and shandy, in glasses for wine, fimili~<l !, },!!

and spirit$, and in bottles or cans fhr ACOIXIIJ..

Pupils could also indicate if they had (hIIIIk 1(.s

than one of the standard measures, and III(A \VC’II“

asked not to count low alcohol drinks.

17

~mup: it has been shown consistently that in each

survey, only it handful of children out of’several

thousand say they don’t smoke when they do:~. It

seems remormble, therefore, to assume that they

are also unlikely to deny the fact that they do

drink, but there is still uncertainty about the

accuracy of reported levels of consumption. One

11 year old boy has been completely excluded

from tbe analysis he reported a total of almost

250 units in the last week, and inspection of his

answers to individual questions confirmed that he

was not taking the survey seriously. The next

highest reported consumption levels were from 3

pupils in the range 50 to 87 units, In each case

the pattern of answers to individual questions was

consistent and believable, and there was therefore

no justification for excluding these pupils from

the analysis.

Under-reporting of consumption is a more

serious problem than overstatement. All surveys

are known to underestimate how much people

drink for a variety of reasons, but mainly

because they forget. Another important factor is

that on most surveys, all beers, lagers and eiders

are assumed to be of the same alcoholic strength;

it is usually impractical to collect sufficient

information about what people drink to be able

to assess this accurately. The 1989 survey of adult

drinking carried out by OPCS was able to look at

this in detail, and found that if variation in

alcoholic strength was taken into account,

consumption of those aged l&24 increased by

about one fifth for young men and one tenth fory~UrIg women~. Although that age group drinks

more than those aged 11-15, the types of drink

drunk are probably similar, and the alcohol

consumption of those covered by this survey is

likely to be underestimated for the same ream”.

Since the data presented in this report were

obttained from a ~ample of school children, they

are subject to s~mpling error, and this must be

taken into account wklerl considering the results.

Any sample is only one of an dnlost infinite

number th:~t might have been selected, all

prmiucin~ sli~htly different estimates. Appcudix

A expk~ills how m calculate samplin~ errors Ii]r

th[: data SI1OWOin this rcp<)rt.

[n general, ~ttention is only drawn to differences

between ~roups and between survey years if they

are statistically significant at the 0.05 confidence

level: that is, there is less than a 5% probability

that the difference in question is due to random

sampling fluctuation and no difference occurred

in Lhe population from which the ~ample was

drawn.

It is important, however, to recognise that

sampling error is only one of the sources of error

which affect the accuracy of any survey results.

Other sources of inaccuracy include over- and

under-reporting (discussed in tbe previous

section) and non-response bias: both are difficult

to quantify. It can be assumed, however, that

since the results compared in this report are

from surveys conducted in the same way and

using the same methods of collecting

information, non-sampling errors will be similar

on each survey and so will not affect

comparisons.

F{l?t,?renc?s

I (held.rd E, Young kwzcgm, and alcohol in 1996: Volume 2

.YmtkLmi 1997 ( London, Statiomq Office)

Y l~~is L. sm[jhin~ flmwg ~~condw XCho.1~hi~dr~n in 1996:

E@<Lnd 1997 (Lmdon, Staliunery Office)

3 op. cit., Appendix B

4 (Ajddard E, ,!Mnkin{ in England and WA+ in [he 1,,1,

1980.$1991 (Lmdon, HMSO)

-cbr--.––

ANATIONAL199(j

“ STATISTICS.&

SURVEY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN SMOKING N1415

IN CONFIDENCE

n

STICK SERIAL

NO. LABEL

>Mowof [he qum[iuns can be an>wc red hy pu!ltng a (Ick In !he bux

next w the answer [hat applies [o you like [his

y CzJ

N. D

or somettmm you ha. ? IO wn!e a number in lht bux. for example

a

SOIIW qiestion, doit apply 10 everybody. 1[ always [ells

you by the box which ques[ion you should answer next.

D() NOT WRITE IN THESE BOXES

‘[oinriw m

m

.4 M Pkl

Time ofinlewiew ~

,,. ,1,,, {.)..,

F.!.

z

~, ,.,

1. Which year are you ina[sch,>ol’> ... ... ..... .......... ........ ... .. Go to Question 2

DO NOT \\ RITE 1S THIS BOX

2. How old are you now’? Tick one Box

10 years old

II year sold

,1

d

12 years old D

13 years OILI n

C2

Go to Question 3

14 years old

I 5 yc:lr> old n

16 years old n

17 years old

3 When wtre you born’!

Dale ...... .. .......... ........ ........... .

Mo”[h ..... ........... .......... ........ .. ...

1

Go to Question 4

Year., .. .. ..... ... ... ..... .. .“O X(Sr \vRITE IX THIS UOX

‘m !

‘m

Y

4 AC you a boy or a girl’?

a

Boy ,

Go to Question 5

Girl

5 Do you smukc cigaretws al all nowadays’?

a

Yes 1

Go to Question 6

No z

2.,,, ,,, ,,,!.”

6, N<I\v read all the following slatemen(s carefully and rick the box

next to the onc \vbicb bes[ describes you.

I bave never smoked ~ GO mQ.estion 7

I bave only ever tried >moking once n

d

GO to Question 8

1 ustdiosznoke sometimes butl inc!ver

smoke acigme[te now

I sometimes smoke cigarettes [now bu[

I don’t smoke m many as one 2 week ~ Go to Q.estion 14

I tlsudl Y s[)][>ke be[\vce[l <)lleands[x

~.igwctlc, J week

7’

Go 10 Question 9

[ usually smoke more than six cigarettes

a week n

They would try m persuade me

no[ to smoke

They would do nothing

They wo.ldmm.rag emem

smoke

I doll’! Lrl(m

3

(;o(oQuestion 19

. ,4,$,!,...,,

: .’ .-!,, ..,:

I

I

9. How long is il since you started smoking M Icast ont

clgarctte a week’!

Less than 3 mon[tw L_!.h

3-6 mon[hs Cl

m 1

Go to Question 10

6 monthsto I year

10. Howe asyordifficultw ouldyouf i[)di[togowith<)ut

smoking t-or as long as o week?

Very dit’tkult

Fdirly diffic.1[

7

ti

Cl

GO to Question 11

Ilirly easy

veryeasy n

Il. H“w easy ordiffic”lt w<]uld you find i! 10 give up

smokmg al[oge! her if you \vw>Icd IO’!

Very diftic”l[

Fairly difticul[

7

n

Cz

(h to Question 12

Fai[ly easy

12, Would you like ro give up smoking altuge[ her’?

Yes

No

#

~ GotoQ.estio. 13

I don’1 know

13. Have you ever [ried to give up smoking’!

Yes ElGo to Question 14

No

..:,

.,

, ,.,,

. .

}

1

1

1

I

I

I

i

I

I

I!

.

14. HOW duCS Y[~urfiJrT1llYfetl ab~”[ you mmking’?

They SIUP !IIC

TheY !ry m persuwie me rnul 10 smoke

3

b

They do lno[hing m

G1

co to Question 15

They encuumge me to smoke

TIICy don’! know I Smck Cl

I don’t know u

I huy lhelll (rum a supermarket .. ........ ... ....... ... ........ .......... ... .......u

I buy them frum a new>:tgen[, tobacconist m sweet shopEIJ

, huy, hery) frO[lI ~KJragc \hop .. ........ ....... ... ........ .. ........ ... ...... m

I buy them lmul vxne u(hcr type of>hop . .......... ... ........ .. ... ....... ..Czl

1 buy them from a machine ... .. ...... .. ........ .......... ... ........ .. .......... ... . a

c1 6

Co to @mstiOn

I buy (hcm trmn other people ..... ... ........ .......... ... ........ .. ......... .... .

Friends ~ive [htm m (me .... .......... ........ ........ . ............. ........ .........D

MY broIhtror ~ist~r gives [hem w [ne ‘m

tvly Imorherc>r l’o[her gi\es [hem to [me ...... .. ........... .... .... ... .......... .U

l[akethem ... ..... ... ..... ..... ... ..... ... .... .... ....... ... .......... ... ........ .. ...GI

I ge[ them in some other way . .. ...... .. ........ .. ..... ... ... .......... ........ ... ..

5.,,, . ,,<

,,,,,, 4 ;;

17. On dw whole, do you find it easy w dit’llcub (o buy cigare(ox irom a shop”!

Very difficult

Fttidy diificul[

1

Ca

Cl

GO to Question 18

Fairly easy

very easy D.

[ don’t usually buy cigmmes from a shop $

18. How old were you when you first [ried smoking a cigarette, even if

i! wa> WIIY x pull or IWO ‘?Write in &hc box your age ll,?en. In lnul,lb~r~.

nol words.

w. c1 ye~rsoid -::,,.”,,

Now, [hinking about your family, tbm is [he people you live with at horl>e:

19. Do you live widl your modwr’]( Y,m .rtwuld <IIw, umxwr “Y.s” i/”wm Iiw b,fllt YIIW .vlem(,fl,~r I,, <,J,W,[l :,),>f)j~r )

Yes ~ GotoQ”tistion 1%

No ~ GotoQ.estio” 20

19a. Dots she smoke’!

Yes

B

Go to Question 20

No

20. Do you live with your fwbcr’?f YOtt dwtAl IIIW WIXW+ “YP$” ifw I(w~~i(j,Y,JI1~.J@II/Wr ,,r l@>@~J({lh~rJ

Ycs ~ (;oloQ.estior)20u

No ~ (;otoQuestio”21

llw Dues be smoke”?

Yes

B

Go 10 Question 21

No

6.,, ,,,, ,,,. ,.

I

. .

“,.

. ...

,..,..

,,,,

.

21. How tmtmy brothers or sisters do you have living athome with you”?

( lj’~(m hurm ‘I mIy brolhrrs or .si.slen. wrilc i,) ‘O’i,!wch I>(M(UMIltjiss w{ Qt(rTriOn 22) \Vrile a number (0,1,2 ...) in eiacb box

Number of older brmbcrs Cl

Number of older sisters n

Cl

I

Go to Question 22

Number of younger brotbers

Number of younger sis[ers n

Number

who don’t

hrlloke

cd

L1

L1

c1

Number

1’[11,10[

SUK dbout

~

!D ::::,,.,,23

D’

23, I, [here imyone else living at home with yo” who smoke,’?

Yes 3 Go to Question 24

No

Go to Question 15

7.,, ,$ ,,, ,,,,,,,

I

\

I

,

,

.’

25. In [hc IJS1 ytm, has anyone in your family [alked m you about(IIC eifccts of smokirlg on your heal[h ‘?

Yes

B

Go to Question 26No

26. In the Iasr year, bas anyone in your family talked to you aboutthe effects of brea[ bins in other people’s snloke (called passivesmoking) on your heal[ b’!

Yes

B

(h to Question 17

N[>

27. Below arc t! few things people say abuut smoking. Some people think

thrnl. [hey are !rue WKI some people [bink they are not !rue. Wha[ do

you [hink’?

Against CJCII SCIIICIICC tick one box t“ show if youthink it is true or Mse

TICK ONE BOX

‘TRUK ,Nor‘Tnuk:

a. Smoking gives people coIItideIIce .. ........ ........ .. ............ Cln

b. Smoking [makes people worse x( bpon~. Dti

c. Smokers stay slimmer [ban tlc]r).>rn<,ker> ....... .. ........... . Czln

d. IF a woman srnokm wbm \tle i5 pregnanl il canbaunlher ~n[lborn baby ..... .. ..... ... ..... ... ..... ... ....... ... ......... Cln

e. S4noking tlelps p.wple relax it[bey feel nervous . Dn

f. Smoking can C2UW bcarldi 5ca5e ... ........ ... ....... ... ........ mm

g. Smoking is Not really danger[m~, i! imly harmspeople whosrn<)ke alu[, .... ..... ... ........ ........ .. ... ....... ....... an -GotoQuestio”28

b. Smokers get inure coughs imd colds [bannon-smokers LILI

). fiber ptuplc’x slm)ki))g can harm the hcidlb 0[

-lkr$n LI

j. Smoking helps pc!upk cope be[mr with life . LID

k. Smoking [makes your clothes smell . ...... .. ....... ... ........ .. . Cln

1. Smokers wc )mocc f“” than nor, -smokers ...... ........... .. .. mm

m. Smoking cm cause lung cancer

x ,,4,!,!, <,,.,4

:,.,

.:::,

7

,.

M In the past year, have you ever gone into a shop m buy

ci~arettcs”? This includes buying cigarettes tor wmebody

else.

Yes ~ GotoQuestio”29

. . ~ G~t.Qu@i~n3~

29. ,A[ any of [hese rimes when you went into a shop [o buy cigarettes.

did !he shopkeeper refuse [o ,ell them [o you”?

B

Yes I .

Co to Question 30

No :

30. ThL’ last time ycm WCII! in{<) J hb[,p 10 buy clgwetlm.

Wlml happened’!

I bougb[ smm cigarciles ~Coto Q“estio”3*

They refused 10 sell Ime any ~GotoQwstion 33

cigarettes

31. How many cigart[ccs did you b.y IWI lim~’~ write the nunlber in (he box

lbo”gh m cigmws - Got.Question 32

32. Did you buy [hem for youmeli or lor sommme else’!

For myself

For Imy nluthcr

1

Cl

For $my father n

n

GO to Question 33

For my brother or si,[tr

Fc]r :1 hiend m

For sumeone else 6

Y.!, ,$ ,!,, ,,<,,4

ii

,

1

35. How much money of your own do you lb~\e most weeks

[0 spend as you I,ke’!

Nwhing ~- GomQ.estion37

Less than f I a week

f I or more but less than 15

“1

ti

f5 or more but less !htm f I(3 D CotoQ.es(iou36

f’10 or [more but less thau L?() D:

:?() or lllUW a WA ,

36, Does [his money come from —

You may tick pocket money

more lhan one

box paid \vnrk <mlhidt wbuol buurs

3

CZl Go k) Questiot) 37

or sommvhere else’?

37. Ha\e you e\er had a proper dcuhulic drink a whole drink. no[

just a SIP’? Please dolt’t count drinks Iabelled low, alcohol.

Yes ~ CotoQ.estion38

NO ~ GotoQ.estionj~

38. How old were you when you bad your tirs[ proper alcohc>lic drink’!

Wri[e in the box your age the” in numbers, rno[ words.

[ ‘us u y~Jrl’J-~~toQuestion 39

II .,, ,$,! .!.,,

,. .,

. .

i

-1-1. During [he last 7 days, how ,much BEER, LAGER AND CIDER

have you drunk’! Please don’t count drirlks lobelled low alcohol.

I

Have rlo[ drunk beer, lager or

c]der in the lust 7 days

Less than tldf a pin{

Htdf a pint or mom

4&. Write in [he boxes below the number of pints, half pints,

large cans. small cam of BEER, LAGER AND CIDER

drunk i“ the lasl 7 cLJys.

{~

pints L!

Ih; di pint, w

-~

IWgt cd,,,

8

3 Co 10 Ques(ion .!5

~ Go to @stion 44.

70 Go to (@stion 45

c1

14 .,, ,!.,,,;..,

,

.

~

45. Durin~!he last 7 days, huwmuch SHANDYhave you drunk’?

Have not drunk shandy

in [he last7 days

8

Go to Question 46

Less [tlan hdf a pint

Half a pint or more ~ G“ to Qw@iod50

-15ii. Write in[heboxes below [renumber ofpints, half pints,

l~rgecarls, s[l)~ll cans of SHANDY drunk ir1thclast7 days..

pinls ~’~j c1

half pinls

i

~n

Go to Questi.n 46

large cans [n

small cans E

46. During thelast7 days, how much WINE have you drunk’?

Have not drunk wine

in the last 7 days

3

Go to Question 41

Less (hm a glass

One glims or more ~ GotoQ”estion.Kia

.i6a. Write inthebox below, thenumbmofglmses

of WINE drunk in [he I*s[ 7 days.

Y= Go to Question 47

15,.,, ,, .,.”.”,

.[

$

47. During [helast7ditys, howmuch MARTINI AND SHERRY

)Klvc you dnmK!

Have not drunk martini or

sherry in [he las17 days

a

Go to Question 48

Less [him a gliss

One glass or more ~ GO to Q.estion 47.

47a. Write in [he box below, [he number of glasses

of MARTINI OR SHERRY drunk in [he lm[ 7 days.

QnGo to Question 48

48. During the last7 days, how much SPIRITS (e.g. whisky, vodka, gin)

ANO LIQUEURS have you drunk’?

By a glass we mean a single pub measure

Have no[ dnmk spirils ur

liqueurs in [he Ias[ 7 days

a

Go to Question 49

Less thm i glws

One glus m more ~ fh to Question 48.

K%. Write in the box below, the number of glasses of SPIRITS

(e.g. whisky, vodka, gin) ANO LIQUEURS drunk in [he M 7 days.

m& U Go to Question -19

16. ,4,,.,,,,4,,.,

1’

,,

.

,.

19. During [he last 7 days, how Imuch ALCOHOLIC LEMONADE,

ALCOHOLIC COLA m OTHER ALCOHOLIC SOFT DRINKS

(e. gHooch. Two D[>zs. Lcrllonll~~d) l~~v~ YOu drunk”!

Have not drunk alcoholic lemonade,

alcoholic cola orothcr alcoholic sof[

drinks in the hlsl 7 dayS

!=3 Go to Question 50

Less than hdf a bottle u

OIIC bcmk or more~ GotoQ.estion.19u

.

-!%. Write in [he boxes below tllenu[nber of bottles andcarlsof

ALCOHOLIC LEMONADE, ALCOHOLIC COLA and OTHER

ALCOHOLIC SOIT DRINKS (e.g. Hooch, Two llo~s, Lammhead)

——

17.,, ,$ ,,,, !,

I

50. During the Ias[ year have you hxi any lessons, films ordiscussions in ckiss on [he Iollowing topics :

Yes Don’t

How 10 look d’wr your we[h”?

, ,1, N~,l ,“ow)

Information about ‘exercise and sporrs’! ~1 nl H

Risks of subtitling and sunburn’? Slmm

.Heidihy ealing’? Dmn

SmOking’? man

Alcohol’? Una

Sex educa[ionlsafc sex’! Uam

AIDS’? D r] r] ‘X~tio”51

Heruii? ===

Crock’? an=

Solvcm tib.stlgluc ,nbiling’! nmm

Ecstasy’? UDm

Drugs in gtneral’! nun -

51. Do you [hink you will ccmti)luc’ in f.ll. [ime educxu[]rl xher [he

cnd of ytw 1 I llhe iit’[h year)’!Ycs

No

2

~ G“toQ.estion52

Dun’! knuw

52. DiI you think you will [akc any GCSES helorc you

kilVC school”?Yes ~ G~t0C2u~s:i,)nj3

No

8

(20 to Question 54

Lh)ll’1 A,1OW

18.,, ,1 ,,, ,,.. ,

.

I

I

1

,,.

Social SLIrJq DivisionS1. Cattmr(n.s Ikmse10 Ki”gsw.yLondonWC2B 6JP

x) .,, ,, .,,<,.,.,,

‘

!

.

For each pti of the day: 1.) answer the question about whatyou did by ticking yes or no

THURSDAY”

and 2.) If you did not smoke during that part of the day write Oin the box.

If you smoked during that pan of the day write in thebox the number of cigarettes you smoked yourself.

Tick one box Number of cigarettes smoked

EarlyMorning I Did you get up

and go to school?

I

MorningWere you at schoolall morning? ❑n-- ‘Sm”kedrlci’”’’[e

I

Afternoon I Were you at schoolall afternoon?

1

Tea Time Did you have your

tea at home? EH31-’ Elci’are”es1 smoked

I

Evening I Did you stay at home

all evening? ❑☞ ‘Smokedrlci-e’

8 .;,<>,.,. ,,l!!. !., ! (,.1!),:, .,, ,( !!!, <,, ,,, ),+,.,.,’,,.,!,,, .!!

\ Nn ROQUC710K-J

1.1 Background to the survey

This was the ninth national survey of sm[)kirlS

among secondary schoolchildren and was carriedout in England md Scotland at the request ot’ theDepartment of Health and the Scottish Office

Department of Health. The results ot the survey inEngland are discussed in a separate repmt. )Prevalence figures for England and Scotland werepublished in an ONS First Release? prior m theSmoking Summit held in [.ondon injL![y 1997.

The first of this series of surveys was carried outin 1982, to provide estimates of the proportion of

pupils who smoked, and to describe the srnokin~behaviottr of those who did smoke. Similat-surveys have been carried out in Scotlarld everytwo years since, except 1988, to provide furtherestimates from which trends in the prevalence ofcigarette smoking among secondaryschoolchildren can be monitored.

One of tbe aims of recent surveys in this serieshas been m measure progress [owards dleScotland k Hedth$ target for the year 2000, wtlictl isto reduce the prevalence of regular andoccasional cigarette smoking among those aSed12-24 in Scotland by at least 30%, from the 1986baseline figure of 30’% (the General HouseholdSurvey is used to monitor ci~arette smoking

among those aged 16 and over).

The aim of the 1996 sul-vey, f&d onindependent samples for England and Scotlandwas [o continue the series of estimates ofprevalence of cigarette smoking among

secondary scboolcbildren and to draw attentionto any changes in bebaviour.

The content of the 1996 survey was similm to thatof previous years with the addition of somequestions asking pLtpils about consumer durablcsin their home, tbe number 01 cars their familyhad and whether their home was owned orrented, to be used as indicatom of their f~unily ’s

socio-econonlic position. Questions ;!b<]uteduc~tional expectations were Jlso xked for lhclirst lime. Salivas pecinlerls were collec[ccl Iron]halfthr %Ullpk!. Hall<)f these wert! :lll;L]VWd f<)r.[IIC prcscncc ofc[)tininc, a !netah(>litc olnicotine, which is a mtastirc <>1cxpmstlre I.11IOI): IC(I)smok{~. Tbr nlai!> IIIIq XNC<]1’[l]is W:ISL(Icn;lhl(, some v.[lid:~li, >n 1(, Ix. mx<iv <>1’111(s(,IL

I ~qb scotmcj-acxiumnd

note s(Sw-mmg

C@hms)ttpol-ttxl smokinx da[:i. As in 1994 tbc stlrveyincluded some qlwstiotls about ctlil[irer]’s

drinking hehavio L!r.The results from this part ofthe sLuwcy will be publishal separately. 15

1.2 Sample coverage

Estinla[es 01 smoking prevalence were requiredFbr Lhe pop(llation of secontk~ry school pupi]s in

Scotland.

The poplllation covered by the survey in Scotlandwas pL1pils in years I to 4; that is, mtainly pupilswho wet-e aged 12 to 1.5 at the start of the calendar

year in September 1996. Some pupils were I Iyears old at dle time of’ fieldwork, but have beencombined with the 12 yew olds in the tMes.

The s~uwey covered pupils attending all types ofschools including maintained and independentsecondary schools, hut not special schools.

1.3 Design of the survey

A twmstaKesampledesi$n was med. At [be firststage J sample of SCI1OOISwas cfrawn, and at theseconci scJge a sample of pupils was selectedwithin ~ach school. A list of secondary schoolswas extractecf from the 1996 school cfatahasesupplied by the Scottish Office Education ancfIndustry Department. The list of schools wasstrwified by type ot’ scflool, whether single sex ormixed, anti region.

A ~~mple of 1()() sctlools was selected withprobability proportional to the number of pupils

aged 12-15. This type of sample design e“ahlt!dcqu~l nurnhers of pupils to he selected forinterview from each school. F1lrther details of”Lflcsample are ~iven in Appencfix A.

Saliva specinlem were collected from :dl p[lpils inhall dle sample {)fschm) is. ,Althoush it is not idtal

to have dl the pL1pils in one school alloca(cd toeither ttle saliva or non-saliva sarT1plc, hec:ulse of

the effect of clllst.erit13 in the samp]e design, dlis islll~)re pl-;lcticitblc [ban Coilec[inx specimens fmlllh:ill’ [be setmtvct pupils in cxch school.”

All [I]v sct!(x)ls sclrc[cd WLI-C;~p,)t’{mctlc(l (wi[tl

ttlc, pvrlllissi<>ll <11’tllcit ed[lcati(ln a[ltlll~ri[ics illth[, (JSC <II’L<mtl .iulll<}tily (l./\) [Ilailll:iir]<<lSCII<MIIS) :~!>(t;Iskc,<t il”!llty w<,t!l(t Ix willi]]x I(J

.,,!,,.,,,. ,,,, ,,, , .,,,,,,,,,{,., ,,! !,,, ,,,, ,,, <,,,, ,! !,, .,4, ,, ‘, .,, 19

tdw pw-t in the survey. Each of the co-operatingschools ww then visite(i by m (>NS intel. viewerwho selected o systematic r:mtfom sample of

pupils mken from all [he school re~isters Fbryears 1 to 4 inclusive.

Each school was given copies of a letter ItromONS to he sent to parents of ~he selected

children, telling them about the surwy, mdasking them to reply only if they wished theirchild not to take pmt.

The sampled pupils were brought together in aclassroom under the supervision of aninterviewer but with no teacher present. Theywere each asked to complete two documents :

1 a questionnaire about current smokingbehaviour and other topics.

2 a dimy in which they were asked to record allcigarettes smoked during tie previous seven tkays.

In those schools where saliva specimens were tobe obtained, pupils were uked m put a smalldental roll in their mouth, between Lhe cheekand the lower gum, and keep it there for shouttwenty minutes while they completed thequestionnaire. Pupils were fully aware of [hepurpose of’ the procedure and were told thatboth smokers and non-smokers would bzvenicotine in their saliva.

Care was taken to protect the confidentiality ofpupils’ answers and to make them avmre thattheir answers would not be identified wilh thempersonally, nor with the school, Questionnaires,diaries, and saliva specimens were linked “bymeans of a se[-ial number only names were notused on :my of the docctments.

[f fhur or move pupils were :lbsent at tbc m>linvisit, the interviewer made a fhllow-up visil to the

school several days later, if possible checkinxhelo[-ehand that pupils who wet-e ahsenl at [hemain visit were tmck in school.

1.4 Response

into ;tccount notl-response among eli$ihlcschools M well M among pupils in co-opcrntingschools, the overall response rate was 7.~~o.Thesch(x)i response mte was particularly low in 1996Ibecause permission to approach six schools vms

not given until after fieldwork h~d finishd.

Figure I. I

The salim test did not appear to have an effect

on scbtml response apm’t from the 6 schoolsmentioned above, most schools that refused to

take part did so because they had recentlyparticip~ted in another su!-vey

Table 1.1

bis L. Smfjki% IWUW ~.,[~rL@ c(h~<j~~ki~l,~i,, I ~~~:En,qkmd,1997 (London: The Smticme~ Office)Smoking mmq mondrLv whml dvildwn, 1997 (London:

Css)

.Y<:otlard ‘THdh i (lmllqge “~()Lh AU. 19Y2 (London:

H,MSO)tkxlda,d E. k’our,gLemq+m,171,1 ,Llmkol in I 996

Vdum /: Enqkmd ( irl prcs)

( ;oddwd E. Vo[’rts Ww#n <’d dmhd [n / ~%+

I Fi~urel.1 Respon se in Scotland: 1982 to 1996

100

95

90

80

75

70

““r

I 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

‘110 .,!)!.,.< ),<.,.,<.,,,,, .,,,<,(,,,,,,,,,,:,,,.,,,, ,., ,)!,,.

Table1.1 Summaryof responseratesScol

saliva Nonsalm 101,1—

No. %% ,1, N,,schoolssampled 50 100 5; i00 100Ineligibleschools

Eligible schools 50 j~ 100

co-operatingschools 39 78 ,1 86 82

Numberofpupilsselected 1267 100

Pupils intewlewed 1125 89

Totalnon.rnsponso 142 11absent, sick 28absent, truant 7absent,unknown 39rolusai bypupil 6refusalbyparent 11other 51

Overall response rate [allowing for non.Wspmw01,Cilml, and gu@s) 68”,

.421 100 269o

.272 a9 2397

,5, 11 2934~ 77

2532

1627

2971112778

77%

6 ,<,,. <,,, ,\\,, I.,<\ ,.,>,, < ),{<, ,, ,)( \<,,.v>,F.,:s,:,>I,.,x,,

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

This report presents the analysis of questions on

drinking that were included in the 1996 suI-vevofsmoking ~irnong secondary school chilclmn in

Scotland. A companion puhlica[ion presents

similar information for England. ) Since drinkin~

is not the main topic of the surwy, the number of’

questions that can be included is limited. The

current survey is the fwest in the biennial series

which began in 1982, but drinking was not

covered in Scotland until 1990, when it few

general questions were included together with

more detailed questions designed to provide

estim ate.? of consumption of different types of

drink. In 1996, the questions were modified to

collect a little more information :>houc the

circumstances in which 12-15 year olds drink, and

to include alcoholic lemonades and similar

d[-inks - for brevity, referred to in this report as

alcopops.

1.2 Methodology

The sul-vey was cmried out in October 1996. A

full description of the medlodolow is ,qivtm in

the report on smokin g,? but a few key points are

repeated here.

1. An equal prohahility sample of secondmy

school children +@ 12-[5 in Scotlanci (W

typ& 0[ schtml C,[-ant Maintained Ind

indcpenrient as well :is I.E.\ schools) was

oht.iined by first selectin~ ;Lsample ol’schools

and th~] dr;lwinx a sample of pupils fr{~m

school reSist.c l-s.

3. Care W,ISt~ken to protect the confidentiality of

pupils’ Jnswers imd [o assure [hem that their

answers would at no stage be identified with

them personally, nor with their school.

4. Taking into ;ICCOUIII norl.response both of

schools and of pupils. the response rate was

73Y0.

1.3 Measuring self-reported alcoholconsumption

[n recent years, the range of alcoholic drinks

mnilable has $r[)wn hut practical constraints

make il impossible to ask about every [vpe of’

drink individually. Pupils who had drunk alcohol

in tbe last seven clays were ~sked how much they

had cirunk ot’ each of the following six Lypes of

drink:

c beer, lager and cider;

. shanciy;

● wine;

● martini and sherry;

● spirits and liqueurs

● itlct,holic Ierno”arfe, alct]holic c<>la or <>[her

alcoholic soft drinks.

The last cate~ory iisled above was included for

the first time in 1996.

Answers could be Sivcn in terms of pints, half

pints, large cans :Ind small cans for beer, laser,

cider ;md shandy, in slasses for wine, for~ifie(i

wine and spirits, anti in hollles or CWIS for

dcop<)p. Illpils could ;11s[)indicaw if d]cy had

(trunk less [II:,,, ,mc ~>fthe staIIdaIMl mcasllres,

;lll[i [h(.v WVIC :Lskc;[l ,1<,t [() C,,llfl[ I(1W d<otl<)l

(I)inks.

!{1, .(. ,, I .,!., ,,. ,.,1 ,,( !,,,<), 1. ,’?, !! .<),,, \,, ,.,, ,}, ,..,., ) 17

cfrinklng, hut t tlis series of” surveys does have

hioche[nical evidence in [relation to self-reported

smokin~ amtms this a~e $roL1p: it ha been shown

consistently that in each survey only a handful of

children out of several thousand say they don’ t

smoke when they do.:! It seems reasonable,

therefore, to assume that they are also unlikely to

deny the fact that they do drink, but there is still

tmcerminty about the accuracy of’ reported levels of

consumption. Two boys - one aged 13 and the

other aged 14- have hem completely excludecl

from the analysis: both of them reported a total of

more than 250 units in the last week, md

inspection of their answers to individual questions

confirmed that they bad not taken the survey

seriously. The next bigbest reported consumption

levels were from 5 pupils in the rang-e 50 to 88

units [n each case the pattern of answers to

individual questions was consistent and believable,

and there was therefore no justification for

excluding these pupils from [he analysis.

f,lnder-,-eporting of consumption is a more

serious problem than overstatement. All surveys

are known to underestimate how much people

drink for a variety of reasons, but mainly

because they forget. Another important factor is

that on most surveys, all beers, lagers and eiders

are assumed to he O( the same alcoholic strength:

it is ustml]y impractical to collect sufficient

information about what people drink to be able

to assess this accurately. The 1989 survey of adult

drinking carried out by C)PCS was able to look at

this in detail, and found that if variation in

alcoholic strength was taken into account,

consumption of those aged 16-24 increased by

about one fifth for young men and one tenth for

young women.’} Although that age group drinksmore than those aged 12-15, the types of drink

drunk arc probably similar, and the alcohol

consumption of those covered hy this survey is

likely [o be underestimated for the same reason,

1.4 Precision of estimates

Since the dam presented in dlis lepori were

ohtaincd from a siimple of school children, [hey

:wc sllhject t{) sampling ert-[]r, :md dlis mus[ be

taken int<> acc<>l!nt when [(]r)si[lc ring the I-CWIIIS.

,krly Wmplc is orlty on,: or ml ;l{mos( in(iniw

nltmhrr IIl;tt t]li~bl h;ivr Iwcn SCICCI<(I, :,11

pr-txlllcinx sti~il[ly (tif’ftircrlt cs[illl:l[cs, ;\ppcn(tix

.A explains how [0 c:dclllx[e swnpli!l$ Ct-rr)ls [i)l

the data shown in this report.

In general, attention is only drawn m dif’terences

between groups and between survey ytzms il’ alley

are suitistically si~nificzmt ~t the 0.().5 confidence

Ievet: that is, d]ere is less than a 570 protmhility

that the difference in question is due to r.mdom

sampling fluctuation :md no difference occur !-cct

in the population flroru which the sample was

drawn.

[t is important, bowevcr, to recognise that

sampling error is onlv one of the sources {)1erro!

wbicb affect the :ICCUIUICV of any survey [results.

Other sources of inaccutmcy include over. ancl

undm-[-eporting (discussed in the pl-cvious

section) and non-response bias: both m-e difticutt

m quantify. It can he assumed. bowmm-, that

since the results compared in this report are

from surveys conductecf in the same way and

using tbe same methods ofcotlecting

information, non-sampling errors will be simitar

on emh survey :md so witl not affect

corn puisons.

References

1 (hdd:mi E, YmLn~ IWWLKK) ,,,8,1 <dwhoi iv, / 996: V,du,rw /,

l<n@Ln,L I !IY7 ( L,,,,d<,c,, Sv.[ti<,r>c,y Office)

2 Barton J, Jawis L, ,Svwkin~ <Lmonx .semnd<L?’ sdwd ,hitdrm

in / 9%: .?mlkML,l1997 ( LmldotI, stXiollery office)

3 op.cit., .%ppendix B

4 C, OCICIWC(E, Ilrinking in En,gkmd and Wak.s in (h.<kL1,.

19<WS,[Wt (Lor) don, EIMS())

Notes to tables

SURVEY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN S~lOKING N1415

IN CONFIDENCE

STICK SERIAL

NO. LABEL

nex[ 10 Ibe m,wer hha[ opplies m you like Ibis

or sumet]mt, you have 10 wnie a numbtr in [he box, fur example

l-T--

Some qucs!]m>. do,l’! apply 10 everybody. Ii always tells

you b) [he box \<hich q.est, oc you shodd answer nex[,

DO NOT WRITE IN THESE BOXES

‘]1)’1[$ m

—.

x

CD

I

I

.,:;

1. Which year are you in N school .. ... .. ................ .. ...... .. ..... Co to Question 1

DO NOT !VRITC It+ Tl!tS BOX

2. How old are you now’? Tick one Box

10 years old

1

1[ ,~~,so~ ti

I ? y..,> old n

I 3 yeacs old m

m

Go to Question 3

14 years old

) 5 years old a

I 6 ycu.r, old n

I 1 years old

3 When were you boni!

Date...,..., .. ............. ....... .... ........

Mun[tl .... ... ........ .. ........ ............

}

Co to Question 4

Year .. ... .......... ... ........ ............ ....

[)() X<)T !$RII’E IN T,{, s B<,X

‘m

‘1 m

Y

-1 Are you a boy or a girl’?

a

Boy

Go to Question 5

Girl

5 Do you smoke cigarettes M all nowadays’?

a

Ycs ,

Go to Question 6

No ?

2 .,, ,, .,(,.,,

.

,,,...

., ,’?,

8. How do you [hiok your fmnily would feel if you s[ar[ed.moking. J

They would ,mp men

They would try m pemuade me110[ [0 Wlloke D

They would du nwbingCl

They wou M cncoumgc me m,, I,,, IW

Cl

I chuI’t kno\vD

3

Go to Question 19

,.,,,, ,,,, .,,,,,

9. How long is i[ since you star!ed smoking N least one

c,gtirt [[t a week”!

Less than 3 ,mon[h>

3-6 tmon[hs

3

n

D

Go to Question lo

6 months m I year

more than one year

10. HOW easy or difficult w,mkl you tind ii m go wi[hout

>moking t’or as long AS a week”!

Very ,Ilrricllll

Fd]rly dilficui[

7

ti

SI

Go 10 Question 11

F~idy eaiy

very easy c1

11. How easy or dilficul[ would y<>lt lid il 10 give up

>muking dtugd her if you waowd I,]’!

Very difficul[

F~irly difticull

7

D

D

Go 10 Questiou 12

FJirly eahy

very emy D

IZ, W<luld you like co give up >“l,>kirl~ allogtlhcr’!

Yes

S“

3

~ GotoQ.es(ion 13

I don’t know

13. Have you ever !ricd to give up wnoking’!

Yes

B

Go to Question 14

No

4.,, ,$ ,,, ,,”,,

15. .Acc you allil\vcd 10 ,muke w bum< ii you wmt 1<)’>

‘i’eh

N<>

7

~ GotoQumtion 16

I dclll’1 hl,<>w a

lfI. Whew d,, )<,(I usually SCI your ci; are![cs (m’! i PIc:,w lick III,W [ban wc box

,1”!<,<, olten yI ci~wclteh ir,,, )l dil’iere, )t people or places. i

~~ 7

1 buy [hem tr<]jl>a\,)pertlltirket . I

I 11,,> llwm In),,l u ,lc\\,mJenl, [,lt)ilcc<)rll.[ or ,wee[ ,b<lp D

[ buy [hem trom ;.3ara;e \tl<)p .... ........ .......... .......... ........... ........ n

[ huyibem !rwn .,)ll>e<)tller!ypeot ,Il<)p . n

buy lhcnl Vrom:,m;lcbine . Cl

ClI

(;0 10 (Jmstion [7

h,, ) [bcm l"I.). I..) IIIcI]Ic.)]) lc ... ... ........ .......... .......... ........ ... ..........

,.,

,.

i1

17. On [he whole. do you find it easy m difficul[ w buy cigttret[e\ from a ,hop’!

Very diilicuh

FJirly dit’ficuil

1

Cl

D

(;0 to QL1estion 18

Fdirly easy

very easy CJ

1 LIOII’I usually buy cigaretw ban a shop <

18. Ih,w old were y,m \vhcn you I’irw !ried >Iw)ki,tg L,ci;are[w. even ii

II WM only a putt ,x I\Y,) ‘.lWrit< in [he bux YC)LUage (hel]. in rnutubers

no[ word\.

~~~~~~ n ,,JI’J -(;,Quchtifi,n 1<)

N,),., lbinkirlg nh<m[ your la IIIIly. that i> IIIC people yuu Iivc wilh M ho,)>..

19. Do you live wi[h your mmher’!( )’,2,, ,/1<),!/’/ <)1.w)()),>,! <r “Y*\” if IIM Iiw ,,irh !w(r vlcpm,Jf/IeF <JV<Id,Ipled Im,rlw,. )

Ye, ~ GotOQ.mtiOn i%

No ~ Go to (-&stion 20

19u. Does >be smoke’!

Yes

,@

(;0 to Question 20

Nu

2(I, Do you live wi!h y<).r I“mhcr’!

( Y,JII .%/1(1[(/’1<,/,<, <,!J$>\l,) “Y<)” ;/”1(>(, /!!. t)i!ll l<l<tl ,\lc,l/<,1/,et <). <(’I<>,I!V<I /[,[/,.<. I

Y., ~ (;oto@ustio .204

N<> ~ GotoQ.estion 21

21)a. Does the hmukc’!

Yes

El

co to Question 21

N<]

6.,, ,. ,!,..,,.,,

!.,

21. How tmany brolhers or sisters do you have living at home with you’?

i Ify,ut III IV,>II’1[III! broibcrs [W sisler.~ wrire i,! ‘o’ ;!{

em’b b<,.r w!d mis.v (IIII (&.!fio!j 22) Write a number (0,1,2...) in MA box

Numberof olderbrothers SI

Numberofokler sislers L1

CJ

I

Go to Question 22Numberof younger bro[hers

Number of younger sisters D

~~. How tmany of them arc smokers’!Write a number (0,1,2 ...) in wcb box

Number

I’m nol

sure ahmll

Ic1 &::tion,3

c3’ -

23. 1> [here anyone CISC li\ing w home wi[h you who smokes’?

Yes

8

Go to Question 24

NO

u. Wbw about your friends bow many of them smoke’?

All of them

Mos[ bu[ not all

1

d

Half mdhalf ~ CotoQ”estio”25

Only a few D

None of them smoke

“:,

..

,

25. In [he !ss[ year, has anyone in your family talked 10 you abou[[he effecls o(’ smoking UII your heal[h ‘!

Yes

B

GO to Question 26

No

26. [n the Ias[ yew, has anyone in your family rdlked to you about

the effects of breathing in o[her people’s smoke (called passivesmuking) on your health?

Yes

B

(;() tl) Qucslion 27

No

27. Below are a few things peuplt! say aboul smoking. SOIIW peoplt [hink

think they me true and some people think Ihey are not true. What doyou think’?

Against each sentence tick one box to show if youthink it is true or fulse

TICK ONE [31)X

TRUE Nor

TR(lE

a, Smuking gives people con fidence ..... .......... .......... ... .... mn

b. Smoking makes people worse at iports. . mm

c. Smokers May dimmer [ban rim-smokers . r] r]

d. If a womm smokes whtn he is pregnan[ ![ cmharm her unbum buby . .. . . . . . . . .. ~[ r]

e. Smoking helps people rtltix if [hey feel Inervous Dn

f. Smoki"gcti"ca.se heart disease .... ... ....... ... ........ ..n ~

g. Smoking is not really dangerous, it only harmspeople who smoke a lC>[......... ........ .. ........ .......... ... ....... Dn GomQ.esti””28

h. Smokers gel more coughs and colds thannon-smokers . .. ... . .... . . .... . .. . . .. ~1 1-]

i, other people’s smoking can harm [be hml[h ofnon-> mukers . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . .. ~ ~]

j, Smuking helps people cope b.et[tr with life Da

k. Smoking (makes your clotbcs smell . ..... ............ ... ........ ~m

1. Srnukcrs are mom t’u. [ban non-smoktrs . .. ... .......... ..... ~[ FI

m. Smoking can cause Iungctmcec DC

8.,, $.,,,,,.>

,:,;

I

2!). AI wIy U( [hew limes when you went into a shup to buy ci!gxreue~.

did the shopkeeper refuse 10 sell them to you’!

a

Ye, 1

60 tu Qtwstiou M

No ~

31. H(,w many cigwt[!ts did you buy lm[ time’? Write [he number in the box

‘bo”~h[c1“~’re’[es-:;:,,,,,,32

32. Did you buy dwm for yourself or for someone Else”?

For ,myself Cl

For [my tmother L1

For my fa(her LI

For ,my bro!her m siskr L1

For a friend L1

For someone else n

;O to Question 33

9.,, ,.,, ,,...,4

,,,, ,.

.1

,,.

,,. ,.

39. How often do you usually htivt m alcoholic drink?

Almost eVCry lkly

About twice a week

About once a week

About once a fcmnigh[

About once a muntb

(lnly o (CW limu ;I yc:u

I !mver drink alcohol [now

40. When you drink tdmbol, who arc you usually wi!h’!

My girl fr!c!,,d or boy fricr,d

Frimds of [he same scx w IIIC

Friends of [be oppos[m ,ex

A gro,lp of frimds of ho[h ,CXCS

My parm[s (or step-parents)

My bro!her, sis!er, ur od]er relatives

on Imy own

:

L1cl~ CotoQuMion.1(

LI

Cl

41. And when you drink alcohol, whtrt are you usually’?

in a pub or bar

In a club or disco

1

la

/3

Go to Qustion 42

AI a party with friends

,4[ my home or Someone else’s Il<>mCl

Somewhere elx

12 .,4, $ ,, !,.,,,,<

4

. .

,.

-i.

mm

m

II

.

44. During [he last 7 days, how [much BEER, LAGER AND CIDER

have you drunk’? Please don’t mum drinks kibellml Iuw alcohol.

Have nut drunk beer, lager m

cider in [he last 7 days

9

Go to f@stiun 45

Less than hfilf a pin!

HJlt’ a pin[ or more ~ Go to Qustio” 44a

.Ma. Write in the boxes below [he number of pints, half pints.

Itirge cims, small mm of BEER, LAGER AND CIIIER

drunk in [he Itis[ 7 days. ,—

(,L/

pims

half pints

‘1

Un

Go to Question 45--

large cans ~n)

small cans }~

u

14.,,,, .,.%,,

.

,,, .,

,.

I

45. During the last 7 days, Ihow much SHANDY Ihuve you drunk’?

Htive not drunk shmiy

in the las[ 7 days

s

Go to Question 46

Less than holf a pin[

Half a pin[ or mort ~ GO m Q.estion 45a

.&I. Wrlw in [he box’?> below the number of pints. halt pints.

Imy cm>. s811u11c;hmhol SIHANDY drunk in the 1:!>! 7 cloy>,

pints “~: c1

Ihdt ,>1[1(>

~~ “;

~cl

1’(k) (o Qucstiun -M

lqc cans go

}]mull Cilns

u

46. Durin~ the lost 7 CIUSS, how much WINE have YOu drunk”!

Have [not drunk wine

in (he last 7 days

3

(h 10 Question 47

Le,s [him a gldss

One s11ss or (more ~ GotoQ.estio” 46a

462. Wriw in the box below, [he ]number of glasses

oi WINE drunk in dw las[ 7 days.

Y=Go to Questiw 47

Is. ,4,..,,,,.,,,,,

,’

i

I ,

\

!

1

!

47. During thelast7 days, lbowmucbM ARTINIANDStlERRY

have you drunk’?

Have not drunk nmnini or

sherry in the lM17dtJys

a

GO 10 Question 48

Less [hm J glass

(3IW glms or Inure C3- co to Queskion -!73

47a. Wr!tein [he box below. !henurnber o(glasses

,) I MARTINI OR SHERRY dr{, nhin Ilw IWI 7 days.

Jn), (;o to Question W

48. During the1’dst7 days, how much SPIRITS (e.g. \vbisky ~~~dk~.2LnJ

,AND LIQUEURS llavey<,udrt,ll k’!

By a glass we mean a single pub measure

Hflve )nw drunk spirit, or

liqueurs in [hc IJSI 7 days

a

GO to Question 49

hss rhm~glm

one :1*SS or Inert ~ GomQmsiim.M.

.&. Wri[ein (he box below, [henun>be rofglasse so fSPIRITS

(e.g. whisky, vodk~, gin) AND LIQUEURS drunk in the liist 7 LIIYS.

n& U Goto Q.esiion49

16., .,$ ,,,, ,,<,,4

:

49.

49A.

D~,ri,ig t11elast7 days, l],,,vr)].clI ALCOHOLIC LEhlON; iDE.

ALCOHOLIC COLA [w OTHER ALCOHOLIC SOFT DRINKS

(c.z, Hooch. T\v[) Dos,, Lemonbead) have you drunk’!

Ha\e Ino[ drunk alcoholic lenlonade,

alcoholic cola or mhcralcohol]c soft

drinks in [he last 7 day$

9

Go to Questicm 50

Lm\ [ha,] Ibalfahoule

CM h<>t[le or r))<>re ~ Got~Questiou49ti

Write inthcboxesbeh>w the nt, mberofb,]ltles and cans of

\LCOHO1.lC Li3v10NAOE, ,A1.COH(”)LIC Col..+ nnd OTHER

,AL[”Oll (31.1(-S OITl)l\lNKSIC. g.” li{)(,cl,, T\v,)ll,)g\, Lt, mmhcwi)

drunk irllhcla.[ 7 days.

bo[[les

b0]

} GotoQuesti.n31

I

17.,, ,. ,,, ,,,,s,

f

I

{!

>

,., ,.. ,,,

,.

,.

,,

,.,

‘~..

.,.

58. Were there any questions you mean[ tog<> bdck ;mdcomple[e’? Plase check.

If you hitve finished, ple& complete the diary next, starting wi[h yesterday

and worki[lg backwards [hrougb the week.

Social Sunwy DivisionS1. Cahetines House10 Kirv+way

Lund.” WC2B EJP

20 .,,,$,,,,.,<.,

,.. ’.,...“

“!

,,,

Foreach partofthe day: 1.) answer the question about whatyou did by ticking yes or no

THURSDAY”

and2.) Ifyoudid notsmoke during that part of thedaywrite Oin the box.

If you smoked during that pan of the day write in thebox the number of cigarettes you smoked yourself.

Tick one box Number of cigarettes smoked

EarlyMorning I Did you get up

and go to school?

I

Morning Were you at schoolall morning? ❑n-- ‘Sm”kedrlci’”’’[e

I

Afternoon I Were you at schoolall afternoon?

1

Tea Time Did you have your

tea at home? EH31-’ Elci’are”es1 smoked

I

Evening I Did you stay at home

all evening? ❑☞ ‘Smokedrlci-e’