University of South CarolinaScholar Commons

Faculty & Staff Publications Archaeology and Anthropology, South CarolinaInstitute of

1990

South Carolina's Maritime History: An AnnotatedBibliography, Colonial PeriodCarl Naylorcanaylor@mailbox.sc.edu

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/sciaa_staffpub

Part of the Anthropology Commons

This Book is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusionin Faculty & Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact dillarda@mailbox.sc.edu.

Publication InfoPublished in 1990.Naylor, Carlton A. South Carolina's Maritime History: An Annotated Bibliography, Colonial Period. Columbia, SC: The South CarolinaInstitute of Archaeology and Anthropology--University of South Carolina, 1990.http://www.cas.sc.edu/sciaa/© 1990 by The South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology

SOUTH CAROLINA'S MARITIME HISTORY An Annotated Bibliography

Colonial Period

By Carleton A. Nay lor

1990

SOUTH CAROLINA'S MARITIME HISTORY An Annotated Bibliography

- Colonial Period -

By Carleton A. Naylor

(c) 1990 Carleton A. Naylor

CONTENTS

A: SHIPS, SHIPBUILDING, SHIPWRIGHTS

Al: A2: A3: A4: A5:

Published Works. Periodicals ..... Manuscript Collections. Newspapers.... • •• • •.. Miscellaneous ......... .

B: SHIPPING, MARITIME COMMERCE, SHIPOWNERS

B1: B2: B3: B4: B5:

Published Works. Periodicals ..... Manuscript Collections .. Newspapers ..... Miscellaneous ..

C: PIRATES, PRIVATEERS, NAVAL ACTIVITIES

C1~

C2: C3: C4: C5:

Published Works .. Periodicals ...•. Manuscript Collections .. Newspapers .... Miscellaneous •.

D: RIVERS, WATERWAYS, PORTS

D1: D2: D3: D4: D5:

Published Works .. Periodicals .•... Manuscript Collections ... Newspapers ........... . Miscellaneous . ................ , .

E: VOYAGES, EXPLORATION, EARLY SETTLEMENT

E1: E2: E3:

Published Works .. Periodicals ..... Manuscript Collections ..

' . .... 1 .. 6

.8 . '. 8

• •.••••••••• 9

..10 . ' ..... . 14

..16

.. 18 . ... 18

.20

.22

.24 .... 24

. .... 25

.26 .. 28

.29 ....... 29

..• 30

.31 ..33

.36

1

A: SHIPS, SHIPBUILDING, SHIPBUILDERS

A: Published Works:

£~idenbaugh, Carl. The Colonial Craftsman. New York: New York University Press, 1950. Writes off Charleston in general since it "did not nourish an outstanding craft or produce a single eminent workman before the Revolution" (page 122). Using only the S.C. Gazette he concludes that not until 1768 "did local shipyards commence to build large ocean-going ships" (page 123 ). Record s show, however, that prior to 1768 at least six ship-rigged vessels were built near Charleston, the smallest being the 125-ton Live Oak built on James Island in 1749. Indexed.

Clowse, Converse D. Economic Beginnings in Colonial South Carolina 1670-1730. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1971. Touches briefly on early shipbuilding efforts. Bibliographical essay and Index.

Cohen, Henning. The South Carolina Gazette, 1732-1775. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1953. Under "First Notices of Architects, Engineers, and Master Builders," (pp. 63-65) are listed those of shipwrights including Robert Cochran, Mr. Emrie, Mr. Black, Joseph Hancock, Robert Watts, John Rose, William Begbie and Daniel Manson, John Allen, James Vance and William Hart; also of one Samuel Cardy who had been contracted to build a beacon on Middle Bay Island. Indexed.

/ Coker, P.C., III. Charleston's Maritime Heritage 1670-1865. Charleston: CokerCraft Press, 1987. An excellent illustrated history of maritime Charleston. Packed with striking and beautiful pictures, reproductions of artwork and illustrations. The research is sometimes at odds with itself and as a result questionable. Indexed.

Cole, Cynthia. Historic Resources of the Lowcountry. Yemassee, S.C.: Lowcountry Council of Governments, 1979. Dealing with Beaufort, Colleton, Hampton and Jasper counties, the book details the historic sites of the area, many of which deal directly or indirectly with maritime history. Includes "The Anchorage" (pre-Revolution) in Beaufort, which became the home of Admiral Beardsly early in the 20th century.

vEasterby, James Harold, et. al.~ eds. Journals of the Commons House of Assembly, 1736-1775. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951-1983. Contains Acts, Resolutions, and discussions pertaining to all local maritime concerns including shipbuilding.

2

Vol. 1 (1736-1739), Vol. 2 (1739-1741), Vol. 3 (1742-1744), Vol. 4 (1742-1744), Vol. 5 (1744-1745), Vol. 6 (1745-1746), Vol. 7 (1746-1746), Vol. 8 (1748-1748), Vol. 9 (1749-1750), Vol. 10 (1750-1751), Vol. 11 (1751 -1752), Vol. 12 (1752-1754), Vol. 13 (1754-1755), Vol. 14 (1755-1757).

Edgar and Bailey, eds. Biographical Directory of S. C House of Representatives, Vol. II: The Commons House of Assembly, 1692-1775. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1977. Contains biographies (with sources) of members, many of whom were South Carolina shipwrights.

Fisher, Roger. Heart of Oak: The British Bulwark. London: 1772. Contains a description of the rebuilding of the 200-ton South Carolina-built ship Fair American.

~eetwood, Rusty. Tidecraft: The boats of lower South Carolina and Georgia. Savannah, Ga.: Coastal Heritage Society, 1982. An indispensible introduction to boat and ship building in South Carolina. Discusses the colonial history of South Carolina in terms of the vessels used by the early explorers, colonists, Indians, planters and shipping merchants. Bibliography and index .

./~oldenberg, Joseph A. Shipbuilding in Colonial America. Charlottesville, Va.: The University Press of Virginia, 1976. Abundant references to shipbuilding in colonial South Carolina. Tables 43 to 50 (pp. 232-245) outline South Carolina shipbuilding statistics taken from extant ship registers.

Hamer, Chesnutt, Rogers, Taylor & Clark, eds. The Papers of Henry Laurens, 11 vols.(so far). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1968- . Contains accounts of dealings with Charleston pilots, shipwrights, ship's captains and other merchants involved in ship building. Vol. I (1746-1755), Vol. II (1755-1758), Vol. III (1759-17 63), Vol. IV (1763-1765), Vol. V (1765-1768), Vol. VI (1768-1769), Vol. VII (1769-1771), Vol. VIII (1771-1773), Vol. IX (1773-1774), Vol. X (1774-1776), Vol. XI ( 1776-1777). Indexed.

Lambert, Robert Stansbury. South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1987. Discusses the plight and fate of South Carolina loyalists, many of whom were prominent colonial shipwrights. Mentions John Rose, John Imrie, James and William Begbie and their partner Daniel Manson. Bibliography and index.

Langley, Clara A., abstracter. South Carolina Deed Abstracts, 1719-1772, 4 vols. Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, 1983. Indexed as to professions reported in original deeds. These professions include shipwright, ship carpenter, ship builder, seaman, ship master, sailmaker, and mariner.

3

Lawson, John. A New Voyage to Carolina. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1967. A reprint of the original 1709 London edition with many references to ships, shipbuilding, canoe construction, and shipwrecks. Indexed.

Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Reprinted by The Gregg Press Ltd., annual since 1760. Contains references to South Carolina-built vessels. Includes information on vessel's master, owners, tonnage, repair status, armament, building date, and occasionally other details.

Ludlum, David M. Early American Hurricanes, 1492-1870. Boston: American Meteorogical Society, 1963. "Hatteras South: 1686-1814," contains informative accounts of various hurricanes that struck South Carolina. Uses contemporary accounts which often name vessels that were put aground or lost.

Marx, Robert F. Shipwrecks in the Americas. New York: Bonanza Books, 1983. Contains information on vessels lost in South Carolina waters between 1520 and 1824 (pp. 179-184 ). Bibliography and index.

Mciver, Petrona Royall. History of Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina. Charleston: Ashley Printing & Publishing Co., 1960. Contains a superficial history of the Hobcaw Shipyard and the nearby ferries that serviced the area.

~errens, H. Roy, ed. The Colonial South Carolina Scene. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1977. Contains a list of the types of wood used in various aspects of ship construction written by a visitor in 1765 (page 221), as well as first-hand accounts of shipbuilding activities in 1708 (page 34), and in 1719 (page 65), and the quality of locally-built vessels in 1751 (page 181 ). Indexed.

Millar, John F. American Ships of the Colonial and Re··volutionary Periods. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. Contains a brief description, sketch and drawing of the 240-ton St. Helena, built at Charleston about 1775 (pp. 254-255 ).

Moore, Caroline T., ed. Records of the Secretary of the Province of S.C., 1692-1721. Columbia: R.L. Bryan Co., 1978. Compiled from probate court records, these abstracts contain many references to ships, their owners, masters, and cargoes.

~etit, J. Percival. South Carolina and the Sea, Vol. 1. Charleston: State Ports Authority, 1976. A valuable chronology of South Carolina's historic link with the sea. Volume 1 encomp?.sses 1492 to 1800, and notes many of the significant events in South Carolina's colonial shipbuilding industry. An indispensible reference.

Pinckney, W. Elise, ed. ThP Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney,

1739-17f>2. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press; 1972. Contains many references to specific vessels. Indexed.

4

Records of Wills, Inventories, and Miscellaneous Rec01·ds for Charleston County, South Carolina, 1671-1868, 100 vols. Contains records of shipbuilders and early ship registers. Indexed.

Rogers, George C., Jr. Charleston in the Age of the Pinckneys. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1984. Discusses shipbuilding, and shipwrights in the larger context of the early society of Charleston. Bibliography and index.

Salley, A.S., ed. The Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, 1692-1765. Columbia: Historical Commission of South Carolina and South Carolina Archives Department, 1907-24. Covers sessions prior to 1708, 1724-1727, 1734-1735, and various sessions to 1765. Contains references to legislative activities concerning ships. Index.

Salley, A.S., ed. Journal of the Grand Council. Columbia: Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1907. Contains references to specific ships, shipping regulations. In two separate volumes, one covering from August 25, 1671 to June 24, 1680, and the other from April 11, 1692 to September 26, 1692. Indexed.

Salley, A.S., ed. Records in the British Public Record Office relating to South Carolina, 5 vols. Columbia: The Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1946. Contains numerous references to ships.

Scurry, James D. and Mark J. Brooks. An Intensive Archeological Survey of the S.C. State Ports Authority Belleview Plantation, Charleston, South Carolina. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, May 1980. Research Manuscript Series No. 158. Discusses the history of the colonial and later shipyards in the area of the Wando Terminal. Particular attention is given the colonial shipyard of David Linn on the north side of Hobcaw Creek where the authors conducted an archaeological survey.

Sellers, Leila. Charleston Business on the Eve of the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press, 1934. Contains a brief overview of local shipbuilding activities (pages 62-67). Bibliography and index.

Sirmans, M. Eugene. Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663-1763. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Contains brief accounts of various ships. Too general to be of much use. Bibliography and index.

Smith, Henry A.M. Rivers and Regions of Early South Carolina. Spartanburg: The Reprint Co., 1988. This is volume three of the

5

three volume set The Historical T•lritings of Henry A.M. Smith, a compilation of his articles which have appeared over the years in The South Carolina Historical (and Genealogical) Magazine. Text traces property ownership of the shipyard on Shipyard Creek. Indexed.

Spence, E. Lee. Shipwrecks of South Carolina and Georgia, 2 vols. Sullivan's Island, S.C.: Sea Research Society, 1984. A chronological listing of shipwrecks from 1520-1865.

Temple, Mrs. F.H. The History of Hobcaw. (Privately Published), 1964. Contains a history of Hobcaw Shipyard, including a 1786 plat of Hobcaw Plantation. Lacks footnotes or bibliography.

Wallace, D.D. The History of South Carolina, 4 vols. New York: The American Historical Society, Inc., 1934. Contains brief discussion on colonial shipbuilding (I:392).

Wallace, D.D. South Carolina: A Short History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1961. Page 192 contains brief statistics on sailings from Charleston in 1751. Page 193 has brief overview of shipbuilding in colonial South Carolina. Too general to be of much use. Bibliography and index.

Walsh, Richard. Charleston's Sons of Liberty. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1959. Details the motivation and struggles of Charleston's mechanics (artisans, including shipwrights) in regard to South Carolina's quest for independence.

Watts, Gordon P., Jr. A Cultural Resource Reconnaissance of Charleston Harbor at Charleston, South Carolina. Washington, N.C.: Tidewater Atlantic Research, 1986. Contains an excellent synopsis of the maritime history of Charleston harbor, including reproductions of pertinent maps and charts (pages 18-50). Appendix I contains a list of known shipwrecks and locations in Charleston harbor.

Watts, Gordon P., Jr. Submerged Cultural Resource Survey and Assessment of the Mark Clark Expressway, Wando River Corridor, Charleston and Berkeley Counties, South Carolina. 1979.

Weir, Robert M. Colonial South Carolina. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1983. Although it contains briefs references to shipbuilding activities, the scope of the work is too general to have any research value. Bibliography and Index.

Hood, Virginia Steele. Live Oaking, Southern Timber for Tall Ships. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981. The story of the shipwrights and their gangs who each winter traveled south to South Carolina, but mostly Georgia, to cut and shape live oak timbers for their northern shipyards.

Jj

6

Zierden, Martha A., Leslie M. Drucker and Jeanne Calhoun. Home Upriver: Rural Life on Daniel's Island, Berkeley Count;v, South Carolina. Columbia/Charleston: Carolina Archaeological Services & The Charleston Museum, 1986. An archaeological investigation of Daniel's Island focusing on the Lesesne Plantation and Fairbank Plantation. The report notes that Isaac Lesesne (1709-1772) operated a sawmill on Lesesne Plantation which provided lumber for local shipbuilding. It also reports that at Fairbank Plantation Thomas Walker produced naval stores, ca. 1740-1750. Bibliography.

A2: Periodicals:

Albright, Alan B., and J. Richard Steffy. "The Brown's Ferry Vessel, South Carolina: Preliminary Report." The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, 1979: 121-142. Details the finding, excavation and construction of the Brown's Ferry Vessel.

Baker, William A. "Adventure: A Seventeenth Century Ketch." The American Neptune, 30:2 (April 1970), 81-85. Recounts the process of designing this vessel now at Charles Towne Landing.

Calhoun, Jeanne A.; Martha A. Zierden & Elizabeth Paysinger. "The Geographic Spread of Charleston's Mercantile Community, 1732-1767." South Carolina Historical Magazine, 86:3 (July 1985) 182-220. Appendix lists craftsmen, including shipwrights, sailmakers, ship painters, ship joiners, ship carpenters, blockmakers, riggers and a ship planner, who advertised in the South Carolina Gazette between 1732 and 1767.

Calmes, Alan. "The Southern Coastal Frontier of South Carolina at {prt Royal, Based on the Gascoigne Map and Survey Journals of 1728-1731." The Institute of Archeology and Anthropology Notebook, 3:3 (May-June 1971) 73-78. Discusses Captain John Gascoigne's survey of the Port Royal area. Includes Gascoigne's description of the construction aspects of local South Carolina Scout Boats which aided Gascoigne in his survey.

Clowse, Converse D. "Shipowning and Shipbuilding in Colonial South Carolina." The American Neptune, Volume XLIV, Number 4 (Fall 1984) 221-244. Using extant ship registers and naval lists as well as contemporary accounts, Clowse provides an excellent overview of colonial South Carolina's shipbuilding and shipping industry.

Getty, William. "A Dugout Canoe From Sumter County, South Carolina."

------------- ----

7

Institute of Archeology & Anthropology Notebook, 1:12 (December 1969) 10-12. The story of the September 1966 excavation of a dugout canoe. Includes construction details of the canoe. Photos.

Oldsberg, Nicholas. "Ship Registers in the South Carolina Archives, 1734-1780." South Carolina Historical and Gen~alogical Magazine, 74:4 (October 1973) 189-299. Contains brief description of the Navigation Act of 1660 as well as a complete set of abstracts of the extant South Carolina ship registers. These abstracts contain a wealth of information on vessels that traded in Carolina in the colonial period, including those that were locally built.

Steffy, J. Richard. "Hull Construction Features of the Brown's Ferry Vessel." South Carolina. Institute of Archeology & Anthropology Notebook, Vol. X (1978) 1-29. A Preliminary Report.

Stephenson, Tray, ed. "Brown's Ferry Vessel To Be Restored." The New South Carolina State Gazette, 12:3 (Fall 1979) 1, 3. An overview of the finding, raising and conservation of the Brown's Ferry Vessel.

Tobias, Thomas J., ed. "Charles Town in 1674." The South Carolina. Historical Magazine, 67:2 (April 1966), 63-7 4. Consists of letters from Moses Lopez in Charleston to his brother, Aaron Lopez of Newport, R.I, in which he discusses the cost of having a ship careened, and of trying to sell the 80-ton ship Hope.

Webber, Mabel L., comp. "The Bond Family of Hobcaw Plantation, Christ Church Parish.'' The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 25:1 (January 1924), 1-22. Marrying into the Bond family were Clement Lempriere, privateer and shipbuilder, and John Rose, shipbuilder.

Wilbanks, Ralph L. "A Preliminary Report on the Construction Details of the Brown's Ferry Vessel." South Carolina Antiquities, 10:1 (1978) 416-421. A distillation of Steffy's report.

Wilbanks, Ralph. "A Progress Report on the Small-Watercraft Research Project." S.C. Institute of Archeolog;v and Anthropology Notebook, Vol.12, No. 3 & 4: 19-27. Discusses three historic canoes and one prehistoric canoe surveyed by Institute personnel.

Wilbanks, Ralph and Dannenburg, K.S. "Small Watercraft Research Project Update." S.C. Institute of Archeology and Anthropology Notebook, Vol. 17, No. 1: 1-5. Update on Chessy Creek canoe.

Wilson, Rhet. "Down To The Sea In Ships: A History of S.C. Tidecraft." Coastal Heritage, Bulletin No.7: 1, 4-5. Heavy paraphrasing from Fleetwood's Tidecraft.

8

A3: Manuscript Collections:

Charleston Account Books. South Caroliniana Library Manuscript Collections, Columbia, S.C. Account books, ledgers, and sales book, 1745-1747, 1799-1805, 1866, 1885-1891, 1824-1828, 1829-1839, and 1849-1852. Unidentified Charleston merchant records, Consists, among other things, of a journal and ledger book listing numerous merchants, shipowners, and ships. Collection #389.

Maps and Muniments Collection, 1591-Present. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Contains manuscript maps (ca. 50), printed maps (ca. 1,000), reproductions of maps (ca. 350), plats (ca. 1,500), and indentures (ca. 1,000),

Office of the Surveyor General. Colonial Plats, 1731-1775. South Carolina Archives Records Collection, Columbia, S.C.

Ship Registers, Collection, registers. 189-299).

1734-1780, 2 vols. South Carolina Archives Records Columbia, S.C. Two volumes of original ships Abstracted in Olsberg, "Ship Registers" (SCHM 74:4,

Tobias, Thomas, Papers, 1950-1968. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Contains file folders of information on ships, shipbuilding, and ship registers. Notes on pertinent British Public Record Office documents, Naval Officer Reports (1717-1766), currency, smuggling, types of ships, sea routes, custom service, navigations laws, slave trade. Call number 11-417/430.

A4: Newspapers:

Georgia Gazette, Savannah, Ga. Contains many references to ship launchings in Charleston.

South Carolina and American General Gazette, 1764-1781. Microfilm, 12 reels. Charleston: Robert Wells and David Bruce, publishers. Contains numerous accounts of shipbuilding. Published weekly, it continues the South Carolina Weekly Gazette on April 4, 1764. Suspended briefly in 1776 and in 1779. Loyalist John Wells revived the paper as a semi-weekly in October 1780. Early in 1781 it was succeeded by the Royal Gazette. Part of the same

9

microfilm collection with South Carolina Gazette.

South Carolina Gazette, 1732-1776. Microfilm, 12 reels. Charleston: Peter Timothy et. al., publishers. Contains numerous accounts of shipbuilding (especially 1763, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1771, 1773), and shipwrecks. Published weekly, it was established January 8, 1732 by Thomas Whitemarsh, and suspended September 8, 1733. Re-established February 2, 1734 by Lewis Timothee [Timothy). Timothy's widow, Ann, and their son, Peter, produced the paper after January 1739. During succeeding decades there were numerous suspensions, and on April 8, 1777 the paper was continued by the Gazette of the State of South Carolina.

South Carolina Gazette; and Country Journal, 1765-1775. Microfilm, 12 reels. Charleston: Charles Crouch, publisher. Contains numerous references to ships. On same microfilm collection as South Carolina Gazette.

A5: Miscellaneous:

Hocker, Fred. The Place of the Brown's Ferry Vessel in the Evolution of the Flat Bottomed Boat. Unpublished Term Paper for ANTH 615, Texas A&M University, 1985. Discusses the construction aspects of the Brown's Ferry Vessel in relationship to the overall development of flat-bottomed watercraft.

Lanier, Monro Banister. History of Southern Shipbuilding. Unpublished Manuscript. Pascagoula, Ms.: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1953. Not reviewed.

Naylor, Carleton A. South Carolina Ship Registers, 1734-1780. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1989. Computer database containing 801 entries from the extant South Carolina ship registers. These registers contain information on each vessel's construction, including place of construction, tonnage, rig, and any modifications to rig. Also contains several registers from 1694-1698 found in Miscellaneous Records of Charleston County.

Nyland, Rowena. The Historical Background of the Brown's Ferry Vessel. Master's Thesis, Department of History, University of South Carolina, 1988. A well-researched account of the colonial settlers of the Brown's Ferry area, their economy, their use of the rivers and ferries in the region, and their use and ownership of water craft.

10

B: SHIPPING, MARITIME COMMERCE, SHIPOWNERS

B1: Published Works:

Burke, Edmund. An Account of the European Settlements in America. London: J. Dodsley, 1777. Part VII, Chapter XXII, contains a discussion of Charleston's exports including lumber, indigo, rice and naval stores, and includes a description of the manufacture of turpentine, tar, and pitch (pp. 246-254 ), Part VII, Chapter XXIV, includes a list of totals of exports from Charleston in 1731 and in 1754 (page 259).

Carroll, B.R. Historical Collections of South Carolina, 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1836. Contains Peter Furry's description of Charleston commerce (II:121), and accounts of Charleston's maritime trade for 1710, 1713, 1723, 1740, and 1748 (II:193).

Clowse, Converse D. Measuring Charleston's Overseas Commerce, 1717-1767: Statistics from the Port's Naval Lists. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981. A mind-boggling amount of statistical information on the shipping activities of colonial Charleston.

Clowse, Converse D. Economic Beginnings in Colonial South Carolina 1670-1730. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1971. Table III lists exports from Charleston from 1699 to 1735. Bibliographical essay and index.

Coker, P.C. III. Charleston's Maritime Heritage 1670-1865. Charleston: CokerCraft Press, 1987. Briefly covers the colonial shipping activities around Charleston. Indexed.

De Vorsey, Louis, Jr., ed. De Brahm's Report of the General Surve.v in the Southern District of North America. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1971. Chapter 4 of the South Carolina section of the book contains William Gerard De Brahm's description of Charleston's exports and the number of trading vessels in port (pp. 90-96). De Brahm spent several years in Charleston in the early 1750's. Originally published in the 1770's.

Dickerson, Oliver M. The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951. Discusses pilot's fees for Charleston in 1768 (page 9), exports from Charleston (pp. 12-15), Scotch exports of linen to South Carolina (page 72), importation of slaves at Charleston (page 62), ship clearances from Charleston from 1768-1772 (page 58), and the

seizures of vessels belonging to Henry Laurens (pp. 224-231). Bibliography and index.

11

Easterby, James Harold, et. al., eds. Journals of the Commons House of Assembly, 1736-1775. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951-1983. Contains Acts, Resolutions, and discussions pertaining to all local maritime concerns including ships and shipping. Vol. 1 (1736-1739), Vol. 2 (1739-1741), Vol. 3 (1742-1744), Vol. 4 (1742-1744), Vol. 5 (1744-1745), Vol. 6 (1745-1746), Vol. 7 (1746-1746), Vol. 8 (1748-1748), Vol. 9 (1749-1750), Vol. 10 (1750-1751), Vol. 11 (1751-1752 ), Vol. 12 (1752-1754), Vol. 13 (1754-1755), Vol. 14 (1755-1757).

Edgar and Bailey, eds. Biographical Directory of South Carolina Ho use of Representatives, Vol. II: The Commons House of Assembl.r. 1692-1775. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1977. Contains biographies (with sources) of members, many of whom were South Carolina shipowners, shipping merchants, and ship masters.

Edgar, Walter B., ed. The Letterbook of Robert Pringle, 2 vols. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1972. Volume One: April 2, 1737 to September 25, 1742. Volume Two: October 9, 1742 to April 29, 1745. Both volumes contain numerous references to ships, their owners, captains, activities and cargoes. Indexed.

Extracts from the Proceedings of the High Court of Vice-Admiralty, in Charlestown, South Carolina, upon Six Several Informations, Adjudged by the Honourable Egerton Leigh. Charlestown: David Bruce, 1769. Not reviewed.

Fairburn, William Armstrong. Merchant Sail, 6 vols. Carter Lovell, Me.: Fairburn Marine Educational Foundation, Inc., 1945-55. Fairburn notes from Lord Sheffield's "Review of American Commerce" that in 1769 South Carolina built 12 vessels totalling 789 tons for an average of 66 tons per vessel, making South Carolina 9th out of 12 shipbuilding colonies (I:290). Volume six contains appendixes, extensive index and bibliography.

Fleetwood, Rusty. Tidecraft: The boats of lower South Carolina and Georgia. Savannah: Coastal Heritage Society, 1982. Contains numerous references to Charleston shipping, shippers, and shipping activities. Bibliography and index.

Force, Peter, ed. Tracts & Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America from the Discovery of the Country to the Year 1776. Washington, D.C.: Peter Force, 1836-46. Volume II, Chapter XI, contains Peter Purry's description of the province of South Carolina in 1731.

Hamer, Chesnutt, Rogers, Taylor & Clark, eds. The Papers of Henry Laurens, 11 vols. (so far). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1968- . Contains, among other things, accounts of

12

dealings with Charleston pilots and other shipping merchants, as well as entrances, departures, and cargoes of various vessels. Vol. I (1746-1755), Vol. II (1755-1758), Vol. III (1759-1763), Vol. IV (1763-1765), Vol. V (1765-1768), Vol. VI (1768-1769), Vol. VII (1769-1771), Vol. VIII (1771-1773), Vol. IX (1773-1774), Vol. X (1774-1776), Vol. XI (1776-1777). Indexed.

Hewatt, Alexander. An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, 2 vols. Spartanburg, S.C.: The Reprint Co., 1971 (from 1779 edition). Contains accounts of the making of tar, pitch, and turpentine (pages 96-97). No index.

Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1960. Not reviewed.

Johnson, E.D., and Sloan, K. L., camp. South Carolina, a Documentary Profile of the Palmetto State. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1971. A collection of contemporary accounts telling the history of South Carolina. Contains Peter Purry's 1731, and Governor James Glen's 1750, assessments of Charleston trade (pp. 146-148). Bibliography and poor index.

Labaree, Leonard Woods, ed. Royal Instructions to British Colonial Governors, 1670-1776, Vol. 2. New York: Octagon Books, Inc., 1967. Contains (among many other things, including trade instructions, regulations for naval officers, and aspects of the navigation acts) South Carolina Governor James Glen's written observations on Carolina commerce, shipping, and admiralty court activities.

Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Reprinted by The Gregg Press Ltd., annual since 1760. Contains references to South Carolina-built vessels. Includes information on vessel's master, owners, tonnage, repair status, armament, building date, and occasionally other details.

Merrens, H. Roy, ed. The Colonial South Carolina Scene. Columbia: Univ ersity of South Carolina Press, 1977. A contemporary account of "The Manner of Making Tar and Pitch," is found on pages 106-108. Indexed.

Milling, Chapman J., ed. Colonial South Carolina: Two Contemporary Descriptions. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951. Contains Section VII (Their Maritime Trade) of Governor Glen's Description of Carolina. Poorly indexed.

Mills, Robert. Statistics of South Carolina. Charleston: Hurlbutt and Lloyd, 1826. Contains statistical information on South Carolina commerce (pp. 160-171).

Moore, Caroline T., ed. Records of the Secretary of the Province of

13

South Carolina., 1692-1721. Columbia: R.L. Bryan Co., 1978. Compiled from probate court records, these abstracts contain many references to ships, their owners, masters, and cargoes.

Petit, J. Percival. South Carolina and the Sea, Vol. 1. Charleston: State Ports Authority, 1976. A valuable chronology of South Carolina's historic link with the sea. Volume 1 encompasses 1492 to 1800.

Rawley, James A. The Transatlantic Slave Trade. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1981. Outlines Charleston slave importing activities from the colonial times to the post-Revolution. Mentions specific ship's activities. Indexed.

Records of Wills, Inventories, a.nd Miscellaneous Records for Charleston County, South Carolina., 1671-1868, 100 vols. Contains records of shipowners. Indexed.

Rivers, William James. A Sketch of the Histor,Y of South Carolina. to the Close of the Proprietary Government by the Revolution of 1719. Charleston: McCarter & Co., 1856. Contains a general description of shipping and ship ownership at 1708 by Gov. Nathaniel Johnson. An extensive appendix contains such contemporary documents as "A Bill of Lading, January 13, 1671," and a "Copy of Contract to supply Tar and Masts, by Peter Gerard."

Rogers, George C., Jr. Charleston in the Age of the Pinckneys. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1984. Discusses shipping and shipowners in the larger context of the early society of Charleston. Bibliography and index.

Salley, A.S., ed. Records in the British Public Records Office relating to South Carolina., 5 vols. Columbia: The Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1946. Vol. I (1698-1700) contains instructions to South Carolina's colonial Naval Officers, and correspondence concerning specific Admiralty Court cases. Other volumes contain numerous references to shipping, and ship owners.

Salley, A.S., ed. The Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, 1692-1765. Columbia: Historical Commission of South Carolina and South Carolina Archives Department, 1907-49. Covers sessions: prior to 1708, 1724-1727, 1734-1735, 1765, 1776, and 1782. Contains references to legislative activities concerning shipping. Index.

Salley, A.S., ed. Journal of the Grand Council of South Carolina.. Columbia: Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1907. Contains references to ships, shipping regulations. In two books, the first covers from August 25, 1671 to June 24, 1680, the other from April 11, 1692 to September 26, 1692. Indexed.

Salley, A.S., Jr., ed. Commissions a.nd Instructions from the Lords

Proprietors of Carolina to Public Officials of South Carolina, 1685-1715. Columbia: The Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1916. Contains orders relating to Charleston's Admiralty Court, including dispositions of specific cases.

14

Sellers, Leila. Charleston Business on the Eve of the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press 1934. A valuable and much cited work on the commerce of colonial Charleston. Contains a brief overview of ship ownership (pages 62-67). Bibliography and index.

Sirmans, M. Eugene. Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663-1763. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Contains brief accounts of various ships. Too general to be of much use. Bibliography and index.

Smith, Warren B. White Servitude in Colonial South Carolina Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1961. Mentions arrivals, origins and numbers of passengers of ships bringing indentured servants to South Carolina, Bibliography and index.

Wallace, D.D. South Carolina: A Short History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1961. Page 192 contains brief statistics on sailings from Charleston in 1751. Too general to be of much use. Bibliography and index.

Wallace, D.D. The History of South Carolina, American Historical Society, Inc., 1934. discussions on South Carolina shipping 1719 (I:251), and in 1751 (I:390-391).

4 vols. New York: The Contains brief (I:452), ship arrivals in

Walsh, Richard, ed. The Writings of Christopher Gadsden, 1746-1805. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 1966. In a 1774 letter to Samuel Adams (page 95) he describes his wharf, considered to be the largest in America at the time. Contains references to commercial vessels. Indexed.

B2: Periodicals:

Clowse, Converse D. "Shipowning and Shipbuilding in Colonial South Carolina." The American Neptune, Volume XLIV, Number 4 (Fall 1984 ), 221-244. Using extant ship registers and naval lists as well as contemporary accounts, Clowse provides an excellent overview of Colonial South Carolina's shipping industry.

Gayle, C.J. "The Nature and Volume of Exports from Charleston, 1724-177 4." The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association, 1937: 25-33. Table I lists destinations of vessels

15

clearing Charleston between November 1, 1734 and November 1, 1735 and the number of vessels bound for each; table II lists number of barrels of rice exported from Charleston from October 31, 1767 to June 6, 1768 and the ports of destination; table III lists number of ships outward bound from Charleston between December 25, 1745 and December 25, 1748 with their total tonnages, and amount of freight. Appendix lists various exports from Charleston by year and amount.

Hart, Rev. Oliver. "The Tornado of 1761." City of Charleston Yearbook, 1885, 389-392. Describes the actions of the tornado and lists damaged vessels by those sunk, those dismasted, those that lost both topmasts, those that lost mizzenmasts, those that lost foremasts, and those that lo st maintopmasts. Includes each vessel's rig, master, and port.

Higgins, W. Robert. "Charles Town Merchants and Factors Dealing in the External Negro Trade, 1735-1775." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 65:4 (October 1964) 205-217. A listing of Charles Town merchants who imported slaves from 1735 to 1775, the years these merchants were in the trade, and the number of cargoes each imported.

Minchinton, Walter E. "Richard Champion, Nicholas Pocock, and the Carolina Trade." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 65:2 (April 1964) 87-97. Contains account of the Lloyd, Nicholas Pocock, master, and several of its voyages between Bristol and Charleston in 1768. Taken mostly from the logbook of the Lloyd, the account lists cargoes, the Lloyd's sail arrangement, names of the crew, and loading and unloading activities while in Charleston.

Minchinton, Walter E. "Richard Champion, Nicholas Pocock, and the Carolina Trade, A Note." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 70:2 (April 1969) 97-103. This article, basically an addendum to a previous article (SCHM 65:2; 87-97), notes the discovery of two new logbooks of the ship Lloyd, Nicholas Pocock, master, which plied the Atlantic between Bristol and Charleston; one for 1767 and one for 1769.

Oldsberg, Nicholas. "Ship Registers in the South Carolina Archives, 1734-1780." South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 74:4 (October 1973), 189-299. Contains brief description of the Navigation Act of 1660 as well as a complete set of abstracts of the ship registers. These abstracts contain a wealth of information on South Carolina shipowners of the colonial period.

Pine, W.M. "History Rides The Winds To Colonial Charleston." South Carolina Historical Magazine, 87:3 (July 1986), 162-175. A weatherman's view of the prevailing oceanic currents and winds that made Charleston the third largest colonial port.

Stumpf, Stuart 0. "Implications of King George's War For the

16

Charleston Mercantile Community." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 77:3 (July 1976) 161-188. Outlines Charleston merchants' participation in smuggling and government contracting; and the effects the war had on Charleston business and commodity prices.

Stumpf, Stuart 0. "Edward Randolph's Attack on Proprietary Government in South Carolina." South Carolina Historical Magazine, 79:1 (January 1978) 6-18. Discusses illegal seizures of vessels by South Carolina officials circa 1700.

Taylor, George Rogers. "Wholesale Commodity Prices at Charleston, South Carolina, 1732-91." Journal of Economics and Business, IV (1932): 356-377.

Tobias, Thomas J., ed. "Charles Town in 1674." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 67:2 (April 1966) 63-74. Consists of letters from Moses Lopez in Charleston to his brother, Aaron Lopez of Newport, R.I, in which he discusses local merchant's apparent disinterest in ship ownership and of the costs of various commodities.

William s , Justin. "English Mercantilism and Carolina Naval Stores, 1705-1776." Journal of Southern History, I ( 1935 ): 169-185. Details the rise of the naval stores (tar, pitch and turpentine) trade between the Carolinas and England, the importance of it to Carolina and the laws which regulated the trade.

Wilson, Rhet. "Down To The Sea In Ships: A History of South Carolina Tidecraft." Coastal Heritage, Bulletin No. 7: 1,4-5. Heavy paraphrasing from Fleetwood's Tidecraft.

B3: Manuscript Collections:

Belfast Newspapers Extracts, 1729-1776. South Caroliniana Library Manuscript Collection, Columbia, S.C. Contains news items on ships sailing to and from South Carolina and on affairs in the colony. In manuscript unit #2364.

British Public Records Office Documents, 1716-1773. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Contains ship entries and clearances for the port of Charleston, 1716-1766. Also, manifest of cargo (1764), customs reports (1768-1773), ship entries and clearances for Georgetown (1733-1767), naval officers r e ports, and manifest of cargo (ca. 1733-1767), notes by Thomas J . Tobias. Call number: 34-69/74.

Charleston Account Books. South Caroliniana Library Manuscript

Collections, Columbia, S.C. Account books, ledgers, and sales book, 1745-1747, 1799-1805, 1866, 1885-1891, 1824-1828,

17

1829-1839, and 1849-1852. Unidentified Charleston merchant records, Consists, among other things, of journal and ledger book listing numerous merchants, shipowners, and ships. Collection #389.

Commissioners of Trade and Plantations Documents, 1719-1740. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Papers concerning South Carolina trade. Call number 34-9.

Na-val Office, Great Britian, Papers, 1716-1767. 2 reels mircofilm. South Caroliniana Library Manuscipt Collections, Columbia, S.C. Shipping lists for South Carolina from 1716-1767 in the British Public Records Office. Collection #154 7.

Naval Officer Records, 1717-1767. 2 reels microfilm. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Transcripts of statistics on imports and exports for South Carolina with annual lists of the types of material, quantity, origin, and destinations. Index of commodities and locations at beginning of films. Call number 45-199B/C.

Naval Officer Records, Charleston Port Clearings, 1717-1721, 1 val. South Carolina Archives Records Collection, Columbia, S.C.

Ship Registers, Collection, registers. 189-299).

1734-1780, 2 vols. South Carolina Archives Records Columbia, S.C. Two volumes of original ships Abstracted in Olsberg, "Ship Registers," (SCHM 74:4,

Smith, Henry Augustus Middleton, Papers, 1900-1924. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Contains notes from newspapers (1731-1794) re Charleston shipping. Also contains abstracts of Charleston County Register of Mesne Conveyance office books A-D. Indexes to several of the books. Call number: 11-402/406.

South Carolina Court of Vice Admiralty Journals, 1716-1763. Three reels microfilm. South Carolina Archives Records Collection, Columbia, S.C.

Tobias, Thomas, Papers, 1950-1968. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Contains research for a book on the history of Charleston as a port, 1670-ca. 1865. File folders of information on ship ownership, and ship registers. Abstracts of publications about sea transport. Notes on pertinent British Public Record Office documents, exports (including rice, indigo, naval stores, and lumber), imports, Naval Officer Reports (1717-1766), currency, smuggling, port services, types of ships, sea routes, custom service, navigations laws, slave trade. Call number 11-417/430.

B4: Newspapers:

Georgia. Gazette. Savannah, Ga. Contains many references to ship launchings in Charleston.

18

South Carolina. a.nd American Genera.] Gazette, 1764-1781. Microfilm, 12 reels. Charleston: Robert Wells and David Bruce, publishers. Contains numerous accounts of shipping and maritime activities. Published weekly, it continues the South Carolina. Weekly Gazette on April 4, 1764. Suspended briefly in 1776 and in 1779. Loyalist John Wells revived the paper as a semi-weekly in October 1780. Early in 1781 it was succeeded by the Royal Gazette. Part of the same microfilm collection with South Carolina. Gazette.

South Carolina. Gazette, 1732-1776. Microfilm, 12 reels. Charleston: Peter Timothy et. al., publishers. Contains frequent listings of ships clearances and entries, various totals of commodities shipped and shipping details. Published weekly, it was established January 8, 1732 by Thomas Whitemarsh, and suspended September 8, 1733. Re-established February 2, 1734 by Lewis Timothee [Timothy]. Timothy's widow, Ann, and their son, Peter, produced the paper after January 1739. During succeeding decades there were numerous suspensions, and on April 8, 1777 the paper was continued by the Gazette of the State of South Carolina..

South Carolina. Gazette; a.nd Country Journal, 1765-1775. Microfilm, 12 reels. Charleston: Charles Crouch, publisher. Contains numerous references to ships, and shipping. On same microfilm collection as South Carolina. Gazette.

B5: Miscellaneous:

Eisterhold, John Anthony. Lumber a.nd Trade in the Sea.boa.rd Cities of the Old South, 1607-1860. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mississippi, 1970. Not reviewed.

Naylor, Carleton A. South Carolina. Ship Registers, 1734-1780. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1989. Computer database containing 801 entries from the extant South Carolina ship registers. Each register includes information on the vessel's owners and masters. Contains several registers from 1694-1698 found in Miscellaneous Records of Charleston County.

19

Nyland, Rowena. The Historical Background of the Brown's Ferry Vessel. Master's Thesis, Department of History, University of South Carolina, 1988. A well-researched account of the colonial settlers of the Brown's Ferry area, their economy, their use of the rivers and ferries in the region, and their use and ownership of water craft.

20

C: PIRATES, PRIVATEERS, NAVAL ACTIVITIES

C1: Published Works

Abbott, John S.C. Captain r'lilliam Kidd. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1874. Chapter V: "Kidd, and Stede Bonnet." (pp. 98-109). Chapter VI: "The Adventures of Edward Teach, or Blackbeard." (pp. 110-124). Chapter VII: "The Close of Stede Bonnet's Career (pp. 125-138). Chapter XIII: "Anne Bonny, The Female Pirate (pp. 214-224). All these characters visited and influenced Charleston sometime in their careers. Contains six engravings.

Carroll, B.R. Historical Collections of South Carolina, 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1836. Contains various accounts of pirates.

Coker, P.C. III. Charleston's Maritime Heritage 1670-1865. Charleston: CokerCraft Press, 1987. Covers all aspects of Charleston's maritime history. Contains many pictures, reproductions of artwork and illustrations. Bibliography and index.

Defoe, Daniel. The General History of the Pyra.tes. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1972. An edited, corrected and annotated edition of Defoe's 1724 publication. Includes information on Blackbeard's piracy off the South Carolina coast (page 74), the capture and trial of Stede Bonnet (pp. 99-113), and the story of Anne Bonny who at one time lived in Charleston (pp. 164-165). Poorly indexed.

Easter by, James Harold, et. al., eds. Journals of the Commons House of Assembly, 1736-1775. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951-1983. Contains Acts, Resolutions, and discussions pertaining to all local maritime concerns. Vol. 1 (1736-1739), Vol. 2 (1739-1741), Vol. 3 (1742-1744), Vol. 4 (1742-1744), Vol. 5 (1744-1745), Vol. 6 (1745-1746), Vol. 7 (1746-1746), Vol. 8 (1748-1748), Vol. 9 (1749-1750), Vol. 10 (1750-1751), Vol. 11 (1 75 1-1752), Vol. 12 (1752-1754), Vol. 13 (1754-1755), Vol. 14 (1755-1757).

Edgar, Walter B., ed. The Letterbook of Robert Pringle, 2 vols. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1972. Volume One: April 2, 1737 to September 25, 1742. Volume Two: October 9, 1742 to April 29, 1745. Both volumes contain numerous references to the activities of privateers. Indexed.

Fleetwood, Rusty. Tidecra.ft: The boats of lower South Carolina. a.nd Georgia.. Savannah: Coastal Heritage Society, 1982. Discusses the privateers of the 1740's - 1760's (pp. 57-58). Contains

numerous references to the activites of naval ships. Bibliography and index.

21

Hewatt, Alexander. An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, 2vols. Spantanburg: The Reprint Co., 1971 (from 1779 ed). Contains accounts of pirates (pp. 92-93, 115, 141, 207-208, 235-236), and the capture by Barbary pirates of Capt. Beale during his cruise from Charleston to London (page 311). No index.

Hughson, Shirley Carter. The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce, 1670-1740. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1894. A much criticized account of the pirates who had an influence on, but were not necessarily from, South Carolina, including Blackbeard and Stede Bonnet.

Jameson, J. Franklin, ed. Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923. Contains a "Commission for Trial of Piracy. November 1, 1716," (pp. 286-290), and other documents of the Charleston Admiralty Court (pp. 517-525). Indexed.

Lee, Robert E. Blackbeard the Pirate. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, 1974. A new look at an old topic. Chapter 4: Blockade at Charleston. Well indexed. Bibliography.

Petit, J. Percival. South Carolina and the Sea, Vol. 1. Charleston: State Ports Authority, 1976. A valuable chronology of South Carolina's historic link with the sea. Volume 1 encompasses 1492 to 1800, and includes mention of key events regaring pirates, privateers and activities of the navy.

Petit, Percival. The Hanging of Stede Bonnet, Gentleman Pirate. Charleston: 1953. Not reviewed.

Records of Wills, Inventories, and Miscellaneous Records for Charleston County, South Carolina, 1671-1868, 100 vols. Contains accounts of privateering, early ship registers. Indexed.

Salley, A.S., ed. Records in the British Public Records Office relating to South Carolina, 5 vols. Columbia: The Historical Commission of South Carolina, 1946. Vol. I ( 1698-1700) contains instructions to South Carolina's colonial Naval Officers, and correspondence concerning specific Admiralty Court cases. Vol. V (1701-1710) contains account of French and Spanish invasion of South Carolina in 1706. Other volumes contain numerous references to ships and privateers.

Salley, A.S., ed. The Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, 1692-1765. Columbia: Historical Commission of South Carolina and South Carolina Archives Department, 1907-49. Covers sessions: prior to 1708, 1724-1727, 1734-1735, 1765, 1776, and 1782. Contains references to legislative activities concerning pirates.

22

Indexed.

Savage, Henry, Jr. River of the Carolinas: The Santee. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc., 1956. Chapter 9: "The Challenge of the Jolly Roger," tells of the early Carolinians' initial acceptance of and then successful struggle against the influences of such pirates as Blackbeard and Stede Bonnet.

Sherman, Richard P. Robert Johnson: Proprietary and Ro;val Governor of South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1966. Chapter III: Victory Over The Pirates, outlines the colony's, under the leadership of Johnson, success over such pirates as Stede Bonnet, and Richard Worley. Also mentions activities of Edward "Blackbeard" Teach and Christopher Moody. Indexed.

Sherry, Frank. Raiders and Rebels; The Golden Age of Piracy New York: Hearst Marine Books, 1986. A readable account of piracy from 1690 to 1720. Includes accounts of pirates who frequented Charleston including Blackbeard and Anne Bonny. Sherry relies heavily Defoe's The General History of the Pyrates.

Sirmans, M. Eugene. Colonial South Carolina: A Political Histor;v, 1663-1763. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Contains brief accounts of the activities of pirates, and of various ships. Too general to be of much use. Bibliography and index.

Snow, Edward Rowe. Pirates and Buccaneers of the Atlantic Coast. Boston: The Yankee Publishing Co., 1944. In Part Three: "Teach, Alias Blackbeard," (page 251), and "Major Stede Bonnet, The Gentleman Pirate, " (page 269). Both these men's activities included time in Carolina waters.

'\\7 allace, D.D. The History of South Carolina, 4vols. New York: The

American Historical Society, Inc., 1934. Chapter 23: The Pirates, 1718.

Walsh, Richard, ed. The Writings of Christopher Gadsden, 1746-1805. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 1966. Contains references to privateers. Indexed.

C2: Periodicals

Jones, Kenneth R. "A 'Full and Particular Account' of the Assault on Charleston in 1706." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 83:1 (January 1982) 1-11. Contains a previously unpublished account of the invasion by the combined French and Spanish force

23

on James Island and Mt. Pleasant.

May, K.E. "Captain Frankland's Rose." The American Neptune, January 1966: 37-62. The H.M.S. Rose, 20, was a station ship at Charleston from 1741 to 1745. This detailed account tells of her time in Charleston, of her participation in the British raid on Spanish St. Augustine in 1742, and of her prize captures including the 400-ton ship Conception carrying a fortune in silver, gold and jewels.

May, W.E., Commander, R.N. "His Majasty's Ships on the Carolina Station." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 71:3 (July 1970) 162-169. A listing of station ships from 1719 to 1774. Includes each vessel's total armament, captain's and lieutenant's names, and dates on station.

May, W.E., Commander, R.N. "Capt. Charles Hardy on the Carolina Station, 1742-1744." The South Carolina Historical Maga z ine, 70:1 (January 1969) 1-19. Concerns itself mostly with the troubles Hardy had with South Carolina's merchants and colonial government. Contains references to his majesty's ships being refitted at Hobcaw.

Oldsberg, Nicholas. "Ship Registers in the South Carolina Archiv es, 1734-1780." South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 74:4 (October 1973) 189-299. Contains brief description of the Navigation Act of 1660 as well as a complete set of abstracts of the ship registers. These abstracts contain information on admiralty court seizures, including details of capture and condemnation.

Siebert, K.H . "Spanish and French Privateering in Southern Waters. " Georgia Historical Quarterl,Y, 16:3 (September 1932) 163-178. Outlines Spanish and French privateering activities off Charleston from July 1762 to March 1763. Mentions specific counter-privateering measures and Carolina ships taken as prizes. Poorly footnoted, relying heavily on South Carolina Gazette accounts.

Stumpf, Stuart 0. "Implications of King George's War For the Charleston Mercantile Community." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 77:3 {July 1976) 161-188. Describes Charleston's merchants' participation in privateering, smuggling, and government contracting.

Thompson, Edgar K. "George Anson in the Province of South Carolina." The Mariner's Mirror, 53:3 (August 1967) 279-280. A brief account of Anson while captain of various station ships in Charleston from 1724 through 1735, especially his real estate transactions.

24

Webber, Mabel L., comp. "The Bond Family of Hobcaw Plantation, Christ Church Parish." The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 25:1 (January 1924) 1-22. Marrying into the Bond family were Clement Lempriere, privateer and shipbuilder, and Richard I'On, privateer, among others.

C3: Manuscript Collections

Howell, John Papers, 1762. South Caroliniana Library Manuscript Collections, Columbia, S.C. Contains depositions protesting a French privateer's seizure of the schooner Hanna & Jane. In manuscript unit #2416.

C4: Newspapers

South Carolina and American General Gazette 1764-1781. 12 reels of mircrofilm. Charleston: Robert Wells and David Bruce, publishers. Contains numerous accounts of privateers, and naval activities. Published weekly, it continues the South Carolina Weekly Gazette on April 4, 1764. Suspended briefly in 1776 and in 1779. Loyalist John Wells revived the paper as a semi-weekly in October 1780. Early in 1781 it was succeeded by the Royal Gazette. Part of the same microfilm collection with South Carolina Gazette.

South Carolina Gazette, 1732-1776. 12 reels of microfilm. Charleston: Peter Timothy et. al., publishers. Contains numerous accounts of privateers, and naval ship movements. Published weekly, it was established January 8, 1732 by Thomas Whitemarsh, suspended September 8, 1733. Re-established February 2, 1734 by Lewis Timothee [Timothy]. Timothy's widow, Ann, and their son, Peter, produced the paper after January 1739. During succeeding decades there were numerous suspensions, and on April 8, 1777 the paper was continued by the Gazette of the State of South Carolina.

South Carolina Gazette; and Countr;v Journal 1765-1775. 12 reels of microfilm. Charleston, S.C. Charles Crouch, publisher. Contains numerous references to naval activites. On same microfilm collection as South Carolina Gazette.

25

C5: Miscellaneous

Naylor, Carleton A. South Carolina Ship Registers, 1734-1780. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1989. Computer database containing 801 entries from the extant South Carolina ship registers. Contains several registers from 1694-1698 found in Miscellaneous Records of Charleston Count.>"· The registers contain information on admiratly court seizures, including details of capture and condemnation.

26

D: RIVERS, WATERWAYS, PORTS

D1: Published Works

Cooper, Thomas, and David J. McCord. The Statutes at Large of South Carolina, 1682-1838. 10 vols. Columbia: A.S. Johnston, 1838-1841. Vols. I-V edited by Cooper, VI-X by McCord. Vol. VII contains acts relating to Charleston, the courts, slaves, and rivers. Vol. IX contains acts relating to roads, bridges, and ferries. Vol. X is a general index.

Cumming, William P. The Southeast in Early Maps: With an Annotated Check List of Printed and Manuscript Regional and Local Maps of Southeastern North American During the Colonial Period. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press, 1958. Contains 67 plates of early maps, an enlightening history of the early maps with much information on their origins, and an extensive list of maps (from the Desoto map of 1544 to the Mouzon map of 1775) which includes a detailed description of each map, books and atlases in which the map has been reproduced, and the locations of copies of the original. Bibliography and cross-listing of maps. Indexed.

De Vorsey, Louis, Jr., ed. De Brahm's Report of the General Surve;v in the Southern District of North America. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1971. Chapter 4 of the South Carolina section of the book contains William Gerard De Brahm's description of the port of Charleston, the bar, Charleston's exports and the number of trading vessels in port (pp. 90-96). De Brahm spent several years in Charleston in the early 1750's. De Brahm's Survey was originally published in the 1770's.

Easterby, James Harold, et. al., eds. Journals of the Commons House of Assembly , 1736-1775. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951-1983. Contains Acts, Resolutions, and discussions pertaining to all local maritime conerns including waterways, the ports, ferries and pilots. Vol. 1 (1736-1739), Vol. 2 (1 739-1741), Vol. 3 (1742-1744), Vol. 4 (1742-1744), Vol. 5 !1744-1745), Vol. 6 (1745-1746), Vol. 7 (1746-1746), Vol. 8 (1 748-1748), Vol. 9 (1749-1750), Vol. 10 (1750-1751), Vol. 11 (1751-1752), Vol. 12 (1752-1754), Vol. 13 (1754-1755), Vol. 14 (1755-1757).

Fleetwood, Rusty. Tidecraft: The boats of lower South Carolina & Georgia. Savannah: Coastal Heritage Society, 1982. Contains numerous references to the waterways and rivers around the port of Charleston. Bibliography and index.

27

Karpinski, Louis C. Early Maps of Carolina and Adjoining Regions. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1930. Section I: Maps of "The World, Western Hemisphere and North America"; Section II: maps of "The English Colonies and the United States"; Section III: maps of "The Carolina Coast and the Carolinas." Maps listed in chronological order. No sources noted. No plates. Not as good as Cumming's The Southeast in Earl;v Maps.

Lawson, John. A New Voyage to Carolina.. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1967. A reprint of the original 1709 London edition with many references to his travels along the South Carolina coast. Indexed.

Lewis, K. E. and W. T. Langhorne, Jr. Castle Pinckney: An Archeological Assessment with Recommendations. Columbia: Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, April 1978. Research Manuscript Series No. 128.

Mciver, Petrona Royall. History of Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina.. Charleston: Ashley Printing & Publishing Co., 1960. Contains a superficial history of the ferries that serviced the area.

Michie, James L. An Intensive Shoreline Survey of Archeological Sites in Port Royal Sound and the Broad River Estuary, Beaufort County, South Carolina.. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology & Anthropology, 1980. Section on "Historical Modification of the Physical Environment" (pages 10-14) contains discussion on the changes in land form and waterways that have occurred over time.

Mills, Robert. Statistics of South Carolina.. Charleston: Hurlbutt and Lloyd, 1826. Contains statistical information on rivers and canals (pp. 156-160), and Charleston harbor (pp. 399-403).

Pinckney, W. Elise, ed. The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckne.v, 1739-1762. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1972. Contains many references to specific vessels and waterways. Indexed.

Salley, A.S., ed. The Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, 1692-1765. Columbia: Historical Commission of South Carolina and South Carolina Archives Department, 1907-49. Covers sessions prior to 1708, 1724-1727, 1734-1735, 1765, 1776, and 1782. Contains references to legislative activities concerning bridges, and waterways. Indexed.

Smith, Henry A.M. Rivers and Regions of Early- South Carolina.. Spartanburg: The Reprint Co., 1988. This is volume three of the three volume set The Historical Writings of Henry A.M. Smith, a compilation of his articles which have appeared over the years in The South Carolina Historical (and Genealogical) Magazine. Contains maps showing locations of early plantations, ferry and other landings, causeways, millworks, and bridges on the Ashley

28

and Cooper rivers. Text traces property ownership of islands and lands adjacent to rivers including the sites of ferries, millworks and the shipyard on Shipyard Creek. Indexed.

Smith, Henry A.M. The Baronies of South Carolina. Spartanburg: The Reprint Co., 1988. This is volume one of the three volume set The Historical Writings of Henry A.M. Smith, a compilation of his articles which have appeared over the years in The South Carolina Historical (and Genealogical) Magazine. Using old plats, records of grants , deeds, warrants, and wills, Smith has recreated valuable maps showing locations of the early baronies of South Carolina. These maps also show locations of early canals and bridges. The text traces the ownership of these lands. Indexed.

Smith, Henry A.M. Cities and Towns of Early South Carolina. Spartanburg: The Reprint Co., 1988. This is volume two of the three volume set The Historical Writings of Henry A.M. Smith, a compilation of his articles which have appeared over the years in The South Carolina Historical (and Genealogical) Magazine. Contains maps showing locations of early towns, ferries and bridges along entire coast. Text traces early settlers of these towns. Indexed.

D2: Periodicals

Ford, Worthington Chauncey. "Early Maps of Carolina." Geographical Review, XVI !1926): 264-273. Mixes history of the region with

. the history of its early maps and mapmakers. Includes the Locke Map of 1662, the Map of 1666, maps in Ogliby's America, and the Moxon and Lamb maps of 1676. Also, an interesting comparison of the various maps and the place names on each.

Gilmore, Edward C. "South Carolina River Ferries." South Carolina History Illustrated, 1:2 (May 1970) 44-48. Overview of the establishment, locations, and demise of South Carolina's ferries.

Ivers, Larry E. "Scouting The Inland Passage, 1685-1737." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 73:3 (July 1972) 117-129. Story of the scouts and their boats who patrolled South Carolina's Inland Passage (today's Intracoastal Waterway) between Charleston and Georgia.

Mathews, Maurice. "A Contemporary View of Carolina in 1680." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 55:3 (July 1954) 153-159. Describes the rivers and waterways around Charleston including the density of habitation on each.

McCormack, Helen G. "A Catalogue of Maps of Charleston based on

29

engravings and photostatic copies owned by Alfred 0. Halsey, esq. of Charleston, South Carolina." Charleston Year Book, 1944: 178-203. A listing of the maps with detailed descriptions of each. Fifty-three maps in all.

South, Stanley A. "Fickle Forts on Windmill Point: Exploratory Archeology at Fort Johnson, South Carolina." Institute of Archeology & Anthropology Notebook, 7:6 (Nov.-Dec. 1975) 173-217. Contains maps of the fort showing its growth and change over the years, from the time it first became a Charleston harbor landmark in 1708 until its present day layout. Also contains a summary of historical data to 1865 relating to the site. Bibliography.

Waddell, Gene. "Ignorance and Deceit in Renaming Charleston's Rivers; Some Observations About the Reliability of Historical Sources." South Carolina Historical Magazine, 89:1 (January 1988) 40-50. A fascinating account of the naming and renaming of Charleston's rivers.

Young, R. W. "Castle Pinckney, Silent Sentinel of Charleston Harbor." The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 39:1 (January 1940) 1-14. Outlines the brief colonial history of the island.

D3: Manuscript Collections

Maps and Muniments Collection, 1591-Present. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Contains manuscript maps (ca. 50), printed maps (ca. 1,000), reproductions of maps (ca. 350), plats (ca. 1,500), and indentures (ca. 1,000).

Office of the Surveyor General, Colonial Plats, 1731-1775. South Carolina Archives Records Collection, Columbia.

Smith, Henry Augustus Middleton Papers, 1900-1924. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Contains abstracts of Charleston County Register of Mesne Conveyance office books A-D. Indexes to several of the books. Call number: 11-402/406.

D4: Newspapers

30

South Carolina and American General Gazette 1764-1781. 12 reels of microfilm. Charleston: Robert Wells and David Bruce, publishers. Contains numerous references to rivers, waterways and port activities. Published weekly, it continues the South Carolina Weekly Gazette on April 4, 1764. It was suspended briefly in 1776 and in 1779. Loyalist John Wells revived the paper as a semi-weekly in October 1780. Early in 1781 it was succeeded by the Ro;val Gazette. Part of the same microfilm collection with South Carolina Gazette.

South Carolina Gazette, 1732-1776. 12 reels of microfilm. Charleston: Peter Timothy et. al., publishers. Contains numerous accounts of local waterways, rivers, and port activities. Published weekly, it was established January 8, 1732 by Thomas Whitemarsh, and suspended September 8, 1733. Re-established February 2, 1734 by Lewis Timothee [Timothy). Timothy's widow, Ann, and their son, Peter, produced the paper after January 1739. During succeeding decades there were numerous suspensions, and on April 8, 1777 the paper was continued by the Gazette of the State of South Carolina.

South Carolina Gazette; and Country Journal 1765-1775. 12 reels of microfilm. Charleston, S.C. Charles Crouch, publisher. Contains numerous references to local rivers, waterways, and port activ ites. On same microfilm collection as South Carolina Gazette.

D5: Miscellaneous

Nyland, Rowena. The Historical Background of the Brown's Ferry Fessel. !'-1aster's Thesis, Department of History, University of South Carolina, 1988. A well-researched account of the colonial settlers of the Brown's Ferry area, their economy, their use of the r ivers and ferries in the region, and their use and ownership of water craft.

31

E: VOYAGES, EXPLORATION, EARLY SETTLEMENT

E1: Published Works

Burke, Edmund. An Account of the European Settlements in America. London: J. Dodsley, 1777. Part VII, Chapter XIX, contains a brief discussion of the French attempts to settle Carolina ( pp. 233-236). Part VII, Chapter XX, describes briefly the English settlement of Carolina (pp. 236-240).

Coker, P.C. III. Charleston's Maritime Heritage 1670-1865. Charleston: CokerCraft Press, 1987. Part I: Carving A New Society from the Wilderness. Index and bibliography.

Courtenay, William Ashmead, ed. Earliest Voyages to South Carolina. New York: Frances P. Harper, 1905. Not reviewed.

Craven, Wesley Frank. The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607-1689. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1949. Touches briefly on the voyages of William Hilton, Robert Sandford, and John Yeamans. Indexed.

Eastman, Mrs. l'-1ary (Henderson). Chicora and other Regions of the Conquerors and the Conquered. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Co., 1854. Contains brief account of Vasquez De Ayllon's exploration of and settlement at Chicora, located somewhere on present day Santee River (pp. 9-14).

Fleetwood, Rusty. Tidecraft: The boats of lower South Carolina & Georgia. Savannah: Coastal Heritage Society, 1982. Discusses early exploration and settlement in terms of the boats and ships used by the French, Spanish and English. Bibliography and index.

Force, Peter, ed. Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America from the Discover.v of the Countr.v to the Year 1776. Washington, D.C.: Peter Force, 1836-46. Volume IV, Chapter II, contains William Hilton's first person account of his voyage to and exploration of Hilton Head Island and the surrounding area.

Hakluyt, Richard. The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, 12 vols. New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1969. Reprint of the original 1589 edition. Volume VIII contains Laudonniere's account of the voyage of Captain John Ribault to Port Royal and his establishment of Charlesfort in 1562 (pp. 446-486). Volume IX contains Laudonniere's account of his voyage in 1564 (pp. 1-82), and Ribault's voyage in 1565 (pp. 82-85 ).

Hilton, Captain William. Voyage To The Carolina Coast. Hilton Head

- --

32

Island: Hilton Head Island Publishing Co., 1967. A reprint of the original report issued in London in 1664. Hilton describes his 1663 voyage to and exploration of Hilton Head Island and surrounding area.

Holmgren, Virginia C. Hilton Head: A Sea Island Chronicle. Hilton Head Island: Hilton Head Publishing Co., 1959 •. Covers Spanish, French, and English exploration of Hilton Head Island and environs. Chapter II: The Years of Discovery. Chapter III: Under the Spanish Flag. Chapter IV: The English Come to Stay.

Johnson, James Guyton. The Spanish Period of Georgia and South Carolina History. University of Georgia Bulletin, Special Series XXIII ( 1923 ).

Johnston, Gideon. Carolina Chronicle, the papers of Commissary Gideon Johnston, 1707-1716. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1946. Johnston's ship was wrecked a few miles off the South Carolina coast in September 1708.

Jones, Katharine M. Port Royal Under Six Flags. New York: Bobbs-Herrill Co, Inc., 1960. A collection of primary and secondary accounts of the Beaufort-Port Royal area, including first hand accounts of the early French, Spanish and English voyages of exploration and settlement.

Lowery, Wood·bury. The Spanish Settlements Within the Present Limits of the United States: Florida, 1562-15?4. New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., 1959. Using Laudonniere's account in Hakluyt's Voyages, the author discusses Ribaut's voyage to and founding of Charlesfort (pp. 28-39), and his second expedition to Florida (pp. 94-199 ). Contains description of Pedro Menendez de Aviles founding of San Felipe in 1566. Appendix C: The Pillar Set up by Ribault ; Appendix E: Port Royal; Appendix F: Charlesfort; Appendix J : Maps of the French colonies in Florida and South Carolin a; Appendix P: The Death of Ribaut.

Lyon, Eugene. Santa Elena: A Brief Histor.v of the Colony, 1566-1587. Colu mb ia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropolog y , 1984. Taken in large portion from original Spanish r ecords. Research Manuscript Series No. 193.

Petit, J. Percival. South Carolina and the Sea, Vol. 1. Charleston: State Ports Authority, 1976. A valuable chronology of South Carolina's historic link with the sea. Volume 1 encompasses 1492 to 1800, and includes key events in the early exploration and settlement of Charleston.

Quattlebaum, Paul. The Land Called Chicora: The Carolinas Under Spanish rule with French Instrusions, 1520-1670. Gainsville, Fla.: University of Florida Press, 1956. A thorough account of the topic with reproductions of original maps and plates. Bibliography and index.

-------------------------------------------======-~===--------======---------------== ----

33

Salley, A.S., ed. Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1911. Contains Hilton's "A Relation of a Discovery lately made on the Coast of Florida" with an Introduction giving a background look at Hilton's 1664 voyage to and exploration of the Port Royal area (pp. 31-61), Sandford's "A Relation of a Voyage on the coast of the Province of Carolina" (pp. 75-107), and the "Journal of Elder William Pratt" in which he describes his 1695 voyage from Boston to Charleston on board the brigantine Friendship, Capt. Hill (pp. 194-195). Indexed.

Salley, A.S. Parris Island, The Site of the First Attempt at Settlement of White People within the Bounds of kihat is now South Carolina. South Carolina Historical Commission Bulletin No. 5 (1919).

Simons, Katherine Drayton. Stories of Charleston Harbor. Columbia: The State Company, 1930. Covers a wide variety of topics related to Charleston Harbor including the first English settlement at Albemarle Point. Sketchy to the point of being misleading.

Sirmans, M. Eugene. Colonial South Carolina: A Political History, 1663-1763. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Contains brief accounts of the first English settlers, of the activities of pirates, and of various ships. Too general to be of much use. Bibliography and index.

Waring, Joseph I., M.D. The First Voyage and Settlement at Charles Town, 1670-1680. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970. An extremely brief overview of the subject. Includes accounts of the Spanish and French efforts at settlement. Tricentennial Booklet Number 4. No index.

E2: Periodicals

Barnwell, Joseph W. "European Settlements on the East Coast of North America." South Carolina Historical Magazine, XXV ( 1924) 88-93. Too brief to be of much use. Taken mostly from works cited elsewhere in this bibliography.

Calmes, Alan. "The Southern Coastal Frontier of South Carolina at Port Royal, Based on the Gascoigne Map and Survey Journals of 1728-1731." The Institute of Archeology and Anthropology Notebook, III:3 (May-June 1971) 73-78. Discusses Captain John Gascoigne's survey of the Port Royal area. Includes Gascoigne's description of the design of the local South Carolina scout boats that aided Gascoigne in his survey.

Childs, St. Julien R. "The First South Carolinians.'' The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 71:2 (April 1970) 101-108.

34

Compiled from land warrants, a partial listing of the men and women who arrived in South Carolina in 1670 aboard the Carolina and Three Brothers.

Cole, Eli K. "Charles Fort, South Carolina, Built by Ribault in 1562." Transactions of the Huguenot Societ.Y of South Carolina, XXIX (1924) 15-25. Transcript of an address by Cole, who at the time was a Brigadier General in the U.S. Marine Corps. Most of the story is taken from Laudonniere's account in Hakluyt's Voyages.

De Saussure , Isabelle. "Ribault's Fort." Transactions of the Huguenot Societ:v of South Carolina, Vol. 14: 48-52. Consists of excerpts from other sources as to the settlements on Parris Island by Jean Ribault and Rene de Laudonniere, and of an account of Capt. George Parson Elliott's 1850's search for Ribault's fort, written by his daughter, Miss Elizabeth Osborn Elliott in 1907. She describes the artifacts collected by her father which were subsequently lost when her home in McPhersonville was burned by Sherman in 1865.

Dunlop, J.G. "Captain Dunlop's Voyage to the Southward, 1687." South Carolina Historical Magazine, XXX (1929) 127-133. William Dunlop's log of the trip to raid the Spanish. Dunlop had to abort when he suspected the Indians enlisted to help may have tipped the Spanish.

Dunlop, J.G. "William Dunlop's Mission to St. Augustine in 1688." South Carolina Historical Magazine, XXXIV ( 1933) 1-30. Dunlop was sent to St. Augustine aboard the ship Sabina to negotiate several matters for South Carolina Governor James Colleton. Article mostl y a compilation of extant documents of William Dunlop.

Hilton, William. "A Relation of A Discovery lately made on the Coast of Florida." Cit.v of Charleston Year Book 1884, 227-261. Commander William Hilton's first person account of the exploration of the Port Royal area in 1663-1664, originally published in London in 1664. Gives detailed description of the Port Ro:-'al environs and Hilton's cruising in and around the various rivers and islands. Largely concerned with his dealings with the Indians and Spaniards.

Insh, George Pratt. "Arrival of the Card ross Settlers." South Carolina Historical Magazine XXX ( 1929) 69-80. A brief account of the Scotch settlement at Stuart's Town (Stewartstown) near Port Royal in 1685. Centers around their relationships with the native Indians and the English settlers and government in Charleston. Describes the Carolina Merchant, the vessel used by the colonists, as "a vessel of 170 tons burthen and carrying sixteen guns." Article is reprinted from The Scottish Historical

35

Review, January 1928, Vol. XXV.

Johnson, James Guyton. "The Founding of Spanish Colonies in Georgia and South Carolina." Georgia Historical Quarterly, XV ( 1931) 301-312. General overview of the Spanish exploration of and settlement in Carolina. Contains brief description of the settlement at Santa Elena.

Johnson, James Guyton. "A Spanish Settlement in South Carolina, 1526." Georgia Historical Quarterly, VII ( 1923) 339-345. Outlines Ayllon's voyage to "Chicora" in 1521 and his 1526 settlement of San Miguel on the Santee River.

May, W.E. "The Surveying Commission of Alborough, 1728-1734." The American Neptune Vol. XXI (1961) 260-278. Taken from the logbook of H.M.S. Alborough's captain, John Gasciogne, the article chronicles Gascoigne's surveying cruise from 1728-1734. Part of Gascoigne's survey centered around Port Royal and a copy of his chart of Port Royal is reproduced in the article. Details the Alborough's comings and goings at Charleston. Also discussed the scout boats loaned to him by South Carolina.

Melvin, Patrick. "Captain Florence O'Sullivan and the Origins of Carolina." The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 76:4 (October 1975) 235-249. Details the activities of Capt. O'Sullivan aboard the Carolina when it carried the first settlers to Charleston. Sullivan'·s Island is named after Capt. O'Sullivan.

Morgan, Thurman T. "John Rivers and the Voyage of the Three Brothers." South Carolina Historical Magazine, 80:4 (October 1979) 267-272. Briefly traces the activites of the vessels used in the first voyage of settlement of Charles Towne. One vessel, The Three Brothers, stopped at St. Catherines Island, Georgia, on her way to Carolina. There, many of the settlers and crew were captured and killed by the Spanish and the Indians under Spanish control. This is the account of John Rivers, one of the passengers who was killed. Much of the information comes from a deposition taken from Rivers by the Spanish.

Osterhout, George . Jr. "The Sites of the French and Spanish Forts in Port Royal Sound." Huguenot Societ.Y of South Carolina Transactions, No. 41 ( 1936) 22-36. The author, a major in the U.S. Marine Corps at the time of the article, reviews arguments for and against the various claimed sites of Charlesfort, San Felipe and San Marcos and concludes that San Felipe and San Marcos were located at the junction of Battery Creek and the Beaufort River, in downtown Port Royal today, and that Charlesfort was on Parris Island on the site marked by a monument placed there in 1926. This theory has been seriously disputed. Briefly discusses his 1923 excavation of the "Charlesfort" site.

Osterhout, George H., Jr. "After Three Hundred and Fifty Years: Being the Story of 'Charles Fort,' Built by Jean Ribaut in 1562 on What

36

is Now Known as Parris Island, South Carolina." Marine Corps Gazette, VII ( 1923) 98-109. Not reviewed.

Ross, Mary. "The Spanish Settlement of Santa Elena in 1578." Georgia Historical Quarterly, IX ( 1925) 352-379. A detailed account of the settlement. Includes Capt. Alvaro Flores' extensive description of the fort and its contents in 1578, and a 1595 plan of the Fort of Santa Elena.

Salley, Alexander S., Jr. "The Spanish Settlement at Port Royal, 1565-1586." South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 26 (1925) 31-40. An interesting piecing together of clues as to the locations of both the Spanish settlements and French forts in the Port Royal area.

Sandford, Robert. "Sandford's Voyage on the Coast of Carolina, 1666." City of Charleston Yearbook 1885: 259-296. Capt. Robert Sandford's first person account of his exploration of the Port Royal area in 1666.

Shaftsbury Papers. "A Relation of the Voyage of the Colonists, Who Sailed from the Thames, in August, 1669, via Kinsdale, Ireland and Barbadoes, visiting Port Roayll and Finally Settling on Ashley River, where they founded Charles Town." City of Charleston Yearbook 1886: 239-279. Contains information from the Shaftsbury Papers on file in the British Public Records Office in London about the voyage to and settlement of Charleston. Includes details of the ships, their crews, provisioning, and passengers, as well as accounts of their dealings with the local Indians.

Wallace, David D. "Early South Carolina History." Americana, XXVIII ( 1934) 371-413. Not reviewed.

Wallace, David D. "The Coming of the English to South Carolina." Americana, XXVII (1934) 545-560. Not reviewed.

E3: Manuscript Collections

Dunlap, William. Correspondence and Muniments, 1685-ca.1690. 1 reel microfilm. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Correspondence of Dunlap, Lord Cardross, Peter Colleton, James Colleton, and others concerning Stuart Town at Port Royal.

Locke, John. Correspondence, 1673-1704. 1 reel microfilm. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Charleston, S.C. Letters concerning the settlement of Carolina. Locke was philosopher-secretary to the Earl of Shaftsbury.

Shaftsbur;v Papers, 1663-1712. 3 reels microfilm. South Carolina Historical Society Collections, Chaleston, S.C. Correspondence and business records of the Lords Proprietors concerning the settlement of Carolina. Contains most of the surviving information about South Carolina between 1670 and 167 4.

37