Southwest Appeals Delta Ruling

8/18/2019 Southwest Appeals Delta Ruling

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Nf. =3-=;;9=

Bn tì

Ynbtij \tmtis Lfurt fc Mppimhscfr tì Cbct` Lbrlubt

Lbty fc Jmhhms,[hmbntbcc/Mppihhii,

v.

Jihtm Mbr Hbnis, Bnl.,

Jicinjmnt/Mppihhii,v.

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf.,Jicinjmnt/Mppihhmnt.

Mppimh crfg tì Ynbtij \tmtis Jbstrblt Lfurtcfr tì Nfrtìrn Jbstrblt fc Zixms

@fnfrmdhi Ij Obnoimji, Ynbtij \tmtis Jbstrblt Eujai

DTBIC FC M[[IHHMNZ

Tussihh \. [fstDILOTIJJINHH[

=44= GlObnniy \t., \ubti :9;;

@fustfn, Zixms 11;=;

Irbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.Jmvbj \. LfmhiOint J. Ormdbhh

Drbttm Irbn \tmntfnHRNN [BNOITLFP& @YT\Z, HH[

4=;; Tfss Mvinui, \ubti 41;;Jmhhms, Zixms 194;=

Mttfrniys cfr Mppihhmnt

Lmsi5 =3-=;;9= Jflugint5 ;;9=


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BJINZBZR FC [MTZBI\ MNJ LFYN\IH

Zì unjirsbanij lfunsih fc rilfrj lirtbcbis t`mt tì cfhhfwbna hbstij

pirsfns mnj intbtbis ms jislrbdij bn tì cfurt` sintinli fc 9t` Lbr. T. 40.4.4

`mvi mn bntirist bn tì futlfgi fc t`bs lmsi. Z`fsi riprisintmtbfns mri

gmji bn frjir t`mt tì eujais fc t`bs Lfurt gmy ivmhumti pfssbdhi

jbsqumhbcblmtbfn fr rilusmh.

=. Jicinjmnt-Mppihhii5 Jihtm Mbr Hbnis, Bnl.

4. Lfunsih cfr Jicinjmnt-Mppihhii5

Qbhhbmg D. JmwsfnMs`hiy I. Ef`nsfnTuss CmhlfnirOmrh NihsfnAbdsfn, Junn & Lrutlìr HH[4=;; GlObnniy Mvinui, \ubti ==;;Jmhhms, ZP 194;=-32=4


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-bb-

[itir Obrsl`Nmti @untOmphmn Obrsl` & Tflowihh=319 Drfmjwmy, \ubti 4


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=;. Lfunsih5 Ef`n O. Armnt`mgMobn Augp \trmuss @muir & CihjHH[==== Hfubsbmnm \t., Chffr ::

@fustfn, ZP 11;;4

E. Irbl AmgdrihhMobn Augp \trmuss @muir & CihjHH[=1;; [mlbcbl Mvinui, \ubti :=;;Jmhhms, ZP 194;=-:319

==. Jicinjmnt bn Zrbmh Lfurt

Nft [mrty tf Mppimh5

\impfrt Mbrhbnis, Bnl.

=4. Lfunsih5 Ef`n T. Tfdirtsfn@famn Hfvihhs HH[999 =


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-bv-

\usmn O. Yhhgmn\inbfr Zrbmh LfunsihY.\. Jipmrtgint fc EustbliLbvbh Jbvbsbfn

Cijirmh [rfarmgs Drmnl`4; Gmssml`usitts Mvinui, N.Q.,Tffg 1=:3Qms`bnatfn, JL 4;9


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=0. Lfunsih5 Gbl`mih S. [fwihhL. \lftt EfnisHfloi Hfrj HH[44;; Tfss Mvinui, \ubti 44;;

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=

/s/ Irbl Q. [bnoirIrbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.

Mttfrniy fc Tilfrj cfr \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf.



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-vb-

\ZMZIGINZ TIAMTJBNA FTMH MTAYGINZ

Z`bs lmsi prisints mn bgpfrtmnt bssui mdfut tì mdbhbty fc \fut`wist

Mbrhbnis tf cuhhy usi bts himsi`fhj rba`ts mt Jmhhms Hfvi Cbihj wbt`fut

bntircirinli crfg Jihtm Mbr Hbnis, w`f `ms nf himsi rba`ts tìri. \fut`wist

dihbivis t`mt frmh mraugint wfuhj ìhp tì Lfurt bn bts rivbiw fc t`mt

sbanbcblmnt bssui mnj tì rihivmnt rilfrj.



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l) Zì jbstrblt lfurt‒s bntirpritmtbfn bs lfntrmrytf oiy prbnlbphis fc cijirmh mvbmtbfn hmwcrfg w`bl` tì mllfggfjmtbfn prfvbsbfn fctì Himsi mrbsi. .............................................................


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-bx-

ZMDHI FC MYZ@FTBZBI\

Lmsis

:= Nfrt` 1< Qist, Bnl. v. JFZ , :;0 Cij. Mpp‒x.


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Lmrjfnb v. [rfspirbty Dmno, 0;9 C.


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@fustfn Ixph. Lf. v. Qihhbnatfn Ynjirwrbtbna Mainlbis, Htj.,


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Nmt‒h @imht` Tis. Lfrp. v. ZDC Cbnmnlbmh, :42 \.Q.


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=: L.C.T. §§ =


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EYTB\JBLZBFNMH \ZMZIGINZ

Z`bs Lfurt `ms eurbsjbltbfn fvir tì prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn ruhbnas bn

t`bs lmsi unjir 40 Y.\.L. § =424(m)(=). Z`mt eurbsjbltbfn ixtinjs tf ftìr

ruhbnas t`mt mri bnixtrblmdhy bntirtwbnij wbt` tì bneunltbfn ruhbnas. \ii

Lmrjfnb v. [rfspirbty Dmno, 0;9 C.


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MDDTISBMZBFN\ MNJ TILFTJ TICITINLI\

‘\fut`wist‗ ricirs tf Mppihhmnt \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf.

‘Jihtm‗ ricirs tf Mppihhii Jihtm Mbr Hbnis, Bnl.

‘Lbty‗ ricirs tf Mppihhii Lbty fc Jmhhms.

‘JCQ Mbrpfrt‗ ricirs tf Jmhhms/Cfrt Qfrt` Bntirnmtbfnmh Mbrpfrt.

‘TFM.VVV5VVV‗ ricirs tf tì Tilfrj fn Mppimh mt tì bnjblmtij pmai,

mnj wìri mpphblmdhi, hbni nugdir.

‘Himsi‗ ricirs tf Ix`bdbt 49, tì Mginjij mnj Tistmtij Himsi fc

Zirgbnmh Dubhjbna [rigbsis himsi ditwiin \fut`wist mnj tì Lbty.

TFM.14=2 it siq. ‗\udhimsi‗ ricirs tf Ix`bdbt 0;, \fut`wist‒s sudhimsi fc

amtis cfrgirhy himsij dy Ynbtij Mbrhbnis. TFM.1343 it siq.

Dilmusi tì gmtirbmh tirgs fc tì Himsi mnj \udhimsi mri tì smgi,

t`bs drbic cfhhfws tì jbstrblt lfurt‒s lfnvintbfn mnj sbgphy ricirs tf tì

‘Himsi‗ bn jbslussbfn fc \fut`wist‒s mnj tì Lbty‒s hiamh rba`ts mnj

fdhbamtbfns.



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B\\YI\ [TI\INZIJ

Zì Himsi smys5

‘Mbrhbni bs armntij tì pricirintbmh usi fc bts mssbanij Amti(s).

Mt t`fsi tbgis t`mt Mbrhbni `ms nf slìjuhij usi cfr fni frgfri fc bts mssbanij Amti(s), Mbrhbni wbhh mhhfw ftìr slìjuhijmnj nfn-slìjuhij mbrhbnis mut`frbzij dy tì Lbty tf usiMbrpfrt cmlbhbtbis tf usi sul` Amti(s), ms lbrlugstmnlis mnj tìpudhbl bntirist gmy riqubri, cfr hfmjbna mnj unhfmjbna fnhy,dut bn nf ivint s`mhh smbj usi dy ftìrs tmoi prilijinli fvir

Mbrhbni‒s slìjuhij usi_.W‗

mnj5

‘Bn lmsi fc m lfnchblt ditwiin slìjuhis fc tì \banmtfry Mbrhbnimnj tì Tiquistbna Mbrhbni, tì \banmtfry Mbrhbni wbhh `mvi

prbfrbty bn usi fc bts pirsfnnih mnj bts Himsij [rigbsis.‗

=. Jbj Jihtm `mvi m rba`t tf sui unjir tì Himsi, abvin t`mt bt bs nft mpmrty tf tì Himsi, nft gintbfnij bn tì Himsi, mnj tì Himsi gmoisnf ixpriss stmtigint fc mny bntint tf dinicbt Jihtm6

4. Jbj tì trbmh lfurt irr dy armntbna tì Lbty m prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn,abvin t`mt tì Lbty `ms gmji nf jilbsbfn tf riqubri mllfggfjmtbfn,mnj tùs nft trbaairij mny fdhbamtbfn dy \fut`wist tf `fnfr sul` mriquist6


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\ZMZIGINZ FC Z@I LM\I

Z`bs lmsi bs mdfut tì incfrligint fc \fut`wist‒s pricirintbmh rba`ts

unjir tì Himsi mambnst Jihtm, m strmnair tf tì Himsi wbt` nf sul` rba`ts.

Zì phmbn tirgs fc tì Himsi istmdhbs` \fut`wist‒s rba`ts tf cuhhy usi bts

amtis, ms wihh ms Jihtm‒s hmlo fc mut`frbty tf sui fn tì Himsi fr l`mhhinai

t`fsi rba`ts. Zì `bstfry fc Hfvi Cbihj mnj bts riauhmtbfn suppfrt

\fut`wist‒s rimjbna fc tì Himsi. Dilmusi tì Himsi tirgs mri lhimr mnj

lfnsbstint wbt` tì unbqui dusbniss lfntixt fc Hfvi Cbihj fpirmtbfns, tì

jbstrblt lfurt irrij ms m gmttir fc hmw dy nft incfrlbna tìg mnj armntbna

Jihtm, m nfnpmrty tf tì Himsi, arimtir rba`ts t`mn \fut`wist, tì mltumh

himsi`fhjir.

@bstfry fc \fut`wist mnj Hfvi CbihjM.

\fut`wist `ms pmbj mn infrgfus lfst, fvir mhgfst cbcty yimrs, tf oiip

Hfvi Cbihj fpin mnj siluri bts lurrint pricirintbmh himsi rba`ts. Bnjiij,

Hfvi Cbihj ixbsts tfjmy dilmusi fc \fut`wist‒s jfaaij jitirgbnmtbfn tf

oiip bt fpirmtbna bn tì =21;s mnj =20;s bn tì cmli fc arimt fppfsbtbfn.= \ii,

i.a., \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf. v. Zixms Bnt‒h Mbrhbnis, Bnl., 9:3 C.4j 0:, =;4-;< (9t`

Lbr. =211) (Qbsjfg, E.) (‘Z`bs bs tì iba`t` tbgi bn t`rii yimrs t`mt m cijirmh

= \ii TFM.30


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lfurt `ms ricusij tf suppfrt tì ivbltbfn fc \fut`wist Mbrhbnis crfg Hfvi

Cbihj. [rilbsihy wfrjij `fhjbnas mnj jicirinli tf stmti mut`frbtbis dy tì

cijirmh eujblbmry `mvi fnhy ainirmtij gfri subts, mppimhs, mnj pitbtbfns cfr

riìmrbnas. Fnli mambn, wi ripimt, \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf. `ms m cijirmhhy

jilhmrij rba`t tf tì lfntbnuij usi fc mnj mlliss tf Hfvi Cbihj, sf hfna ms

Hfvi Cbihj rigmbns fpin.‗)

Gfri rilinthy, \fut`wist bnvistij ùnjrijs fc gbhhbfns fc jfhhmrs tf

ridubhj mnj ribnvbafrmti Hfvi Cbihj tf dittir sirvi Nfrt` Zixms trmvihirs.4

Mnj, diabnnbna bn Fltfdir 4;=: wbt` tì ixpbrmtbfn fc tì Qrba`t

Mginjgint ristrbltbfns, \fut`wist mjjij jfzins fc niw nfnstfp rfutis

mt Hfvi Cbihj, sbanbcblmnthy dinicbttbna Nfrt` Zixms lfnsugirs wbt` gfri

hfw-cmri trmvih fptbfns.


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tf Ynbtij Mbrhbnis, Bnl. (‘Ynbtij‗).1 Zìsi wiri bnbtbmh mhhflmtbfns, mnj tì

Mariigint bgpfsij nf ristrbltbfns fn smhi fr trmnscir dy tì pmrtbis.

Ms pmrt fc tì lfgprfgbsi, tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint mhsf icciltbvihy

ristrbltij \fut`wist‒s sirvbli bn tì Jmhhms-Cfrt Qfrt` gmroit tf Hfvi

Cbihj. Tilfanbzbna t`mt JCQ Mbrpfrt mnj Hfvi Cbihj sirvi tì smgi

aifarmp`bl gmroit (tì viry rimsfn Lfnariss inmltij tì Qrba`t

Mginjgint), \iltbfn =; prfvbjij t`mt bc \fut`wist himsij amtis mt JCQ

Mbrpfrt, bt `mj tf abvi up mn iqubvmhint nugdir fc amtis mt Hfvi Cbihj (up

tf iba`t amtis).0

Cbnmhhy, abvin tì pirgmnint rijultbfn bn Hfvi Cbihj amtis crfg

t`brty-twf tf twinty, mnj \fut`wist‒s rihmtij lfggbtgint tf fpirmti fnhy

mt Hfvi Cbihj (mt tì rbso fc `mvbna tf liji amtis bc bt fpirmtij mt JCQ), tì

Cbvi [mrty Mariigint lfntigphmtij cuturi riquists dy ftìr lmrrbirs

siiobna tf prfvbji sirvbli mt Hfvi Cbihj mnj prfvbjij t`mt tì himsi tirgs

ditwiin tì Lbty mnj m \banmtfry Lmrrbir (sul` ms \fut`wist) wfuhj

lfntrfh amti mllfggfjmtbfn5

Zf tì ixtint m niw intrmnt lmrrbir siios tf intir Hfvi Cbihj,tì Lbty fc Jmhhms wbhh siio vfhuntmry mllfggfjmtbfn crfg bts

1 TFM.14=; §


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ixbstbna lmrrbirs tf mllfggfjmti tì niw intrmnt sirvbli. Bc tìixbstbna lmrrbirs mri nft mdhi fr mri nft wbhhbna tf mllfggfjmtitì niw intrmnt sirvbli, tìn tì Lbty fc Jmhhms mariis tfriqubri tì s`mrbna fc pricirintbmh himsi amtis, pursumnt tf

Jmhhms‒ ixbstbna himsi mariigints.2

Intbrihy cflusij fn bts ùd mt JCQ Mbrpfrt,=; Jihtm nibtìr phmyij

nfr sfua`t tf phmy m rfhi bn tìsi niaftbmtbfns.== Ms m risuht, Jihtm mhsf `mj

nf pmrt bn tì hmtir Lfnarissbfnmh ìmrbnas mdfut tì hiabshmtbfn rihmtij tf

tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint, mnj wms nft mhhflmtij amti spmli mt Hfvi Cbihj.

Bnstimj, tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint jbvbjij amtis prfpfrtbfnmhhy mgfna

tìn-lurrint usirs.=4

Lfnariss mpprfvij tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint dy inmltbna tì Qrba`t

Mginjgint Ticfrg Mlt (‘QMTM‗),=


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t`mt amtis wfuhj hboihy dilfgi slmrli risfurlis jui tf tì cbxij nugdir fc

amtis mnj bnlrimsij jigmnj cfr tìg, tì Himsi ixprisshy bnlhujij m

prfvbsbfn afvirnbna wìn, `fw mnj wìtìr mllfggfjmtbfn wfuhj di

riqubrij, mnj tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint prfvbjij t`mt ‘tì lbty fc Jmhhms

s`mhh `fnfr tì slmrli risfurli prfvbsbfn fc tì ixbstbna Hfvi Cbihj

Himsis.‗=: Bnjiij, Lfnariss wint ivin curtìr, prfvbjbna t`mt QMTM5

s`mhh nft di lfnstruij tf riqubri tì Lbty fc Jmhhms . . . tf

gfjbcy fr ihbgbnmti pricirintbmh amti himsis wbt` mbr lmrrbirs bnfrjir tf mhhflmti amti lmpmlbty tf niw intrmnts fr tf lrimtilfggfn usi amtis, unhiss sul` gfjbcblmtbfn fr ihbgbnmtbfn bsbgphigintij fn m nmtbfnwbji dmsbs.=9

Bn ftìr wfrjs, QMTM prf`bdbts afvirngintmh bntircirinli wbt`

\fut`wist‒s pricirintbmh prfpirty rba`ts mt Hfvi Cbihj, unhiss tì Y.\.

Jipmrtgint fc Zrmnspfrtmtbfn (‘JFZ‗) fr tì Cijirmh Mvbmtbfn

Mjgbnbstrmtbfn (‘CMM‗) mlts fn m nmtbfnwbji dmsbs tf gfjbcy fr ihbgbnmti

pricirintbmh amti himsis. Zìri `ms diin nf sul` nmtbfnwbji gfjbcblmtbfn fr

ihbgbnmtbfn fc pricirintbmh usi rba`ts.

Mllfrjbnahy, unjir tì ristrbltbfns stmtij bn tì Cbvi [mrty

Mariigint mnj tìn lfjbcbij bn QMTM, tì Lbty lmnnft mjj amtis mt Hfvi

=: TFM.134: § 9(m) (igp`msbs mjjij).=9 TFM.1349 § 9(i)(4)(D) (igp`msbs mjjij). QMTM‒s ricirinlis tf ‘amtis‗ mjjriss tìniw amtis tf di himsij mctir bts inmltgint, sii TFM.134: § 9(m), 1349 § (i)(4)(M).



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Cbihj, mnj \fut`wist icciltbvihy lmnnft fpirmti crfg mny ftìr mbrpfrt bn

tì Jmhhms-Cfrt Qfrt` mrim. Ms tì jbstrblt lfurt nftij, tìsi arfwt`

ristrmbnts mri unbqui bn Ynbtij \tmtis lfggirlbmh mvbmtbfn.=3

\fut`wist [ricirintbmhhy Himsis \bxtiin Hfvi Cbihj AmtisD.

Gfvbna cfrwmrj pursumnt tf QMTM, fn Cidrumry =


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mnj _mny ftìr mbrhbniW, _\fut`wistW wbhh `mvi prbfrbty bn usi fc bts

pirsfnnih mnj bts Himsij [rigbsis.‗=2

Bn mjjbtbfn tf jicbnbna tì pricirintbmh prfpirty rba`ts himsij dy

\fut`wist crfg tì Lbty, tì Himsi mhsf lrimtis m prfliss dy w`bl` mn

mbrhbni nft lurrinthy fpirmtbna mt Hfvi Cbihj lmn mpphy cfr tigpfrmry

‘mllfggfjmtbfn‗ tf usi \fut`wist‒s amtis wìn \fut`wist bs nft usbna

tìg.4; Z`mt jitmbhij prfliss ribncfrlis mnj igp`msbzis \fut`wist‒s

pricirintbmh usi rba`ts.

Zì spilbcbl Himsi siltbfn “ :.;3.C, intbthij ‘Mllfggfjmtbfn fc

Tiquistbna Mbrhbnis‗ “ smys t`mt m Tiquistbna Mbrhbni gmy di mhhfwij tf

usi unmhhflmtij fr unusij amti spmli bn lirtmbn lbrlugstmnlis, dut fnhy ‘mt

sul` tbgis t`mt wbhh nft unjuhy bntirciri wbt` _Mbrhbni‒sW fpirmtbna

slìjuhi_.W‗4= Zì Lbty bs jisbanmtij tf fvirsii mnj gmnmai tì ivmhumtbfn

fc mn mllfggfjmtbfn riquist, ms cfhhfws5

• tì Tiquistbna Mbrhbni gust sudgbt bts riquist cfr amti spmli tftì Lbty?44

=2 TFM.14:3 § :.;3.C.:.m (igp`msbs mjjij).4; \ii TFM.14:9 §§ :.;3.L., C.4= TFM.14:9 § :.;3.C (igp`msbs mjjij).44 Bj. § :.;3.C.=.



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• fnli tì Tiquistbna Mbrhbni `ms s`fwn tì Lbty t`mt bt `mslfntmltij mhh himsi-`fhjbna mbrhbnis (bjintbcbij ms tì ‘\banmtfryMbrhbnis‗ bn tì Himsi) mnj `ms diin unmdhi tf silurimllfggfjmtbfn, tìn tì Lbty wbhh siio m vfhuntmry

mllfggfjmtbfn crfg fni fc tì \banmtfry Mbrhbnis?4


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Mbrhbni‒s amtis bs stbhh wmrrmntij. Zf suppfrt t`bs mnmhysbs, tì Himsi

riqubris t`mt tì \banmtfry Mbrhbni abvi tì Lbty ‘m gfnt`hy ripfrt trmlobna

_btsW Amti mssbangint mnj Amti usmai jmtm_.W‗41 Bc m jbsputi mrbsis mdfut

slìjuhi lfnchblts, tì Himsi riqubris tì Lbty tf ‘rivbiw mvmbhmdhi

bncfrgmtbfn riamrjbna tì jbsputi(s) mnj, bn affj cmbt` mnj bn m nfn-

jbslrbgbnmtfry gmnnir rinjir m jilbsbfn,‗ w`bl` ‘wbhh di dbnjbna fn tì

\banmtfry Mbrhbni mnj tì Tiquistbna Mbrhbni.‗40

Zì oiy wbtnissis mt tì prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn ìmrbna cfr tì

lfntrmltbna pmrtbis “ tì Lbty, \fut`wist mnj Ynbtij “ s`mrij tì smgi

unjirstmnjbna fc \fut`wist‒s pricirintbmh rba`ts unjir tì Himsi mnj

\udhimsi. \fut`wist‒s Sbli-[risbjint fc Mbrpfrt Mccmbrs, Dfd Gfntafgiry,

ixphmbnij t`mt, bn \fut`wist‒s vbiw, ‘tì pricirintbmh-usi rba`t abvis _tì

himsi`fhjirW tì cbrst rba`t tf fpirmti _btsW slìjuhi ms _btW siis cbt mnj

suppfrt _btsW fpirmtbfn.‗42 Ynbtij‒s Sbli [risbjint fc Lfrpfrmti Timh Istmti,

Omti Aidf, tistbcbij t`mt m \banmtfry Mbrhbni wbt` m pricirintbmh himsi ‘`ms

41 Bj.40 TFM.14:3 § :.;3.C.:.l.42 TFM.30495=0-=2.



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prbfrbty fvir mnyfni ihsi‒s sl`ijuhi.‗


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fccir mnj bnstimj riml`ij mn mariigint bn Fltfdir 4;=: tf sudhimsi t`i

amtis tf \fut`wist, bnlrimsbna \fut`wist‒s tftmh Hfvi Cbihj amtis tf

iba`tiin.


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Lfnsbstint wbt` tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint mnj QMTM, \fut`wist‒s

ixpmnsbfn `ms cflusij lfgphitihy fn Hfvi Cbihj. Q`bhi \fut`wist

fpirmtis tì gmefrbty fc chba`ts crfg t`mt mbrpfrt, bt stbhh `ms nf prisinli mt

tì gul` hmrair JCQ Mbrpfrt. Bn tì cuhh Jmhhms-Cfrt Qfrt` aifarmp`bl

gmroit “ m sbnahi gmroit cfr lfggirlbmh mvbmtbfn w`bl` bnlhujis dft` Hfvi

Cbihj mnj JCQ Mbrpfrt “ \fut`wist‒s s`mri fc tì tftmh amtis bs rfua`hy tin

pirlint.:3 Ynhboi Hfvi Cbihj, JCQ Mbrpfrt `ms mdunjmnt mvmbhmdhi amti

spmli, nf ristrbltij tbgis fc fpirmtbfn, mnj nf dmn fn bntirnmtbfnmh trmvih.:1

Jihtm‒s Tiquist cfr MllfggfjmtbfnI.

Jihtm‒s lurrint riquist cfr ‘mllfggfjmtbfn‗ mt Hfvi Cbihj bs bts hmtist

mttigpt tf fdtmbn vmhumdhi amti spmli cfr nf rbso fr bnvistgint. Bn 4;=


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Bn hmti 4;=< mnj imrhy 4;=:, dft` Jihtm mnj \fut`wist sfua`t tf

fdtmbn twf amtis t`mt tì JFE riqubrij Mgirblmn tf jbvist ms m lfnjbtbfn fc

bts girair wbt` Y\ Mbrwmys.:2 Ivin t`fua` Jihtm `mj diin fpirmtbna fn

Mgirblmn‒s amtis unjir m gfnt`-tf-gfnt` mariigint, tì JFE rieiltij

Jihtm‒s dbj cfr m pirgmnint sudhimsi dilmusi bt wms m hiamly lmrrbir mhrimjy

sirvbna tì Jmhhms-Cfrt Qfrt` gmroit crfg JCQ Mbrpfrt (wìri bt stbhh

fpirmtis tfjmy).9; Jihtm mhsf hfddbij tì Lbty tf lfnvirt tì jbvistij Hfvi

Cbihj amtis bntf ‘lfggfn usi‗ amtis t`mt Jihtm lfuhj gfnfpfhbzi.9= Mambn,

tì Lbty rieiltij t`bs prfpfsmh.

Jihtm nixt `brij cfrgir JFZ fccblbmhs tf hfddy tì JFZ tf inlfurmai

tì Lbty tf cfrli Jihtm‒s mllfggfjmtbfn dy \fut`wist.94 Z`bs tmltbl mhsf

cmbhij. Gmny gfnt`s hmtir, Jihtm wfuhj lhmbg t`mt tì JFZ `mj frjirij

Jihtm‒s mllfggfjmtbfn t`rfua` twf hittirs tf tì Lbty? `fwivir, tì JFZ

jbsmvfwij tìg, ixphmbnbna t`mt ‘tì twf JFZ hittirs wiri nft cbnmh

mainly mltbfns, mnj girihy prfvbjij ‐nfndbnjbna mainly aubjmnli,‒ w`bl`

:2 TFM.39=05


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uraij t`i Lbty tf gmoi m tbgihy jilbsbfn fn Jihtm‒s riquists cfr

mllfggfjmtbfn, dut jbj nft riqubri t`i Lbty tf riml` m pmrtbluhmr

jilbsbfn.‗9


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mlliss wms bntinjij tf di tigpfrmry, ms \fut`wist `mj hfna phmnnij tf

fpirmti mhh iba`tiin fc bts amtis mt cuhh lmpmlbty.99

Qìn t`bs tigpfrmry hblinsi ixpbrij fn Emnumry 3, Ynbtij mariij tf

hit Jihtm lfntbnui tf usi bts amtis unjir m tigpfrmry hblinsi mariigint cfr

=0; gfri jmys, injbna Euhy 3, 4;=9. Ms \fut`wist ixphmbnij bn m Cidrumry

4;=9 hittir, tì tigpfrmry hblinsi lfuhj nft di gmtirbmhhy ixtinjij diyfnj

Euhy 3 dilmusi fc tì niij tf ritrfcbt tì spmli cfr \fut`wist‒s pudhbsìj

(mnj sfhj) slìjuhi stmrtbna bn Muaust.93 Nfnitìhiss, sivirmh wiios dicfri

Euhy 3, Jihtm tfhj \fut`wist mnj Ynbtij t`mt bt wfuhj nft vmlmti tì spmli

tf \fut`wist, mnj bnstimj `mj iviry bntintbfn tf stmy tìri mnj chy tf

Mthmntm bnjicbnbtihy.91 Jihtm ivin tfhj tì Lbty t`mt bt wfuhj `bri silurbty

aumrjs tf p`ysblmhhy stfp \fut`wist crfg usbna tì amti spmli wìn tì

tigpfrmry hblinsi ixpbrij.90

[rflijurmh DmloarfunjC.

Jihtm‒s t`rimts prfgptij t`bs hbtbamtbfn. Fn Euni =1, 4;=9, tì Lbty

suij Jihtm, \fut`wist, mnj ftìrs cfr jilhmrmtfry rihbic rihmtij tf Jihtm‒s

99 TFM.1


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mnj \fut`wist‒s fpirmtbfn fc chba`ts mt Hfvi Cbihj.92 Zwf jmys hmtir,

\fut`wist lrfsslhmbgij mambnst Jihtm cfr trispmss,3; mnj gfvij cfr m

prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn ‘prf`bdbtbna Jihtm crfg trispmssbna fn \fut`wist‒s

amtis mnj m jilhmrmtbfn crfg t`bs Lfurt t`mt \fut`wist bs tì sfhi hmwcuh

fpirmtfr fc tì amtis mctir Euhy 3, 4;=9.‗3= Jihtm tìn drfua`t bts fwn

gftbfn cfr m prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn mambnst \fut`wist,34 cfhhfwij dy m

lrfsslhmbg mhhiabna t`mt bt wms m dinicblbmry fc \fut`wist‒s Himsi.3


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ms wihh ms bts rihmtij lhmbg cfr jilhmrmtfry eujagint, dmsij fn Jihtm‒s

purpfrtij stmtus ms m t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry fc tì Himsi.39 Zì lfurt wint

fn tf rieilt \fut`wist‒s mpphblmtbfn cfr tigpfrmry bneunltbfn wbt` tì

mjjbtbfnmh `fhjbna t`mt ‘tìri lmn di nf trispmss fn pricirintbmh usi

amtis.‗33 Bt tìn intirij mn bneunltbfn bn Jihtm‒s cmvfr, tì lintrmh pmrt fc

w`bl` frjirij5

\fut`wist bs ìridy inefbnij crfg ivbltbna fr ftìrwbsi

bntircirbna wbt` fr privintbna Jihtm‒s lfntbnuij usi fc\fut`wist‒s amti(s) mt Hfvi Cbihj, fr ftìrwbsi bntircirbna wbt`fr privintbna Jihtm‒s lfntbnuij usi fc \fut`wist‒s amti(s) tffpirmti Jihtm‒s cbvi jmbhy chba`ts. \fut`wist bs mhsf inefbnij crfg mjjbna mjjbtbfnmh chba`ts fn mny \fut`wist amti(s) Jihtmusis tf fpirmti bts cbvi jmbhy chba`ts.31

Zì fpbnbfn lfnlhujij wbt` m rigmromdhi eujblbmh jbsmpprfvmh fc

Lfnariss‒s jilbsbfns bn QMTM5

Zf l`mnai t`bs nf-arfwt` sbtumtbfn mt Hfvi Cbihj, Lfnariss wbhhniij tf mlt. Zì pfhbtblmh pfwirs-t`mt-di lmn mjjriss mnjlfrrilt tìsi bssuis t`mt cmli Hfvi Cbihj mnj niw intrmntmbrhbnis t`rfua` ripimhbna hiabshmtbfn unbqui tf t`bs mbrpfrt.Qbt`fut t`bs l`mnai, niw intrmnt mbrhbnis, tì Lbty, \banmtfryMbrhbnis, mnj tì lbtbzins fc Jmhhms wbhh lfntbnui tf cmli

jbhiggms hboi t`bs fni. Zì chybna pudhbl jisirvis gfrilfurmai crfg bts ihiltij fccblbmhs mdfut trmvih tf mnj crfg Hfvi

39 TFM.3=32, 3=1


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Cbihj. Zì tbgi cfr tìsi ihiltij fccblbmhs tf lfnsbjir mn inj tfmhh lfnstrmbnts fn Hfvi Cbihj bs nfw.30

\YGGMTR FC MTAYGINZ

Z`bs lmsi bs mdfut tì incfrligint fc \fut`wist‒s rba`ts unjir bts

pricirintbmh Himsi mt Hfvi Cbihj mambnst Jihtm, m strmnair tf tì Himsi wbt`

nf sul` rba`ts. Zì Himsi `ms unmgdbaufus prfvbsbfns mdfut

mllfggfjmtbfn fc ftìr lmrrbirs fn tì mssbanij amtis5

_\fut`wistW bs armntij tì pricirintbmh usi fc bts mssbanijAmti(s). Mt t`fsi tbgis t`mt _\fut`wistW `ms nf slìjuhij usicfr fni fr gfri fc bts mssbanij Amti(s), _\fut`wistW wbhh mhhfwftìr slìjuhij mnj nfn-slìjuhij mbrhbnis mut`frbzij dy tìLbty tf usi Mbrpfrt cmlbhbtbis tf usi sul` Amti(s), mslbrlugstmnlis mnj tì pudhbl bntirist gmy riqubri, cfr hfmjbnamnj unhfmjbna fnhy, dut bn nf ivint s`mhh smbj usi dy ftìrstmoi prilijinli fvir _\fut`wist‒sW slìjuhij usi_.W

mnj5

Bn lmsi fc m lfnchblt ditwiin slìjuhis fc _\fut`wistW mnj tìTiquistbna Mbrhbni, _\fut`wistW wbhh `mvi prbfrbty bn usi fc btspirsfnnih mnj bts Himsij [rigbsis.

[hmbnhy, tìsi prfvbsbfns smy nft`bna mdfut Jihtm. Mnj tì oiy wbtnissis

cfr dft` \fut`wist mnj tì Lbty mariij t`mt tì Himsi abvis \fut`wist

prbfrbty fvir mbrhbnis riquistbna mllfggfjmtbfn, ivin bc sul` ixpmnsbfn dy

\fut`wist wfuhj tirgbnmti m privbfushy gmji mllfggfjmtbfn.

30 Bj.



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Zìsi tirgs chfw jbrilthy crfg tì unbqui hiamh crmgiwfro lrimtij

dy Lfnariss cfr Hfvi Cbihj. Bn QMTM, Lfnariss strulo m dmhmnli t`mt,

mgfna ftìr gmttirs5 (=) strblthy hbgbts mvmbhmdhi Hfvi Cbihj amti spmli,

(4) icciltbvihy dmrs \fut`wist crfg ixpmnjbna tf JCQ Mbrpfrt, mnj

(


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armjumhhy rmgp up sirvbli fn t`fsi amtis mctir tì ixpbrmtbfn fc tì Qrba`t

Mginjgint ristrbltbfns bn Fltfdir 4;=:.

Jihtm `mj nf rba`t tf drbna bts lhmbg. Q`bhi tì trbmh lfurt cfunj t`mt

Jihtm lfuhj sui ms m ‘lrijbtfr t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry‗ fc tì Himsi, t`mt

`fhjbna banfris tì prisugptbfn bn Zixms hmw mambnst t`brj-pmrty

dinicblbmry stmtus, tì strulturi fc tì Himsi (jisbanij tf lrimti m niutrmh

prfliss wbt` nf dinicblbmry bn gbnj), tì dusbniss lfntixt fc tì Himsi

(wìri \fut`wist `mj nf gftbvi fr juty tf fdhbamti btsihc cfr tì dinicbt fc

m lfgpitbtfr), mnj cijirmh mvbmtbfn hmw (w`bl` jfis nft hit prbvmti hbtbamnts

sui tf incfrli tì unjirhybna cijirmh stmtuti).

Ivin bc Jihtm lfuhj mssirt lhmbgs unjir tì Himsi ms m t`brj-pmrty

dinicblbmry, tì jbstrblt lfurt‒s lfnlhusbfn bs wrfnahy prigbsij fn bts

lrbtblbsg fc Lfnariss rmtìr t`mn mn ivmhumtbfn fc tì Himsi. Zì jbstrblt

lfurt mttmloij tì dmhmnli strulo dy Lfnariss bn QMTM, lmhhbna bt

‘lfnstrmbnbna tf tì pfbnt fc dibna fut fc jmti,‗ mnj msobna ‘_tWì pfhbtblmh

pfwirs t`mt di _tfW mjjriss mnj lfrrilt tìsi bssuis t`mt cmli Hfvi Cbihj

mnj niw intrmnt mbrhbnis t`rfua` ripimhbna hiabshmtbfn unbqui tf t`bs

mbrpfrt.‗



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\ZMNJMTJ FC TISBIQ

M pmrty siiobna m prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn gust s`fw5 (=) m sudstmntbmh

hboihb`ffj fc privmbhbna fn t`i girbts? (4) brripmrmdhi bneury bc t`i bneunltbfn

bs nft armntij? (


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=.

Ms m gmttir fc hmw, Jihtm bs nft m t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry fc tì Himsi.

Jispbti tì cmlt t`mt Jihtm bs nft m pmrty tf tì Himsi, fr ivin

gintbfnij bn bt, tì jbstrblt lfurt hit Jihtm pursui m lhmbg unjir tì Himsi

dmsij fn bts jitirgbnmtbfn t`mt Jihtm wms m ‘lrijbtfr t`brj-pmrty

dinicblbmry‗ wbt` stmnjbna tf incfrli tì Himsi.32 Zì jbstrblt lfurt wms

wrfna ms m gmttir fc hmw. Zì Himsi gmois nf ixpriss stmtigint fc bntint

tf dinicbt Jihtm, ms Zixms hmw riqubris. Mnj tì jbstrblt lfurt‒s rimjbna fc

tì Himsi jbstfrts tì tixt mnj strulturi fc tì mllfggfjmtbfn prfliss bn

\iltbfn :.;3.C bn m wmy t`mt bs bnlfnsbstint wbt` oiy prbnlbphis fc cijirmh

mvbmtbfn hmw t`mt unjirhbi tì Himsi‒s amti mllfggfjmtbfn prfliss.1;

32 TFM.3=14. Zì jisbanmtbfn ms m ‘lrijbtfr‗ dinicblbmry gmttirs dilmusi ‘_tWìri mrit`rii typis fc t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmrbis‚jfnii, lrijbtfr, mnj bnlbjintmh. Jfnii mnjlrijbtfr dinicblbmrbis gmy drbna subt tf incfrli m lfntrmlt? bnlbjintmh dinicblbmrbis gmynft.‗ Mhhmn v. Nirsisfvm,


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m)

Zì Himsi gmois nf ixpriss stmtigint fc bntint tf dinicbtmny t`brj pmrty, bnlhujbna Jihtm.

Zì jbstrblt lfurt ripimtijhy smbj t`mt Jihtm `mj nf ‘fptbfns‗ fr

‘rigijy‗ unjir tì Himsi.1= Z`mt s`fuhj `mvi diin jbspfsbtbvi fc Jihtm‒s

lhmbg cfr driml` fc tì Himsi unjir t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry hmw. Zixms hmw14

prisugis t`mt m pmrty w`f bs nft nmgij bn m lfntrmlt `ms nf rba`ts unjir

bt. \ii, i.a., Zmwis v. Dmrnis,


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Jihtm gmji nf s`fwbna t`mt bt wms nmgij bn tì Himsi mnj tùs

hmloij tì rba`t tf sui upfn tì Himsi. Bnjiij, tì Himsi gmois nf ixpriss

stmtigint t`mt mny t`brj pmrty `ms rba`ts tf incfrli bt.1: Ms sul`, Jihtm‒s

lhmbg tf t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry stmtus gust rist fn mn bncirinli crfg ftìr

hmnaumai bn tì Himsi.

Zì jbstrblt lfurt cflusij fn \iltbfn :.;3.C, w`bl` mut`frbzis tì Lbty

tf riqubri \fut`wist tf mllfggfjmti mjjbtbfnmh mbrhbnis mt bts pricirintbmh-

usi amtis bc bt `ms amti spmli mvmbhmdhi, lfnlhujbna t`mt Jihtm wms m t`brj-

pmrty dinicblbmry fc t`bs prfvbsbfn. Dut t`bs Lfurt squmrihy rieilts tì

prfpfsbtbfn t`mt m pmrty dilfgis m t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry girihy dilmusi

bt `ms ‘m sudstmntbmh bntirist bn m lfntrmlt‒s incfrligint.‗ Chiitwffj

Intirprbsis, 40; C.


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\.Q.4j ==;, =


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phmbntbcc crfg t`i fni suij upfn. \ii, i.a., \tbni v. \tiwmrt, 0; \.Q.


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j)

Jihtm‒s jilhmrmtfry eujagint lhmbg jfis nft hit bt lrimtirba`ts t`mt jf nft ixbst.

Zì jbstrblt lfurt mhsf smbj t`mt Jihtm‒s jilhmrmtfry eujagint lhmbg

wms m prfpir dmsbs cfr tì prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn, dut t`bs tff wms

bnlfrrilt. M pmrty wbt` nf rba`t tf sui fn m lfntrmlt `ms nf rba`t tf siio m

jilhmrmtfry eujagint mdfut bt? ‘tì fpirmtbfn fc tì Jilhmrmtfry Eujagint

Mlt bs prflijurmh fnhy,‗ mnj dy inmltbna bt, ‘Lfnariss inhmraij tì rmnai

fc rigijbis mvmbhmdhi bn tì cijirmh lfurts dut jbj nft ixtinj tìbr

eurbsjbltbfn.‗ I.a., \oihhy Fbh Lf. v. [`bhhbps [itrfhiug Lf.,


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cfur lfrnirs fc t`i jflugint.‗ I.a., \gbt` v. Hbvbnastfn, Nf. =4-4;


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• Nf fdhbamtbfn tf mllfggfjmti mrbsis mt mhh mdsint mn frjir crfg tì

Lbty tf mllfggfjmti Jihtm.2:

• Mllfggfjmtbfn bs nivir l`mrmltirbzij ms ‘pirgmnint,‗ ‘bnjicbnbti,‗

fr bn mny wmy nft tbij tf \fut`wist‒s chba`t slìjuhi.29 Zf tì

lfntrmry, tì prfliss ixprisshy riqubris pirbfjbl ri-ivmhumtbfn dy tì

Lbty fc amti usi.23

Zì \udhimsi `ms bjintblmh tirgs fn tìsi pfbnts.21 [ut sbgphy, \fut`wist‒s

usi fc bts himsij amtis `ms lfntbnubna mnj unristrbltij prbfrbty fvir mn

mllfggfjmtbfn riquist.

Zì oiy wbtnissis cfr tì Lbty, \fut`wist mnj Ynbtij “ tì sfhi

pmrtbis tf tì Himsi mnj \udhimsi mt bssui “ s`mrij m lfggfn

unjirstmnjbna fc tì pricirintbmh rba`ts t`mt \fut`wist mlqubrij unjir tì

Himsis. \ii suprm pp. =;-== (suggmrbzbna tistbgfny fc tì Lbty‒s Gmro

Juidnir, \fut`wist‒s Dfd Gfntafgiry, mnj Ynbtij‒s Omti Aidf). Dmsij

fn t`mt unjirstmnjbna, \fut`wist mnj tì Lbty gmji gmssbvi bnvistgints

fc tbgi, gfniy, mnj iniray bn Hfvi Cbihj.\ii suprm

p. 4, =4.\ii Mnmjmrof

2: TFM.14:3 § :.;3.C.


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d)

\fut`wist jbj nft driml` t`i unmgdbaufus tirgs fc t`i Himsi.

M lfntrmlt lhmbg riqubris prffc fc driml` mnj risuhtbna `mrg. \ii, i.a.,

Nmt‒h @imht` Tis. Lfrp. v. ZDC Cbnmnlbmh, :42 \.Q.


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Dilmusi \fut`wist wms cuhhy usbna bts amtis ms fc Muaust 2, bt `mj nf

mllfggfjmtbfn fdhbamtbfn tìn, mnj lfuhj nft `mvi drimlìj tì Himsi ms

tf Jihtm‒s mllfggfjmtbfn riquist.=;;

Gfst bgpfrtmnt, ms sit cfrt` mdfvi, \fut`wist `mj nf fdhbamtbfn tf

armnt m riquist cfr vfhuntmry mllfggfjmtbfn. Mny incfrlimdhi fdhbamtbfn

lfuhj mrbsi fnhy bc tì Lbty frjirij \fut`wist tf mllfggfjmti Jihtm unjir

tì prflijuri bn \iltbfn :.;3.c “ w`bl` `ms nft fllurrij. Zùs, \fut`wist

bs nft bn driml` fc tì Himsi, ms m gmttir fc hmw.

l) Mt tì viry himst, tì jbstrblt lfurt irrij ms m gmttir fchmw dy bgpfsbna m pirpitumh mllfggfjmtbfn, wbt`futriamrj tf \fut`wist‒s rba`t tf ixpmnj sirvbli.

Ivin bc tì jbstrblt lfurt wms eustbcbij bn cbnjbna t`mt \fut`wist

drimlìj mn fdhbamtbfn tf mllfggfjmti Jihtm mt tì tbgi fc tì frbabnmh

mllfggfjmtbfn riquist, tìri bs nf dmsbs cfr bts mjjbtbfnmh ruhbna t`mt sul`

mn fdhbamtbfn lfntbnuis pirpitumhhy. Mt tì viry himst, mny mllfggfjmtbfn

fdhbamtbfn ixpbrij fn Muaust 2, 4;=9, wìn \fut`wist rimlìj cuhh

lmpmlbty bn bts usmai fc bts pricirintbmh usi amtis mt Hfvi Cbihj.

=;; Mt tì jbstrblt lfurt‒s bnsbstinli, \fut`wist lfntbnuij tf mllfggfjmti Jihtm ivinmctir Euni, t`rfua` mnj mctir tì prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn ìmrbna. \ii suprm p. =0.



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\pilbcblmhhy, tì jbstrblt lfurt cfunj t`mt \fut`wist‒s fpirmtbna

slìjuhi wms cbxij mt tì tbgi fc Jihtm‒s riquist mnj lmnnft di ixpmnjij

hmtir tf jicimt Jihtm‒s rba`t tf mllfggfjmtbfn? fr, bn bts wfrjs5 ‘\fut`wist

lmnnft ‐rmgp up‒ bts chba`t slìjuhi tf t`wmrt tì pinjbna mllfggfjmtbfn

riquist dy Jihtm.‗=;= Zì nilissmry lfnvirsi fc t`bs `fhjbna bs t`mt Jihtm (m

nfnpmrty) lmn t`wmrt (mnj bn pirpitubty, privint) \fut`wist‒s cuhh usi

sbgphy dy riquistbna mllfggfjmtbfn mt mny pfbnt dicfri \fut`wist `ms

ml`bivij cuhh usi fc tì amtis. Z`bs lfnlhusbfn lmnnft di lfrrilt. Bt wfuhj

di mdsurj cfr \fut`wist tf di pirgmninthy ixlhujij crfg usi fc bts

pricirintbmhhy-himsij amtis dmsij fn m snmps`ft tmoin mt m sbnahi gfgint bn

tbgi, ivin bc \fut`wist sudsiquinthy jilbjij tf ixpmnj bts fwn slìjuhi

tf usi tì spmli fn w`bl` Jihtm wms bnbtbmhhy mllfggfjmtij.

Zì jbstrblt lfurt‒s lfnlhusbfn bs bnlfgpmtbdhi wbt` tì unmgdbaufus

prfvbsbfn t`mt \fut`wist ‘wbhh `mvi prbfrbty bn usi fc‗ tì himsij amtis,=;4

tì prfvbsbfn t`mt mn mllfggfjmtbfn lmn fnhy fllur mt sul` tbgis t`mt wbhh

nft ‘unjuhy bntirciri‗ wbt` \fut`wist‒s slìjuhij usi, mnj tì prfvbsbfn

t`mt ‘bn nf ivint s`mhh _mllfggfjmtijW usi dy ftìrs tmoi prilijinli fvir

=;= TFM.3=10.=;4 TFM.14:3 § :.;3.C.:.m.



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_\fut`wist‒sW sl`ijuhij usi.‗=;


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cfr mllfggfjmtbfn.=;3 Bt bs nft lhimr wìtìr tì jbstrblt lfurt lfnsbjirij

tìsi jbccirint jmtis gmtirbmh “ dut bt bs viry lhimr t`mt tì lfurt‒s jicbnbtbfn

fc ‘unjui bntircirinli‗ wfuhj di smtbscbij dy tì ivbjinli t`mt \fut`wist

mnnfunlij bts bntintbfn tf bnlrimsi chba`t fpirmtbfns tf cuhh lmpmlbty fn

Cidrumry 43, 4;=9 (cfr sirvbli icciltbvi Muaust 2, 4;=9).=;1 Zì jbstrblt lfurt

sbgphy ricusij tf abvi iccilt tf t`mt ivbjinli cfr tì unsuppfrtij rimsfn

t`mt ‘\fut`wist lmnnft ‐rmgp up‒ bts chba`t slìjuhi tf t`wmrt tì pinjbna

mllfggfjmtbfn riquist dy Jihtm.‗=;0 Zìri bs nibtìr hiamh mut`frbty nfr

hfablmh mnmhysbs bn tì jbstrblt lfurt‒s frjir tf suppfrt t`bs lfnlhusbfn.

Bn s`frt, tì jbstrblt lfurt siigs tf `mvi turnij \iltbfn :.;3(C)

upsbji jfwn. Bt ìhj ‘tì pricirintbmh usi rba`ts mri sudeilt tf tì

mllfggfjmtbfn prfvbsbfn lfntmbnij bn tì Himsi Mariigint,‗=;2 wìn tì

Himsi ixprisshy (mnj ripimtijhy) prfvbjis tì rivirsi “ t`mt tì

mllfggfjmtbfn fdhbamtbfn bs sudeilt tf \fut`wist‒s pricirintbmh usi rba`ts.

Gfrifvir, sul` mn mllfggfjmtbfn fdhbamtbfn gmois nf sinsi bn tì

unbqui lfggirlbmh lfntixt fc Hfvi Cbihj, w`bl` gust aubji mny

=;3 TFM.3=19-11.=;1 \ii TFM.3=11? sii mhsf TFM.10=0.=;0 TFM.3=10.=;2 TFM.3=11.



66/260

-:2-

bntirpritmtbfn fc t`i Himsi. \ii Mh Tus`mbj, 191 C.


67/260

-9;-

mpprfprbmti slfpi fc jirbvmtbvi lfntrmlt rba`ts.==; \ii ainirmhhy Zinnilf,

Bnl. v. Intirprbsi [rfjs. Lf., 249 \.Q.4j 3:;, 3:3 (Zix. =223) (‘Qi `mvi hfna

ìhj t`mt lfurts wbhh nft riwrbti mariigints tf bnsirt prfvbsbfns pmrtbis

lfuhj `mvi bnlhujij fr tf bgphy ristrmbnts cfr w`bl` tìy `mvi nft

dmrambnij.‗).

Zì Lbty‒s jilhmrmtfry eujagint lhmbg jfis nft lrimti m dmsbs cfrD.bneunltbvi rihbic.

Bn mjjbtbfn tf ruhbna fn Jihtm‒s lhmbgs, tì jbstrblt lfurt lfnlhujij

t`mt ‘ivin bc tì Lfurt lfuhj nft armnt Jihtm‒s gftbfn,‗ tì Lbty wms

intbthij tf mn bneunltbfn dilmusi bt ‘msos tì Lfurt tf jilhmri w`mt tì Lbty

bs riqubrij tf jf‗ mnj ‘wbhh privmbh fn bts jilhmrmtfry eujagint lhmbgs

fnli tì Lfurt jitirgbnis mnj jilhmris tì Lbty‒s rba`ts mnj

rispfnsbdbhbtbis pirtmbnbna tf mllfggfjmtbfn riquists.‗=== Dut ms wbt`

==; \ii Dynug v. [rujintbmh Tisbj. \irv., =42 \.Q.


68/260

-9=-

Jihtm‒s lhmbgs, tì Lbty‒s jilhmrmtfry eujagint lhmbg cmbhs tf suppfrt tì

prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn.

Cunjmgintmhhy, bc Jihtm jbj nft istmdhbs` m hboihb`ffj fc sulliss fn

tì girbts, tìn tìri bs nf dmsbs cfr mn bneunltbfn bn Jihtm‒s cmvfr, nf

gmttir w`f drbnas tì lhmbg. Dut tì Lbty bs pmrtbluhmrhy bhh-subtij tf drbna

sul` m lhmbg, ms bt `ms gmji nf jilbsbfn tf riqubri mllfggfjmtbfn, mnj

tùs nft trbaairij mny fdhbamtbfn dy \fut`wist tf `fnfr sul` m riquist.

Z`bs unjbsputij cmlt `ms t`rii hiamh lfnsiquinlis, iml` fc w`bl` s`fws

t`mt tì Lbty `ms nf hboihb`ffj fc sulliss fn m lhmbg tf inefbn \fut`wist.

Cbrst , tì Lbty‒s lhmbg bs nft rbpi, dilmusi nft`bna `ms `mppinij t`mt

lfuhj eustbcy sul` mn bneunltbfn. \ii Bn ri Dfyj Sibaih, [.L., 919 Cij. Mpp‒x


69/260

-94-

Z`brj , tì Lbty lmnnft ivin istmdhbs` stmnjbna tf sui fn t`bs lhmbg. Fc

lfursi, tì Lbty `ms stmnjbna tf incfrli mt himst sfgi prfvbsbfns fc tì

Himsi mambnst \fut`wist. ‘Dut stmnjbna bs nft jbspinsij bn arfss.‗ Hiwbs v.

Lmsiy, 9=0 Y.\.


70/260

-9


71/260

-9:-

tf usi tì hblinsij prigbsis mctir bts hblinsi ixpbrij). Mn bneunltbfn bs tì

rigijy cfr sul` m t`rimt5

Bt bs sitthij pfhbly t`mt m pirsfn bn pfssissbfn fc hmnjs, usbnamnj inefybna tìg wbhh di prftiltij crfg wrfnacuh mttigpts dyftìrs tf bnvmji tì pfssissbfn, fr tf jistrfy bts usi mnjinefygint. \ul` bnvmsbfns `mvi nf phmbn mnj mjiqumti rigijyixlipt dy bneunltbfn.

Lmrabhh v. Dubi,


72/260

-99-

brripmrmdhi jmgmai mri smtbscbij.‗)? sii mhsf Fpuhint Hbci L`url` v. Lbty fc

@fhhy \prbnas, 321 C.


73/260

-93-

Emnumry =, 4;;;‗). \`fuhj mjjbtbfnmh prffc di nilissmry, tì rilfrj s`fws

cmr gfri? \fut`wist wbtniss Dfd Gfntafgiry tistbcbij unriduttij mdfut

t`rii spilbcbl wmys t`mt lfntbnuij mllfggfjmtbfn fc Jihtm‒s chba`ts wbhh

lfntbnui tf `mrg \fut`wist “ nitwfro-wbji jihmys, wfrsinij lustfgir

sirvbli, mnj mllbjints.

Cbrst , mllfggfjmtbna Jihtm‒s chba`ts lmusis sbanbcblmnt jihmys

t`rfua`fut \fut`wist‒s fvirmhh nitwfro.==0 Gr. Gfntafgiry tistbcbij t`mt

sbnli Muaust 2, fn gfst jmys \fut`wist chba`ts lfgbna tf Hfvi Cbihj ‘`mvi

`mj tf puhh up s`frt mnj `fhj mnywìri crfg cbvi gbnutis tf . . . 91

gbnutis tf wmbt cfr t`mt amti tf lhimr.‗==2 Zìsi jihmys nft fnhy crustrmti

\fut`wist trmvihirs stulo fn tì runwmy, dut bgpmlt tì w`fhi \fut`wist

nitwfro dilmusi t`fsi ‘ìhj fut‗ mbrphmnis af fn crfg Jmhhms tf ftìr

jistbnmtbfns, ‘w`bl` gimns t`mt mbrphmni bs afbna crfg phmli tf phmli tf

phmli mhh jmy hfna wbt`fut m w`fhi hft fc rilfviry pirbfj.‗=4; Z`bs, bn turn,

jihmys \fut`wist pmssinairs mnj chba`ts mlrfss tì lfuntry.=4= Bnjiij,

Jihtm‒s fwn jflugints nfti t`mt ‘ms mbrhbnis try tf ‐lrmg‒ gfri chba`ts bntf

==0 TFM.324254


74/260

-91-

_ W ixbstbna amtis, t`iy wbhh bnlur gfri amti l`mnais, amti `fhjfuts, jihmys,

mnj tmxbwmy lfnaistbfn.‗=44

\ilfnj , Gr. Gfntafgiry tistbcbij t`mt mllfggfjmtbna Jihtm‒s chba`ts

`ms jmgmaij \fut`wist‒s lustfgir sirvbli riputmtbfn.=4


75/260

-90-

gfri wìn igphfyiis fc twf jbccirint mbrhbnis gust lffrjbnmti trmnsbtbfns

t`rfua`fut tì jmy.=41 \fut`wist‒s mllfggfjmtbfn fc Jihtm `ms gimnt t`mt

‘smcity gmrabns mri dibna jbgbnbsìj, _mnjW rbso bs afbna up.‗=40

Iviry lmsi tì jbstrblt lfurt lbtij mdfut ‘hfss fc affjwbhh‗ fr ‘hfst

dusbniss‗ cfr Jihtm=42 mltumhhy s`fws w`y \fut`wist `ms succirij

brripmrmdhi `mrg. Jinybna \fut`wist tì usi fc bts himsij amtis wbt`fut

bntircirinli gimns \fut`wist hfsis tì fppfrtunbty tf jf dusbniss mt t`fsi

amtis, mnj bs tùs `mrgij. Zì trbmh lfurt‒s lfnstrultbfn bs, bn issinli, m

cfrcibturi fc \fut`wist‒s ixpriss rba`ts, lfntrmry tf m dmsbl prbnlbphi fc

Zixms lfntrmlt hmw. \ii, i.a., Gmt`bs v. JLT Gfrtamai BBB \ud B, HHL ,


76/260

-92-

lfnlissbfn. \pilbcblmhhy, bt wbhh rimjbhy marii tf m t`brty-jmy trmnsbtbfn

pirbfj tf mhhfw tì nilissmry hfabstblmh mrrmnaigints tf di gmji tf

cmlbhbtmti m sgfft` fpirmtbfnmh trmnscir.

Lhimrhy, tì trbmh lfurt cunjmgintmhhy jbsmpprfvij fc w`mt Lfnariss

jbj bn QMTM. Dut bts ruhbna wms nft tì rba`t wmy tf s`fw t`mt

jbsmpprfvmh. Qìn m stmtuti `ms unmgdbaufus tirgs, ‘eujblbmh bnqubry bs

lfgphiti.‗ [`bhhbps v. Gmrbni Lfnlriti \trulturis, Bnl., 029 C.4j =;


77/260

-3;-

Cfr tì cfriafbna rimsfns, Mppihhmnt rispiltcuhhy riquists t`mt t`bs

Lfurt vmlmti tì jbstrblt lfurt‒s prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn bn cmvfr fc Jihtm,

armnt tì prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn bn cmvfr fc \fut`wist, mnj rigmnj cfr

curtìr prfliijbnas lfnsbstint wbt` t`mt ruhbna, mnj ftìrwbsi armnt sul`

rihbic tf Mppihhmnt ms bs eust mnj prfpir.



78/260

-3=-

Tispiltcuhhy sudgbttij,

/s/ Irbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.Irbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.

Zixms Dmr Nf. =3;=399;ipbnoirKhynnhhp.lfgJmvbj \. LfmhiZixms Dmr Nf. ;;101499jlfmhiKhynnhhp.lfg Oint J. OrmdbhhZixms Dmr Nf. 4:;3;==9oormdbhhKhynnhhp.lfg Drbttm Irbn \tmntfn

Zixms Dmr Nf. 4:;


79/260

-34-

LITZBCBLMZI FC \ITSBLI

Zì unjirsbanij lirtbcbis t`mt fn Mprbh 44, 4;=3, tì cfriafbna

[itbtbfn wms cbhij wbt` tì Lhiro cfr tì Ynbtij \tmtis Lfurt fc Mppimhs cfr

tì Cbct` Lbrlubt, mnj t`mt mhh lfunsih fc rilfrj wiri sirvij dy ihiltrfnbl

gimns fn t`mt smgi jmti.

/s/ Jmvbj \. Lfmhi

Jmvbj \. Lfmhi



80/260

-3


81/260

=

Nf. =3-=;;9=

Bn t`i

Ynbtij \tmtis Lfurt fc Mppimhscfr t`i Cbct` Lbrlubt

Lbty fc Jmhhms,

[hmbntbcc/Mppihhii,

v.

Jihtm Mbr Hbnis, Bnl.,

Jicinjmnt/Mppihhii,

v.

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf.,

Jicinjmnt/Mppihhmnt.

M[[IHHMNZ‒\ TILFTJ IPLIT[Z\

Tussihh \. [fst

DILO TIJJIN HH[

=44= GlObnniy \t., \ubti :9;;

@fustfn, Zixms 11;=;

Irbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.

Jmvbj \. Lfmhi

Oint J. Ormdbhh

Drbttm Irbn \tmntfn

HRNN [BNOIT LFP & @YT\Z, HH[

4=;; Tfss Mvinui, \ubti 41;;

Jmhhms, Zixms 194;=

Mttfrniys cfr Mppihhmnt

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf.



82/260

4

BNJIP

ZMD Jmti Jislrbptbfn [MAI NF.JFLOIZ

NF.

=.

Jbstrblt Lfurt Jfloit \`iit cfr


83/260

<

JMZIJ5 Mprbh 44, 4;=3 Tispiltcuhhy sudgbttij,

/s/ Irbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.

Irbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.

Zixms Dmr Nf. =3;=399;

ipbnoirKhynnhhp.lfg

Jmvbj \. Lfmhi

Zixms Dmr Nf. ;;101499

jlfmhiKhynnhhp.lfg

Oint J. Ormdbhh

Zixms Dmr Nf. 4:;3;==9

oormdbhhKhynnhhp.lfg

Drbttm Irbn \tmntfn

Zixms Dmr Nf. 4:;


84/260

:

LITZBCBLMZI FC \ITSBLI

Zì unjirsbanij ìridy lirtbcbis t`mt m trui mnj lfrrilt lfpy fc tì

cfriafbna jflugint wms sirvij vbm tì Lfurt‒s ILC systig fn lfunsih fc rilfrj

fn Mprbh 44, 4;=3.

/s/ Irbl Q. [bnoir, [.L.

Irbl Q. [bnoir

:04;-113=-;;


85/260

M[[IMH,LHF\IJ,IP@-MJG,@FTMN,EYTR,\ZMRIJ

Y.\. Jbstrblt Lfurt

Nfrt`irn Jbstrblt fc Zixms (Jmhhms)

LBSBH JFLOIZ CFT LM\I #5


86/260

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=-3113

4=:-31=-9;;:

Cmx5 4=:-31;-;344

Igmbh5 einnbcir.drbssittiKjmhhmslbty`mhh.lfg

MZZFTNIR ZF DI NFZBLIJ

Dmr \tmtus5 Mjgbttij/Bn Affj \tmnjbna

Gmtt`iw Omdhmn \mhbdm

Jmhhms Lbty Mttfrniy's Fccbli

=9;; Gmrbhhm \triit

1JN

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=

4=:-09;-92


87/260



Ms`hiy Ihbzmdit` Ef`nsfn

Abdsfn Junn & Lrutl`ir HH[

4=;; GlObnniy Mvi., \ti ==;;

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=

4=:/320-


88/260

Igmbh5 TQmhtirsKabdsfnjunn.lfg

ZITGBNMZIJ5 ;3/42/4;=9


Tussihh @ Cmhlfnir

Abdsfn, Junn & Lrutl`ir HH[

4=;; GlObnniy Mvi.

\ubti ==;;

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=

4=:-320-


89/260

4=:/20=-


90/260

\ubti 919

Jmhhms, ZP 19449

033-19:-=2;;

Igmbh5 ddmrnittKsusgmnafjcriy.lfg



Jicinjmnt

Mgirblmn Mbrhbnis Bnl riprisintij dy Gbl`mih S [fwihh

Hfloi Hfrj HH[

44;; Tfss Mvinui, \ti 44;;

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=-3113

4=:/1:;-094;

Cmx5 4=:/1:;-00;;

Igmbh5 gpfwihhKhfloihfrj.lfg

HIMJ MZZFTNIR



L \lftt Efnis

Hfloi Hfrj HH[

44;; Tfss Mvi

\ubti 40;;

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=-3113

4=:-1:;-013=

Igmbh5 sefnisKhfloihfrj.lfg



Jicinjmnt

Ynbtij Mbrhbnis Bnl riprisintij dy E Irbl Amgdrihh

Mobn Augp \trmuss @muir & Cihj

=1;; [mlbcbl Mvi

\ubti :=;;

Jmhhms, ZP 194;=-:3=0

4=:/232-4122

Cmx5 4=:/232-:


91/260

Jicinjmnt

\impfrt Mbrhbnis Bnl riprisintij dy Ef`n Tfdirt Tfdirtsfn

@famn Hfvihhs Y\ HH[

999 Z`brtiint` \triit NQ

Qms`bnatfn, JL 4;;;=-==;2

4;4/3


92/260

Lrfss Lhmbgmnt

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf riprisintij dy Oint J Ormdbhh

(\ii mdfvi cfr mjjriss)

HIMJ MZZFTNIR



Drbttm I \tmntfn(\ii mdfvi cfr mjjriss)



Ef`n Z Lfx , BBB




Tussihh A. @irgmn

(\ii mdfvi cfr mjjriss) MZZFTNIR ZF DI NFZBLIJ


\tip`in GlLhmbn Lfhi




S.

Lrfss Jicinjmnt

Jihtm Mbr Hbnis Bnl riprisintij dy Qbhhbmg D Jmwsfn


HIMJ MZZFTNIR



Einnbcir Zrflo


[TF @ML SBLI


Dmr \tmtus5 Nft Mjgbttij

Omrh A Nihsfn




Oinnit` ]ubnn


[TF @ML SBLI



=3-=;;9=.0



93/260

Tussihh @ Cmhlfnir




Lfuntir Lhmbgmnt

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf riprisintij dy Oint J Ormdbhh(\ii mdfvi cfr mjjriss)

HIMJ MZZFTNIR



Drbttm I \tmntfn




Ef`n Z Lfx , BBB(\ii mdfvi cfr mjjriss)



Tussihh A. @irgmn








S.

Lfuntir Jicinjmnt

Lbty fc Jmhhms riprisintij dy [itir D @msoih


HIMJ MZZFTNIR



L`mrhis Istii




L`rbstfp`ir E Lmsf




=3-=;;9=.2



94/260

Einnbcir M Drbssitti








[itrbnm Hulritbm Z`fgpsfn




Lfuntir Lhmbgmnt



HIMJ MZZFTNIR MZZFTNIR ZF DI NFZBLIJ






Einnbcir Zrflo




Omrh A Nihsfn




Oinnit` ]ubnn




Tfdirt L Qmhtirs




Tussihh @ Cmhlfnir




=3-=;;9=.=;



95/260

S.

Lfuntir Jicinjmnt

Lbty fc Jmhhms riprisintij dy [itir D @msoih


HIMJ MZZFTNIR



L`mrhis Istii




L`rbstfp`ir E Lmsf




Einnbcir M Drbssitti








[itrbnm Hulritbm Z`fgpsfn(\ii mdfvi cfr mjjriss)



Lrfss Lhmbgmnt



HIMJ MZZFTNIR







Einnbcir Zrflo




Omrh A Nihsfn

=3-=;;9=.==



96/260




Oinnit` ]ubnn




Tfdirt L Qmhtirs




Tussihh @ Cmhlfnir




S.

Lrfss Jicinjmnt



HIMJ MZZFTNIR



Drbttm I \tmntfn



Ef`n Z Lfx , BBB




Tussihh A. @irgmn


MZZFTNIR ZF DI NFZBLIJ Dmr \tmtus5 Mjgbttij/Bn Affj \tmnjbna





Lfuntir Lhmbgmnt



HIMJ MZZFTNIR

=3-=;;9=.=4



97/260







Einnbcir Zrflo




Omrh A Nihsfn




Oinnit` ]ubnn



Tfdirt L Qmhtirs




Tussihh @ Cmhlfnir


MZZFTNIR ZF DI NFZBLIJ Dmr \tmtus5 Mjgbttij/Bn Affj \tmnjbna

S.

Lfuntir Jicinjmnt



HIMJ MZZFTNIR



Drbttm I \tmntfn




Ef`n Z Lfx , BBB




=3-=;;9=.=<



98/260

Tussihh A. @irgmn








Lrfss Lhmbgmnt



HIMJ MZZFTNIR






Einnbcir Zrflo




Omrh A Nihsfn




Oinnit` ]ubnn




Tfdirt L Qmhtirs




Tussihh @ Cmhlfnir




S.

Lrfss Jicinjmnt



=3-=;;9=.=:



99/260

HIMJ MZZFTNIR



Drbttm I \tmntfn




Ef`n Z Lfx , BBB




Tussihh A. @irgmn




\tip`in GlLhmbn Lfhi(\ii mdfvi cfr mjjriss)



Lrfss Jicinjmnt

Ynbtij Mbrhbnis Bnl riprisintij dy E Irbl Amgdrihh


HIMJ MZZFTNIR



Ef`n O Armnt`mg




Jmti Cbhij # Jfloit Zixt

;3/=1/4;=9 = (p.


100/260

;3/=1/4;=9 < (p.=44) Niw Lmsi Nftis5 M cbhbna cii ̀ ms diin pmbj. Cbhi tf Eujai Obnoimji. [ursumnt tf

Gbsl. Frjir 3, [hmbntbcc bs prfvbjij t`i Nftbli fc Tba`t tf Lfnsint tf [rfliij

Dicfri M Y.\. Gmabstrmti Eujai (Eujai @frmn). Lhiro tf prfvbji lfpy tf phmbntbcc

bc nft rilibvij ihiltrfnblmhhy. (mxg) (Intirij5 ;3/=0/4;=9)

;3/=0/4;=9 : (p.=4:) \uggfns Bssuij ms tf Mgirblmn Mbrhbnis Bnl, Jihtm Mbrhbnis Bnl, \impfrt

Mbrhbnis Bnl, \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf, Ynbtij Mbrhbnis Bnl, Sbrabn Mgirblm Bnl.

(mxg) (Intirij5 ;3/=0/4;=9)

;3/=0/4;=9 9 (p.=


101/260

mjjij. (Tfdirtsfn, Ef`n) (Intirij5 ;3/44/4;=9)

;3/44/4;=9 =3 (p.41=) NFZBLI fc Mttfrniy Mppimrmnli dy Jmvbj Gbl`mih Ahmss-JFE fn di`mhc fc

Cijirmh Mvbmtbfn Mjgbnbstrmtbfn, Ynbtij \tmtis Jipmrtgint fc Zrmnspfrtmtbfn.

(Cbhir lfncbrgs lfntmlt bncf bn ILC bs lurrint.). [mrty Y.\. Jip't fc Zrmnsp. &

CMM mjjij. (Ahmss-JFE, Jmvbj) (Intirij5 ;3/44/4;=9)

;3/44/4;=9 =1 (p.41


102/260

;3/4


103/260

;3/4:/4;=9


104/260

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf, LTF\\LHMBG mambnst Jihtm Mbrhbnis Bnl cbhij dy

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf, LFYNZITLHMBG mambnst Lbty fc Jmhhms cbhij dy

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf (Mttml`gints5 # = (p.


105/260

\YGGFN\ Titurnij Ixilutij ms tf Ynbtij \tmtis Jipmrtgint fc

Zrmnspfrtmtbfn mnj Cijirmh Mvbmtbfn Mjgbnbstrmtbfn. (rmn) (Intirij5 ;1/4;/4;=9)

;1/4;/4;=9 33 (p.=:1=) MN\QIT tf = (p.


106/260

;0/;:/4;=9 13 (p.=2;3) Ynfppfsij GFZBFN cfr Himvi tf Cbhi Mginjij Mnswir mnj Tispfnsi cbhij dy

\fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf (Mttml`gints5 # = (p.


107/260

;0/==/4;=9 00 (p.4112) Mppinjbx bn \uppfrt cbhij dy \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf ri 03 (p.41:1) Mginjij

Lfgdbnij Tispfnsi. (twj) (Intirij5 ;0/==/4;=9)

;0/==/4;=9 02 (Jflugint Tistrbltij) \imhij Mttfrniy Lfntmlt Bncfrgmtbfn (\imhij pursumnt tf

\F =2-=, stmtuti, fr ruhi) cbhij dy \impfrt Mbrhbnis Bnl, Sbrabn Mgirblm Bnl

(Dmrnitt, Dmrry) (Intirij5 ;0/==/4;=9)

;0/==/4;=9 2; (Jflugint Tistrbltij) \imhij Mttfrniy Lfntmlt Bncfrgmtbfn (\imhij pursumnt tf

\F =2-=, stmtuti, fr ruhi) cbhij dy Lbty fc Jmhhms (Lmsf, L`rbstfp`ir) (Intirij5;0/==/4;=9)

;0/==/4;=9 2< (Jflugint Tistrbltij) Mttfrniy Lfntmlt Bncfrgmtbfn (\imhij pursumnt tf \F

=2-=, stmtuti, fr ruhi) cbhij dy Cijirmh Mvbmtbfn Mjgbnbstrmtbfn, Ynbtij \tmtis

Jipmrtgint fc Zrmnspfrtmtbfn (Ahmss-JFE, Jmvbj) (Intirij5 ;0/==/4;=9)

;0/=4/4;=9 2: (p.4011) \ZB[YHMZBFN Ixtinjbna Zbgi dy Lbty fc Jmhhms, \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf.

(Ormdbhh, Oint) (Intirij5 ;0/=4/4;=9)

;0/=1/4;=9 21 (p.400;) MN\QIT tf Lrfsslhmbg cbhij dy \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf. Tihmtij jflugint5 32

(p.=992) Mnswir tf Lrfsslhmbg,,,, Lfuntirlhmbg, (Lfhi, \tip`in) (Intirij5

;0/=1/4;=9)

;0/41/4;=9 =44 (p.42


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;0/


109/260

;2/;2/4;=9 =:3 (p.


110/260

;2/=:/4;=9 =92 IHILZTFNBL FTJIT armntbna =:9 (p.


111/260

GFZBFN cfr Ixtinsbfn fc Zbgi tf Cbhi Tispfnsi/Tiphy tf =


112/260

2/=0/4;=9) (l`gd) (Intirij5 ;2/=0/4;=9)

;2/=0/4;=9 =04 (p.:942) NFZBLI fc Mttfrniy Mppimrmnli dy [itir D @msoih cfr [itrbnm Z`fgpsfn fn

di`mhc fc Lbty fc Jmhhms. (@msoih, [itir) (Intirij5 ;2/=0/4;=9)

;2/=0/4;=9 =0< (p.:9


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;2/41/4;=9 =29 (Jflugint Tistrbltij) \imhij Tispfnsi ri5 =2= (p.:1;


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(Ix`bdbts mjgbttij - Titurnij tf [mrtbis. Z`i [mrtbis wbhh riturn m lfgphiti sit tf

ait m lfgphiti sit tf t`i Lfurt nf hmtir t`mn Fltfdir 1, 4;=9.) Zbgi bn Lfurt -

354;. (l`gd) (Intirij5 ;2/


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Nftbli fc Cbhbna fc Fccblbmh Ihiltrfnbl Zrmnslrbpt fc [rihbgbnmry Bneunltbfn

@imrbna, Sfh. < [rfliijbnas `ihj fn 2-


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=;/;2/4;=9 449 (p.94;;) Ynfppfsij GFZBFN cfr Himvi tf Cbhi Dihmtij Mnswir tf \fut`wist's Z`brj

Mginjij Lrfsslhmbg cbhij dy Jihtm Mbr Hbnis Bnl wbt` Drbic/Gigfrmnjug bn

\uppfrt. (Mttml`gints5 # = (p.


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=;/4:/4;=9)

=;/43/4;=9 4


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(p.=44) [rfpfsij Frjir) (@irgmn, Tussihh) (Intirij5 ==/49/4;=9)

==/41/4;=9 49= (p.909:) GFZBFN tf Jbsgbss cfr Hmlo fc Eurbsjbltbfn Jihtm's lrfss-lhmbgs, Gftbfn tf

Jbsgbss cfr Cmbhuri tf \tmti m Lhmbg() cbhij dy Ynbtij Mbrhbnis Bnl (Armnt`mg,

Ef`n) (Intirij5 ==/41/4;=9)

==/41/4;=9 494 (p.9090) Drbic/Gigfrmnjug bn \uppfrt cbhij dy Ynbtij Mbrhbnis Bnl ri 49= (p.909:)

GFZBFN tf Jbsgbss cfr Hmlo fc Eurbsjbltbfn Jihtm's lrfss-lhmbgsGftbfn tf

Jbsgbss cfr Cmbhuri tf \tmti m Lhmbg (Armnt`mg, Ef`n) (Intirij5 ==/41/4;=9)

==/41/4;=9 49< (p.9009) Mppinjbx bn \uppfrt cbhij dy Ynbtij Mbrhbnis Bnl ri 494 (p.9090)

Drbic/Gigfrmnjug bn \uppfrt fc Gftbfn (Mttml`gints5 # = (p.


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Lbvbh [rflijuri, [hmbntbcc Lbty fc Jmhhms pfst m dfnj bn tì mgfunt fc fni

ùnjrij jfhhmrs ($=;;) fn fr dicfri =/=9/4;=3, mt :5;; [.G., tf siluri pmygint

fc mny jmgmais sustmbnij bc Jicinjmnt \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf. bs cfunj tf `mvi

diin wrfnacuhhy inefbnij. (Frjirij dy Eujai Ij Obnoimji fn =/0/4;=3) (ltc)

(Intirij5 ;=/;0/4;=3)

;=/=4/4;=3 492 (p.3=2:) FTJIT TI]YBTBNA \L@IJYHBNA LFNCITINLI MNJ TI[FTZ CFT

LFNZINZ\ FC \L@IJYHBNA FTJIT5 Zì Efbnt Tipfrt s`mhh di cbhij nf

hmtir t`mn =; jmys crfg tì jmti fc tì slìjuhbna lfncirinli. (Frjirij dy Eujai

Ij Obnoimji fn =/=4/4;=3) (mxg) (Intirij5 ;=/=4/4;=3)

;=/=


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33-32, # 3 (p.=:0) Ix`bdbt(s) 1;-11, # 1 Ix`bdbt(s) 0;-00, # 0 (p.=:2) Ix`bdbt(s)

2;-2


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ZMD 4



122/260

\FYZ@QI\Z MBTHBNI\ LF.‒\ NFZBLI FC M[[IMH [mai =

YNBZIJ \ZMZI\ JB\ZTBLZ LFYTZ

NFTZ@ITN JB\ZTBLZ FC ZIPM\

JMHHM\ JBSB\BFN

LBZR FC JMHHM\,

[hmbntbcc,

v.

JIHZM MBT HBNI\, BNL., \FYZ@QI\Z

MBTHBNI\ LF., SBTABN MGITBLM BNL.,

MGITBLMN MBTHBNI\, BNL., YNBZIJ

MBTHBNI\, BNL., \IM[FTZ MBTHBNI\,

BNL., YNBZIJ \ZMZI\ JI[MTZGINZ

FC ZTMN\[FTZMZBFN, MNJ Z@I

CIJITMH MSBMZBFN

MJGBNB\ZTMZBFN,

Jicinjmnts.

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

§

Lbvbh Mltbfn Nf.


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\FYZ@QI\Z MBTHBNI\ LF.‒\ NFZBLI FC M[[IMH [mai 4

JMZIJ5 Emnumry =2, 4;=3 Tispiltcuhhy sudgbttij

/s/ Drbttm Irbn \tmntfn Ef`n Z. Lfx, BBB (tlfxKhynnhhp.lfg)

Zixms Dmr Nf. 4:;;


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ZMD <



125/260

=

BN Z@I YNBZIJ \ZMZI\ JB\ZTBLZ LFYTZNFTZ@ITN JB\ZTBLZ FC ZIPM\

JMHHM\ JBSB\BFN

LBZR FC JMHHM\, §§[hmbntbcc, §

§ v. § Lbvbh Mltbfn Nf.


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4

Mambnst \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lf. (Jfl. Nf. 44). Zì Lfurt ìhj mn ivbjintbmry

ìmrbna (‘bneunltbfn ìmrbna‗) fn tìsi pinjbna gftbfns cfr bneunltbvi rihbic fn

\iptigdir 40-


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<

fpirmtbfns tf JCQ Mbrpfrt. Mt t`mt tbgi, Jicinjmnt \fut`wist Mbrhbnis Lfgpmny

(‘\fut`wist‗) chiw fnhy wbt`bn tì \tmti fc Zixms, sf bt wms nft m cijirmhhy lirtbcbij

mbr lmrrbir. Mht`fua` tì ftìr mbrhbnis hict Hfvi Cbihj, \fut`wist lfntbnuij bts Zixms-

fnhy chba`t fpirmtbfns crfg Hfvi Cbihj.

Qbt` tì inmltgint fc tì Mbrhbni Jiriauhmtbfn Mlt fc =210, \fut`wist

mnnfunlij phmns tf ixpmnj bts Hfvi Cbihj chba`t fpirmtbfns tf mbrpfrts futsbji fc

Zixms. Bn rispfnsi tf t`mt mnnfunligint mnj bn mn iccfrt tf prftilt tì

jivihfpgint fc JCQ Mbrpfrt, Lfnariss pmssij tì Qrba`t Mginjgint bn =212?

nmgij cfr Ebg Qrba`t, m lfnarissgmn crfg Ct. Qfrt` w`f wms hmtir \pimoir fc tì

@fusi. Zì Qrba`t Mginjgint ristrbltij bntirstmti chba`ts crfg Hfvi Cbihj tf

Hfubsbmnm, Mromnsms, Fohm`fgm mnj Niw Gixblf, tì cfur stmtis surrfunjbna Zixms.

Bn sivirmh hmtir mginjgints tf tì Qrba`t Mginjgint, jbrilt sirvbli crfg Hfvi

Cbihj tf Mhmdmgm, Omnsms, Gbssbssbppb mnj Gbssfurb wms mhhfwij. Jurbna t`bs tbgi fc

ristrbltij chba`t fpirmtbfns, ftìr mbr lmrrbirs gfvij bn mnj fut fc Hfvi Cbihj, dut

\fut`wist rigmbnij.

Ticfrgbna mnj Tipimhbna tì Qrba`t Mginjgint

Mt tì suaaistbfn fc Lfnariss bn 4;;3, Jmhhms mnj Ct. Qfrt` diamn wfrobna fn m

rilfgginjmtbfn cfr m hfna-tirg sfhutbfn tf tì Qrba`t Mginjgint‒s chba`t

ristrbltbfns mt Hfvi Cbihj. Zì risuht wms mn mariigint intirij bntf ditwiin tì Lbty

fc Jmhhms, tì Lbty fc Ct. Qfrt`, JCQ Mbrpfrt Dfmrj, \fut`wist, mnj Jicinjmnt

Lmsi


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:

Mgirblmn Mbrhbnis (‘Mgirblmn‗) fn Euhy ==, 4;;3 (‘Cbvi [mrty Mariigint‗).

Bgpfrtmnt tirgs fc tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint bnlhuji tì cfhhfwbna5

=. M rijultbfn bn tì tftmh nugdir fc amtis mt Hfvi Cbihj crfg


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9

Cbvi [mrty Mariigint, tì Himsi Mariigint jfis jicbni tì tirg ‘pricirintbmh usi‗ ms

gimnbna tì \banmtfry Mbrhbni `ms prbgmry, dut nft sfhi, usi fc tì himsij spmli.

Mctir tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint wms cfrgmhbzij, tì pmrtbis prisintij tìbr

mariigint tf Lfnariss ms tì lfhhmdfrmtbvi hflmh iccfrt cfr ricfrgbna mnj/fr ripimhbna

tì Qrba`t Mginjgint. \ivirmh, t`fua` nft mhh, prfvbsbfns fc tì Cbvi [mrty

Mariigint wiri uhtbgmtihy bnlfrpfrmtij bntf tì Qrba`t Mginjgint Ticfrg Mlt

(‘QMTM‗), w`bl` fccblbmhhy ripimhij tì Qrba`t Mginjgint wìn bt wms mjfptij fn

Fltfdir =


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3

usi‗ fc tì 4; amtis mt Hfvi Cbihj‚IxprissEit Mbrhbnis, Bnl. (‘IxprissEit‗), Mgirblmn,

mnj \fut`wist. Bn 4;;0, tì IxprissEit amtis wiri mlqubrij dy Lfntbnintmh Mbrhbnis,

mnj tìn dy Jicinjmnt Ynbtij Mbrhbnis, Bnl. (‘Ynbtij‗) ms pmrt fc bts girair wbt`

Lfntbnintmh. Qbt` tì girair, Ynbtij dilmgi fdhbamtij ms m sullissfr tf m \banmtfry

Mbrhbni riamrjbna mhh fdhbamtbfns unjir tì Himsi Mariigint cfr t`fsi twf amtis.

Mgirblmn bs stbhh m \banmtfry Mbrhbni, dut bn Gmy 4;=:, Jicinjmnt Sbrabn Mgirblm,

Bnl. (‘Sbrabn‗) sudhimsij Mgirblmn‒s twf amtis pursumnt tf m cijirmh jbvistbturi frjir

rihmtij tf tì Mgirblmn mnj Y.\. Mbrwmys girair w`bl` diamn bn 4;=< mnj wms

mpprfvij bn 4;=:. Z`bs mltbfn icciltbvihy rigfvij Mgirblmn Mbrhbnis crfg chybna fut

fc Hfvi Cbihj. (\fut`wist mnj Jihtm dft` sfua`t t`fsi twf Mgirblmn amtis jurbna

tì jbvistbturi prfliijbnas mnj dft` wiri rieiltij dy tì Jipmrtgint fc Eustbli mnj

tì cijirmh lfurt.) Sbrabn tìn intirij bntf m amti usmai mariigint wbt` Jicinjmnt

\impfrt Mbrhbnis mhhfwbna bt tf fpirmti twf chba`ts jmbhy crfg Sbrabn‒s twf amtis.

\fut`wist lfntbnuis tf `mvi m Himsi Mariigint wbt` tì Lbty cfr pricirintbmh usi fc

=3 amtis.

Zirgs mnj [rfvbsbfns fc tì Himsi Mariigint

Zì tirgs fc iml` Himsi Mariigint cfr amtis ditwiin tì Lbty mnj tì rispiltbvi

\banmtfry Mbrhbni mri issintbmhhy bjintblmh, mllfrjbna tf tì Lbty. Zì \banmtfry

Mbrhbni `ms ibtìr ixlhusbvi usi fr pricirintbmh usi fc bts himsij spmli mt Hfvi Cbihj, ms

jislrbdij bn tì Himsi Mariigints. ‘Ixlhusbvi usi‗ pirtmbns tf t`mt himsij spmli t`mt

tì \banmtfry Mbrhbni `ms tì sfhi rba`t tf usi. ‘[ricirintbmh usi‗, fn tì ftìr `mnj,

Lmsi


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1

mpphbis tf t`fsi himsij spmlis wìri tì \banmtfry Mbrhbni bs lfnsbjirij tì prbgmry,

dut nft sfhi, usir. Ynjir iml` Himsi Mariigint, nf \banmtfry Mbrhbni `ms ixlhusbvi

usi fc mny amti, fnhy pricirintbmh usi. Zìri bs ixlhusbvi usi himsij spmli mt Hfvi

Cbihj? dut, tìri mri nf ixlhusbvi usi amtis mt Hfvi Cbihj.

Eust ms dft` tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint mnj QMTM rilfanbzij tì hbgbtmtbfns

lrimtij dy tì amti ristrbltbfns, iml` Himsi Mariigint mjjrissis tì pfssbdbhbty fc

Hfvi Cbihj cmlbhbtbis dilfgbna m ‘slmrli risfurli‗. Zì Himsi Mariigint mntblbpmtis m

niw intrmnt mbr lmrrbir (‘Tiquistbna Mbrhbni‗) gmy siio tf prfvbji sirvbli mt Hfvi

Cbihj wbt` tì niw amti ristrbltbfns. Tilfanbzbna tì niij cfr ‘fpin mlliss mnj

unbcfrg trimtgint‗, tì Himsi Mariigint afis curtìr mnj prfvbjis m prflijuri bn

\iltbfn :.;3C wìn mllfggfjmtbfn bs sfua`t dy m Tiquistbna Mbrhbni. Z`bs

prflijuri riqubris tì Tiquistbna Mbrhbni cbrst ix`must mhh rimsfnmdhi iccfrts tf siluri

m vfhuntmry mrrmnaigint cfr mllfggfjmtbfns crfg iml` \banmtfry Mbrhbni. Bc tì

Tiquistbna Mbrhbni‒s mttigpt cfr vfhuntmry mllfggfjmtbfn cmbhs, tìn tì Lbty‒s

Jbriltfr fc Mvbmtbfn (‘Jbriltfr‗) wbhh nftbcy iml` \banmtfry Mbrhbni t`mt bc m vfhuntmry

mllfggfjmtbfn bs nft gmji wbt`bn tì


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0

rislbnjs `bs sihiltbfn. Zì mllfggfjmtbfn prflijuri jfis nft spilbcy fptbfns fr

rigijbis tì Tiquistbna Mbrhbni gba`t `mvi bc tì Jbriltfr rislbnjs `bs sihiltbfn.

Jihtm‒s Cbrst Mllfggfjmtbfn Tiquist

Diabnnbna Euhy 4;;2, Jihtm intirij bntf m gfnt`-tf-gfnt` sudhimsi wbt`

Mgirblmn cfr pmrtbmh usi fc bts twf amtis, w`bl` mhhfwij Jihtm tf diabn sirvbli crfg

Hfvi Cbihj. Jihtm inefyij unbntirruptij sirvbli crfg Hfvi Cbihj unjir t`bs gfnt`-

tf-gfnt` mrrmnaigint. Dut Jihtm‒s sirvbli wms phmlij bn eifpmrjy wìn bts gfnt`-

tf-gfnt` sudhimsi wbt` Mgirblmn wms sit tf inj fn Fltfdir =4, 4;=:, tì icciltbvi

jmti fc Mgirblmn‒s jbvistbna sudhimsi wbt` Sbrabn cfr t`fsi twf amtis. Jihtm diamn

lfntmltbna tì \banmtfry Mbrhbnis, ms wihh ms Sbrabn, fn Euni =


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2

privbfushy mssurij us t`mt wi wfuhj di mllfggfjmtij, mnj wi mri rihybna fn t`mt

lfggbtgint.‗ Qbt` nf sudhimsi fr vfhuntmry fr cfrlij mllfggfjmtbfn bn phmli,

Jihtm intirij bntf tigpfrmry amti usmai mariigints wbt` jbccirint mbr lmrrbirs mt Hfvi

Cbihj mt vmrbfus pfbnts bn tbgi tf insuri lfntbnuij sirvbli, mhh w`bhi rimssirtbna bts

mllfggfjmtbfn riquist tf tì Lbty.

Jurbna t`bs tbgi, Ynbtij wms fpirmtbna fnhy sivin jmbhy chba`ts fut fc bts twf

himsij amtis. Fn \iptigdir =2, 4;=:, Gr. Juidnir nftbcbij Ynbtij bn m hittir t`mt

tì Lbty sihiltij Ynbtij tf mllfggfjmti Jihtm fn fni fc bts amtis. Gr. Juidnir

stmtij t`mt tì Lbty‒s jilbsbfn wms dmsij fn Ynbtij‒s mltumh amti usmai mt t`mt tbgi

mnj ì tfhj Ynbtij t`mt tì mllfggfjmtbfn gust di gmji wbt`bn


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=;

\banmtfry Mbrhbni tf mllfggfjmti. Zì nixt jmy, \iptigdir 4:, 4;=9, \fut`wist

LIF Gr. Amry Oihhy igmbhij Gr. ML Afnzmhiz, Lbty Gmnmair, t`mt \fut`wist wms

nft `mppy wbt` tì Lbty‒s jilbsbfn5

Bt `ms lfgi tf gy mttintbfn t`mt fnli mambn, ms rilinthy ms t`bs wiio, _tì LbtyW `ms tmoin stips tf crustrmti mnj bgpiji \fut`wist Mbrhbnis‒ arfwt` mnj sulliss. Curtìr, tì _LWbty `ms mltij bn mgmnnir t`mt mambn puts us bn mjvirsi pfsbtbfns hiamhhy.

Zì :


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==

fur lfrpfrmti bnvistgints bn t`fsi gmroits t`mt phmli m vmhui fntìg mnj tìbr lfrpfrmti risbjints.

Fn \iptigdir 43, 4;=:, Ynbtij sint m hittir tf tì Lbty fdeiltbna tf tì Lbty‒s

riqubrigint t`mt Ynbtij mllfggfjmti Jihtm. Ynbtij stmtij dft` fc tì amtis wfuhj

di cuhhy utbhbzij ms fc Fltfdir =


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=4

MariigintW, tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint, tì Lbty‒s rilint prfgbsi tf mllfggfjmti

Jihtm, bts lfggbtgint bn bts Mbrhbni Lfgpitbtbfn [hmn cbhij wbt` tì _CMMW. . ., bts

Mbrpfrt Bgprfvigint [rfarmg armnt mssurmnlis, mnj Cijirmh hmw‗ tf mlt fn Jihtm‒s

mllfggfjmtbfn riquist mnj jisbanmti m \banmtfry Mbrhbni tf s`mri bts amti spmli wbt`

Jihtm fn m gfri pirgmnint dmsbs. Zì Lbty diamn mnftìr mllfggfjmtbfn prfliss

fn Jiligdir =, 4;=:, mnj sint m hittir tf Sbrabn, Ynbtij mnj \fut`wist stmtbna t`mt

Jihtm‒s mllfggfjmtbfn riquist `mj trbaairij tì cfrgmh mllfggfjmtbfn prfliss sit

fut bn \iltbfn :.;3C. Zì Lbty stmtij t`mt bc nfni fc tì \banmtfry Mbrhbnis wfuhj

vfhuntmrbhy mllfggfjmti Jihtm, tì Lbty wfuhj l`ffsi fni tf mllfggfjmti Jihtm.

Nfni fc tì \banmtfry Mbrhbnis fccirij tf vfhuntmrbhy mllfggfjmti Jihtm bn rispfnsi

tf t`mt hittir.

Zì Lbty Msos JFZ cfr Aubjmnli fn Mllfggfjmtbfn Tiquist

Fn Jiligdir 0 mnj ==, 4;=:, tì Lbty lfntmltij Jicinjmnt Jipmrtgint fc

Zrmnspfrtmtbfn (‘JFZ‗) dy p`fni cfr ìhp mnj aubjmnli fn `fw tf `mnjhi mbr lmrrbir

mlliss mt Hfvi Cbihj, spilbcblmhhy ms bt rihmtij tf Jihtm‒s mllfggfjmtbfn riquist. Zì

JFZ rispfnjij wbt` m hittir jmtij Jiligdir =1, 4;=:, futhbnbna w`mt tì JFZ

unjirstffj tì Lbty‒s fdhbamtbfns tf di riamrjbna lfgpitbtbfn mt Hfvi Cbihj.

\pilbcblmhhy, tì JFZ stmtij t`mt tì Lbty `mj hiamh fdhbamtbfns tf mllfggfjmti

Jihtm, w`bl` bnlhujij tì Lbty‒s fdhbamtbfns unjir tì cijirmh Lfgpitbtbfn [hmn

stmtuti mnj mhsf tì armnt mssurmnlis tì Lbty gmji bn rihmtbfn tf armnts unjir tì

Mbrpfrt Bgprfvigint [rfarmg. Zì JFZ igp`msbzij tì bgpfrtmnli fc

Lmsi


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=<

mllfggfjmtbna m riquistbna mbrhbni mnj insurbna lfgpitbtbfn mt t`bs ‘lfnstrmbnij‗

mbrpfrt. Ms cfr tì hinat` fc mny mllfggfjmtbfn, tì JFZ‒s pfsbtbfn wms t`mt mn

mllfggfjmtij mbrhbni ‘bs intbthij tf mn fnafbna sbgbhmr pmttirn fc sirvbli ms hfna ms

tì lmrrbir lfntbnuis tf fpirmti tì mllfggfjmtij chba`ts.‗

\fut`wist‒s \udhimsi fc Ynbtij‒s Zwf Amtis Zmois Iccilt

Mht`fua` nfni fc tì \banmtfry Mbrhbnis mariij tf vfhuntmry mllfggfjmti Jihtm

mctir Gr. Juidnir‒s Jiligdir = hittir, tì Lbty l`fsi nft tf sihilt mny fc tì mbrhbnis

tf lfgphy wbt` tì mllfggfjmtbfn riquist, ivin t`fua` t`mt mllfggfjmtbfn bs

riqubrij unjir \iltbfn :.;3C45 ‘_ZWì Jbriltfr wbhh nftbcy mhh \banmtfry Mbrhbnis bn

wrbtbna t`mt bc Tiquistbna Mbrhbni bs nft mllfggfjmtij wbt`bn t`brty (


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=:

msobna cfr curtìr aubjmnli fn tì Lbty‒s cijirmh mnj hiamh fdhbamtbfns mnj mhsf tì

prfpir jurmtbfn cfr Jihtm‒s riquistij mllfggfjmtbfn. Zì JFZ sint mnftìr hittir

tf tì Lbty fn Euni =9, 4;=9, mambn ixphmbnbna tì JFZ‒s bntirpritmtbfn fc tì Lbty‒s

fdhbamtbfns. Zì JFZ ribtirmtij t`mt tì armnt mssurmnlis mnj tì Lfgpitbtbfn [hmn

stmtuti dft` riqubri tì Lbty tf mllfggfjmti m riquistbna mbrhbni bc m vfhuntmry

mllfggfjmtbfn lmnnft di mrrmnaij. Zì JFZ mhsf stmtij t`mt ‘tì Lbty bs riqubrij

tf mllfggfjmti m riquistbna lmrrbir unhiss Hfvi Cbihj‒s cmlbhbtbis mri cuhhy-utbhbzij mt

tì tbgi fc tì riquist, fr tì sbanmtfry lmrrbirs mt tì tbgi fc tì riquist mri sihhbna

tbloits cfr cuturi chba`ts cuhhy-utbhbzbna tì cmlbhbtbis.‗ Zì JFZ spilbcblmhhy nftij

t`mt tì Lbty s`fuhj nft lfnsbjir m \banmtfry Mbrhbni‒s unslìjuhij cuturi ixpmnsbfn

phmns dilmusi bt ‘gmy abvi m sbanmtfry lmrrbir tì mdbhbty tf dhflo m lfgpitbtfr‒s

mllfggfjmtbfn riquist dy jilbjbna fr mssirtbna, mctir m riquist bs gmji, t`mt bt wbhh

ixpmnj sirvbli.‗ Cbnmhhy, tì JFZ ristmtij bts pfsbtbfn fn tì hinat` fc

mllfggfjmtbfn, w`bl` bs t`mt ‘fnli mllfggfjmtij mt Hfvi Cbihj, ‐tì

mllfggfjmtij lmrrbir bs intbthij tf mn fnafbna sbgbhmr pmttirn fc sirvbli ms hfna ms

tì lmrrbir lfntbnuis tf fpirmti tì mllfggfjmtij chba`ts‒ mnj t`mt ‐tì

mllfggfjmtij lmrrbir s`fuhj nft di pusìj fut dy bnlugdint lmrrbirs mt m hmtir

jmti.‒‗ Zì JFZ lfnlhujij bts rispfnsi wbt` m rigbnjir t`mt bt bs tì Lbty‒s

rispfnsbdbhbty tf jilbji `fw tf mlt fn Jihtm‒s riquist.

Lmsi


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=9

Lbty fc Jmhhms Cbhis Z`bs Hmwsubt‚‘Zihh Ys Q`mt tf Jf!‗

Yhtbgmtihy, nfni fc tì \banmtfry Mbrhbnis (gimnbna mn mbrhbni `mvbna m Himsi

Mariigint wbt` tì Lbty cfr usi fc Hfvi Cbihj spmli mnj amtis) fr Sbrabn (`mvbna m

\udhimsi Mariigint wbt` Mgirblmn) fccirij tf vfhuntmrbhy mllfggfjmti Jihtm mnj

tì Lbty ricusij tf cfrli mn mllfggfjmtbfn l`ffsbna nft tf cfhhfw tì aubjmnli tì

Lbty sfhblbtij crfg tì JFZ. Jihtm lfntbnuij tf fpirmti chba`ts crfg Hfvi Cbihj

unjir m tigpfrmry amti usmai mariigint wbt` Ynbtij tf usi fni fc bts pricirintbmh usi

amtis cfr =0; jmys tf fpirmti Jihtm‒s cbvi jmbhy chba`ts? \fut`wist fccirij tf `fnfr tì

tigpfrmry =0; jmy amti usmai mariigint mctir tì icciltbvi jmti fc tì \udhimsi

Mariigint. Z`bs tigpfrmry amti usmai mariigint wms sit tf ixpbri fn Euhy 3, 4;=9.

Ms tì ixpbrmtbfn jmti hffgij lhfsir, \fut`wist rieiltij Jihtm‒s riquists tf ixtinj bt.

Lfntbnubna tf priss tì mllfggfjmtbfn riquist wbt` tì Lbty, Jihtm tfhj tì Lbty bt

wfuhj ricusi tf limsi fpirmtbfns mt Hfvi Cbihj fn Euhy 1, 4;=9, dilmusi bt `mj m rba`t

tf mllfggfjmtbfn. Bn mn mttigpt tf mvfbj w`mt bt smys wfuhj di pftintbmh l`mfs mt

Hfvi Cbihj diabnnbna Euhy 1, 4;=9, tì Lbty cbhij t`bs hmwsubt fn Euni =1, 4;=9,

siiobna jilhmrmtfry rihbic rihmtij tf, mgfna ftìr t`bnas, bts hiamh fdhbamtbfns mnj

rba`ts wbt` rispilt tf tì Cbvi [mrty Mariigint, QMTM, tì Himsi Mariigints mnj

cijirmh riauhmtbfns mnj hmws mcciltbna Hfvi Cbihj? issintbmhhy tì Lbty bs msobna t`bs

Lfurt tf ‘[himsi tihh us w`mt tf jf.‗ Fn Euni =2, 4;=9, \fut`wist cbhij tì pinjbna

Sirbcbij Mpphblmtbfn cfr Zigpfrmry Tistrmbnbna Frjir, [rihbgbnmry Bneunltbfn, mnj

[irgmnint Bneunltbfn Mambnst Jihtm. Zì Lbty cbhij tì pinjbna Lrfss-Gftbfn cfr

Lmsi


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=3

ZTF _sblW fn Euni 4


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=1

gfvmnt futwiba`s tì t`rimtinij `mrg tf tì pmrty sfua`t tf di inefbnij? mnj (:)

armntbna tì bneunltbvi rihbic wbhh nft jbssirvi tì pudhbl bntirist. Lmnmh Mut`. fc \tmti

fc Chm. v. Lmhhmwmy, :02 C.4j 931, 914 (9t` Lbr. =21:)? sii mhsf Zix. Gij. [rfvbjirs

[ircfrgbna Mdfrtbfn \irvs. v. Hmoiy, 331 C.


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=0

fpirmtbfns bn frjir tf privint jfudhi-dffobna mnj hbgbt bntircirinli wbt` amti rba`ts.

Zì Lbty tmois nf pfsbtbfn fn prilbsihy w`mt tì bneunltbvi rihbic s`fuhj di. Zì

Lbty sbgphy gfvis cfr sfgi sfrt fc bneunltbvi rihbic, w`mtivir tì Lfurt jitirgbnis

t`mt tf di, w`bhi tì hiamh bssuis mri jilbjij.

Jihtm‒s Tiquist

Jihtm siios bneunltbvi rihbic mambnst \fut`wist tf ‘criiz_iW tì stmtus quf . . .

mhhfwbna Jihtm tf lfntbnui fpirmtbna bts hbgbtij slìjuhi fc cbvi jmbhy chba`ts . . .

pinjbna cbnmh risfhutbfn fc t`bs prfliijbna.‗ Jihtm spilbcblmhhy msos tì Lfurt tf bssui

m prihbgbnmry bneunltbfn prf`bdbtbna \fut`wist crfg (=) ivbltbna Jihtm crfg bts

amti(s) mt Hfvi Cbihj, (4) ixpmnjbna bts chba`t fpirmtbfns mt Hfvi Cbihj, fr (


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=2

Emnviy v. Mhaubri, 3:1 C.


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4;

Qfrt` 4;=4). Jihtm‒s driml` fc lfntrmlt lhmbg bs dmsij fn tì Himsi Mariigint

intirij bntf dy tì Lbty mnj \fut`wist. Dilmusi Jihtm bs nft m sbanmtfry tf tì

Himsi Mariigint, tì Lfurt gust jitirgbni ms m t`ris`fhj gmttir t`mt Jihtm `ms

stmnjbna ms m t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry tf incfrli tì Himsi Mariigint.

m. Bs Jihtm m Z`brj-[mrty Dinicblbmry6

Zixms lfurts `mvi trmjbtbfnmhhy ‘prisugij t`mt m pmrty lfntrmlts fnhy cfr bts

fwn dinicbt mnj `mvi tìricfri gmbntmbnij m prisugptbfn mambnst t`brj-pmrty

dinicblbmry mariigints.‗ Bj. mt 191. Ynhiss tìri bs lhimr mnj uniqubvflmh

riprisintmtbfn t`mt tì lfntrmltbna pmrtbis bntinjij tf jbrilthy dinicbt m t`brj-pmrty,

lfurts wbhh nft bncir sul` bntint bn frjir tf lfncir t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry stmtus.

Zmwis v. Dmrnis,


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4=

Jihtm lfntinjs t`mt m ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗ bs mn bntinjij, lfntigphmtij,

mnj/fr t`brj-pmrty dinicblbmry fc tì Himsi Mariigint ditwiin tì \banmtfry Mbrhbni

mnj tì Lbty. Jihtm lfntinjs t`mt bts riquist cfr vfhuntmry mllfggfjmtbfn crfg

\fut`wist, diabnnbna bn Euni 4;=:, smtbscbij Jihtm‒s fdhbamtbfns ms m ‘niw intrmnt

mbrhbni‗ fr ‘Tiquistbna Mbrhbni‗ unjir \iltbfn :.;3C. Jihtm, tì Lbty mnj \fut`wist

jbsmarii ms tf tì ixmlt jicbnbtbfn fc ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗. Zì Cbvi [mrty

Mariigint, QMTM, mnj tì Himsi Mariigint jf nft jicbni ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗.

Zì Lfurt gust cbrst jicbni ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗ dicfri bt lmn mjjriss tì t`brj-pmrty

dinicblbmry mnmhysbs.

b. ‘Niw Intrmnt Mbrhbni‗ Jicbnij

Jihtm jicbnis ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗ ms mny mbrhbni t`mt bs nft m \banmtfry Mbrhbni

bn m Himsi Mariigint wbt` tì Lbty. \fut`wist jicbnis ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗ ms mn

mbrhbni t`mt jfis nft lurrinthy fpirmti mt Hfvi Cbihj. Zì Lbty jfis nft fccir m

jicbnbtbfn, dut bnstimj msos tì Lfurt tf jicbni bt. Zì Himsi Mariigint usis tì

tirg ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗ bn \iltbfn :.;3C bntirl`mnaimdhy wbt` ‘Tiquistbna

Mbrhbni‗, dut tì Himsi Mariigint jfis nft jicbni ‘niw intrmnt mbrhbni‗. Zì Himsi

Mariigint jfis jicbni ‘Tiquistbna Mbrhbni‗ bn \iltbfn =.9;, dut tì jicbnbtbfn bs

hbgbtij, stmtbna fnhy t`mt tì tirg `ms tì gimnbna abvin tf bt bn \iltbfn :.;3C. Zì

Himsi Mariigint prfvbjis bn \iltbfn :.;3C5

Mbrhbni mnj Lbty marii t`mt mht`fua` gfst fc tì mbrhbni mrimsbn tì Zirgbnmh Dubhjbna _mt Hfvi CbihjW mri fr wbhh di himsij tf\banmtfry Mbrhbnis cfr tìbr ixlhusbvi fr pricirintbmh usi, mnj

Lmsi


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44

Zirgbnmh Dubhjbna cmlbhbtbis _w`bl` bnlhujis amtisW mt t`i Mbrpfrtgmy dilfgi m slmrli risfurli bc m niw intrmnt mbrhbni (‘Tiquistbna

Mbrhbni‗) riquists tf prfvbji sirvbli mt t`i Mbrpfrt. B

Southwest Appeals Delta Ruling

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