Sowing and planting machines

Sowing and Planting Machines(2L)

Prepared by

Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)

Professor of Agricultural Engineering,AFU

[email protected], 9841684994 For

Batch 2069/2070,BSc.Ag,4th semester(071/7/16-071/10/15)

Course Code:AEN-301,Farm Power and Machinery(1+1

mailto:[email protected]

Sowing and Planting Machines

Method/type of seeding and planting Metering mechanism for seeds and fertilizers

in seed cum fertilizers drills and planters Type of furrow openers and covers Zero tills/minimum tills drills and planters Potato and Sugarcane planters Rice drum seeder and paddy transplanters

Seeding and Planting Seeding/Planting:-It is the art of placing seeds in the soil under

optimum moisture content and soil temperature condition to obtain: Good germination. To get high yield, with right amount of seeds governed by seed rate

calculation, placed at right time at a predetermined depth and spacing in irrigated and rain-fed soil.

The sowing depth depends upon available moisture content of soil, seed emergence capacity and covering of seed by soil to protect from sun drying as well as birds eating.

Similarly the spacing between seed depends upon plant growth and their distribution characteristics( rooting and branching) per unit area, required plant environment, plant density and space requirement for intercultural operation by machines or manually.

Generally larger seeds like maize are shown at greater depth with wider spacing in comparison to smaller seeds like mustard ,wheat etc.

Seeding /planting….

Method of sowing/planting Broadcasting:- It is the scattering of seeds on prepared/pulverized field

surface with covering the seed by soil by manipulating the soil or planking it over.Higher rate of seeding is required in this method. It is mostly used for cereals upland crops like millet,wheat,paddy, and other grass crops/fodder crops as indigenous/older type of seeding/farming.It mostly done manually and some machines are also available now a days

Dibbling:- it is the placing two or more seeds in a holes made in soil either by hand tools or by some implement/seed planter. Dibbling is done in a small plots and used for vegetable crops manually or by the use of seed planter

Seed dropping behind the plough:-It is used for larger seeds like maize peas, gram as well as also used for wheat and barley as a older method of seeding with the operation of indigenous plow to open furrow and dropping the seed by another man or women following the plowing

Method of seeding… Drilling:-It is the dropping of cereal crops seeds in the furrow

through seed tubes using seed drills machine with metering mechanism of seed mechanically. In case of seed drills machine the number of rows planted at a time are more with accuracy of proper depth of sowing, space of sowing and amount of seed to be used as pre-calculated seed rate.

Hill dropping:-It is the method in which seeds are sown in lines/rows with dropping the seeds at a fixed spacing by the use of seed planter or manually for cotton, maize instead of continuous drilling

Check rowing:-It is the method in which seeding is done with the use of seed planter or manually with fixing row to row and plant to plant spacing equal and being placed the seeds in square check making possible to do intercultural operation from both directions

Seeding/transplanting…

Transplanting:- It is done commonly for paddy,vegetables, flowers,and fruits crops for better yields.Seedlings are grown in nurseries with better care and nourishment then transplanting is done into another properly prepared field.Transplanting in lines/rows is done by manually or using mechanical transplanters in case of paddy farming.

Seeding and planting Machines

Classification of seeding and planting machines

Conventional types of seeding and planting machines(Seed drills,planters used in well land prepared field)

Conservation types of seeding and planting machines(zero tillage/minimum tillage seed drills,planters used in unprepared land with minimum tillage around seed placing areas only in a single operation

Seeding and planting machines Function of seeding and planting machines:-Seeding and

planting machines are designed, developed and manufactured to perform the following function

It develops/opens a furrow of uniform depth in conservation as well as conventional tillage mechanism

It meters the seeds at controlled rate with seed metering devices and drops uniformly at a desired depth without injury

It meters fertilizers at controlled rate and drops uniformly at desired depth without mixing with seeds

It keeps seeds at proper depth and spacing ,in case of seed drills continuous seeding in rows and in case of row planter,keeping seed to seed spacing

It covers the seeds by soil with proper compaction around them for excellent soil moisture contact

Types of Seeding and Planting Machines

Plain Drills(traditional type) and Seed cum Fertilizers Drills – Manually metered drills,Mechanically metered drills,and Pneumatically metered drills for wheat,mustard, barley,and other crops

Seed planters/Row crop Planter/Seed dibblers- Manually operated or mechanically operated like potato planter,Sugarcane planter, corn planter, cotton planter,vegetable seed planter etc.

Transplanters for seedlings transplantation -for paddy,vegetables,fruits etc

Seeding and planting Machines….. Seed cum fertilizers drills:- Animal drawn trailing type with rear cage wheel for supporting as

well as providing power for moving seed metering devices Tractor drawn seed cum fertilizers drillso Tractor mounted type:-In this type the complete machine is mounted

on tractor,s three point linkage and power for operating seed dropping mechanism for a pneumatically metered or jet drills is taken from PTO shaft

o Trailing type:-Very common in Asian countries and have its front, supported on tractors hitch while the rear end has two cage wheels supporting the seed drills machine as well as providing power for moving the seed metering and dropping mechanism through suitable gear and chain connection. Generally 12 rows with 18 cm spacing, that is 2meter coverage size are available for tractor drawn

Seeding and planting machine…..

Basic functional requirements of a perfect seed cum fertilizer drills

It should open furrow to a uniform depthSeeds must be dropped with uniformity and

without any injuryThere should be a system to control the seeding

rateThere should be a system to control the seeding

depth and adjustment if required It should cover the seed with moist soil after

planting with proper contact

Seeding and planting machine..

Calibration of seed drill:- Manufacturers calibrate the seed drill when it is first built.However as the seed drill wears out and different seed varieties are used the recalibration is needed.Process of calibration is as follows

Measure the circumference of the drive wheel=1.5 m

Drilling width of machine=2 mTake a field of 10 by 10 m= 100 sqm than

distance covered= 1oo/2=50 m

Seeding and planting machine…

Wheel have to move=50/1.5=33.33 turn to cover that distance

Taking 10% slippage actual turn comes to 33.33*0.9=30 turns

Raise the seed drill for free movement of ground wheel,turn the wheel for 30 turns collect the seed dropped for 30 turns ,take the weight and calculate for 1 ha,match with seed rate /ha,if nof found again repeat the process by adjusting seeding rate liver to drop more or less seed to drop accordingly

Seeding and planting machine…..

Components of seed cum fertilizer drillsSeed cum fertilizer drills frame:-It if angle iron

reinforced frame which withstand all load like load of seed ,fertilizer,seed drills machine itself and jerks due to working on rough terrain/field.

Seeds placing hopper/ chamber/ :-It consist of sheet metal box having sloppy narrow bottom for grains dropping at the bottom easily

Fertilizer placing hopper/chamber:-fitted with agitator

Mechanical seed metering ,dropping component:-It consist of two types feed or metering devices at the bottom of seed box

o fluted roller feed device:-It consist of feed roller,feed cutoff and adjustment gate mounted on shaft

o Double run feed device with double faced roller for multi crop seed metering device:-It consist of double faced wheel, one face having larger opening for larger seed metering and other face having smaller opening for smaller seeds metering.

Seed metering device

Seed metering mechanism

Planter with seed metering mechanism

Seed cum ferti drill

Seed cum fertilizer drill in operation

Seeding and planting machine…

These feeding devices are connected with chain drive and gear sets for changing the speed of feed drive to change the required seed metering situation

Seeds after metering mechanism drop into flexible feed tubes fitted with metering device at the top and with furrow opener at the bottom

Seeding and planting machine….

Pneumatic or jet drills with seed metering device:-After the seed metering the seeds are thrown by air pressure to the furrow opener with the help of power from PTO shaft for running metering devices and dropping device.Pneumatic or jet drills are more advanced in comparison to mechanical seed drills.Similarly mechanical seed drills are also in advanced stage in comparison to manually operated seed drills

PTO drive Pneumatic or jet metering drill

Pneumatic PTO driving drill

S&P machine

Furrow opening component:- Furrow openers in seed cum fertilizer drills are provided to facilitate the placement of seed and fertilizers at a proper depth and spacing in case of conventional and conservation or minimum tillage/ zero tillage seed cum fertilizer drills

Furrow openers are of two types as rotating types and fixed types

Rotating types are single disc type and double disc type Similarly fixed types are shoe type, hoe type, shovel

type, chisel point type, curved runner type and inverted T-type etc used depending upon soil type, moisture condition, conventional or conservation tillage

S&P Machine

Seed covering and packing component:- Different types of attachment are available for covering the planted or seeded field which are as chain drags , v shaped drags,seed packers wheel, soil press wheels, levelling blades,plankers etc

Transport wheel cum power transmitting component:- power for moving seed metering devices is supplied either from ground wheel in case of trailing type seed drills or from PTO shaft of the tractor in case of tractor mounted seed drills.Tractor mounted are more advanced seed drills than trailing types.

S&P machine

• Setting row markers:- setting markers is a must for any seed drills for accurate seed drilling.It gives the mark on the soil on which front left wheel of tractor must travel on its next turn.

Seed cum fertilizer drill

PTO shaft powered Seed planter

Minimum till seed drill

PTO drive maize seed planter/seeder

Maize/corn after planting

Zero till seed drill

Tractor drawn seed cum fertilizer drill

Zero till planter/seeder

Sunflower planter

Seeder /Planter

Seed cum fertilizer drill

Paddy Transplanter

• Paddy transplanter:-Successful paddy transplanter were not available in the market over a decade ago.Now a days Japanese and Chinese model of paddy transplanter are available in our research farms for experimental research/action research for adoption in farmers field conditions. Due to the out migration of labor force from rural areas, rice cultivation is in very difficult situation without available human lalor as well as without the adoption of paddy transplanter from outside of the country.

Manually transplanting

Transplanting manually

Rice transplanter

Walking type transplanter

Powertiller operated Transplanter

Machine operated transplanter

Hand tractor operated transplanter

transplanter

Demonstration

Walking type

Mud ridge bed transplanter

Transplanted rice

Student research on transplanter

Student on research

Line sketch of transplanter

transplanter

Small and handy type transplanter

Rice drum seeder

• Rice drum seeder is a device for paddy cultivation in which direct seeding of rice seed is placed in muddy soil/puddle soil to have good germination of seed instead of rice seedling transplantation by using a machine called Rice Drum Seeder. It is more popular and cost effective in the rice growing regions where labor shortage is a serious problem at the time of rice transplanting. It is the method of rice growing without reduction in yield in comparison to transplanted rice even with reduction of cost of cultivation. So it is realized more beneficial, with low cost of cultivation as not required the tedious job of transplanting.

Manual rice drum seeder

Rice drum seeder

Rice of rice drum seeder

Weeder used in rice field (drum seeder)

Rice of rice drum seeder

weeder

Direct rice seeder

Direct Rice seeder

Rice seeder

Conservation farming machines(zero till)

Conversation tillage(Minimum tillage or Zero tillage/No tillage) drills and planters:-

It is the farming practice in which attachment of planter,seed drills and soil packer with plowing is done so that plowing and planting are completed simultaneously at a single operation.Machines or equipments are used to do as many jobs as possible in one operation.

A set of equipments are designed to apply preemergent chemical for weed control,to plow at minimun level around seeding/planting areas, to plant with fertilizer application in one operation for conservation farming/minimum tillage farming.

Zero till

In our case the minimum till/zero till seed cum fertilizer drill is used to open furrow by a furrow opener to form a straight crack in moist soil where seed and fertilizer is placed and soil is pressed to cover the seed. Without removing the grass and crop residues.

In USA it has been practiced since 1973 and had found cost effective by reducing cost of cultivation and having more yield in comparison to conventional farming system

Zero till seed drill machine

Zero till planter/seeder

Zero till crop

Zero till maize

Zero till crop

Zero till Jet drill(Pneumatic pressure)

Planters

• Sugarcane planter:-Sugarcane planters now a days are commercially available which were designed and developed by Indian Institute of Sugarcane research(IISR).Both animal drawn as well as tractor drawn planter machine are available for flat planting of sugarcane sets.In developed countries sugarcane planter are so advanced that even farmers can afford the planter in commercial farming with cost effective manner

Sugarcane crop

Sugarcane seed harvester

Sugarcane sets

Sugarcane planting manually

Sugarcane planter

Sugarcane harvester

Sugarcane planted field

Planter

Potato Planter:- The slow,laborious hand dropping method of potato planting has been replaced by the use of mechanical planter that open the furrow, drop the potato seed at specified place,place fertilizer to the side and below the level of seed and cover both seed and fertilizer to the desired depth.Animal drawn as well as tractor drawn potato planter are available in market.Potato planters are semi automatic and automatic types.In semi automatic type the operator places the different size and shape of seed from hopper into the metering device to deliver into furrow.however automatic planters extensively used in Europe and America need graded seed tubers.

Potato seed

Double row potato Planter

Potato planter in working field

Potato planter

Multi row potato planter

Two row Potato planter

Single row planter

Hand Tractor operated planter

Potato planter

Vegetable planter

Ridges planter

Ridge planter(vegetable)

That,s All

Thank you to all, for good listening for gaining Knowledge and Skill

Sowing and planting machines

Engineering

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