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Lecture -9

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Post-Colonial South Asia: Governancereligion ethnicity and politics military in

politics and intra-state conflicts-II

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BHUTAN

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Both patriarchal and matriarchal societyFor centuries Bhutan had been described asfeudalistic society with weak stratification.Traditionally, there were only three classes:monastic community (nobility); lay civil servants(ran government); and farmers (the largest class).Endogamy has been popular practice, however;ethnic integration is encouraged now.Except southern Bhutan, there is no caste system

There was a custom of Primogeniture; in someareas the eldest daughter would be the successor.In contemporary Bhutan, inheritance is equallydistributed among all the children.

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Bhutanese culture is one of the most distinctive cultures of theworld.Perhaps one of few cultures that equally celebrates the birth of agirl.Traditionally, cousin marriages and marriages among relativeshave been a common practice.Salted butter tea (suja) and alcohol are common drinks inBhutan.Platters and other crockery is made of either wood or bamboo.Traditional, seasonal, secular, religious festivals are widelycelebrated and hence there are numerous public holidays.Men wear gho or kira . Women wear ankle -legnth kira with ashoulder scarf rachu .

In Bhutanese culture, head is considered sacred and legs impure.It is wrong to touch anyones head and stretch your feet inpublic.

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In 1998, powers of the King were decentralized.

The country does not have any major bilateralconflict with any neighbouring state except Nepalwith which it has refugees problem.

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Bhutanese literature divided learning into five: grammar,

dialectics, healings, outer sciences and inner sciences.The literature is also influences by folk songs.Most part of the literature is based on religion, it alsoprovides information about society, traditions and economics.

1. Chhoejung (dharma histories and religious literature that includes Kangyur and Tengyur)2. Namthar (Religious biographies)3. Gyalrab (Historical chronicles of dynasties or other)4. Logyu(Records or history of chronicles)5. Terma (Treasure texts)6. Srung (Epics like that of Gesar of Ling)

7. Glu (Folk songs)8. Nyam Gyur (religious poetry)9. Nyan Ngag (Ornate poetry)10. Karchag (Catalogues)11. Tshig Dzod (dictionary)

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PAKISTANI AND INDIAN SOCIETY

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Multi-ethnic societiesPatriarchyInfluences of military bureaucracy oligarchyBattered by the experience of partitionQuasi-democraciesInter and intra-state conflictsPolarized societies

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FolksongsPoetrySinging and dancing

Sant sayingsBhajanStorytelling

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Indian society structurally grew on the guidelinesof R. K. Narayanan B. R. Ambedkar, Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru.Post-partition Punjabi literature speaks volumes ofstories on partition, post-partition society and the

British legacy.Politics, economy, religion, tradition, customs andsocial integration were the subject of writers.Every region had its own brand of writings onsocio-political experiences.Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi languages alsooffered remarkable amount of literature.English was also used as a medium of expression.

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Raja RaoMulk Raj AnandR. K. NarayananBankim Chndra ChatterjeeRabindra Nath TagoreMunshi PremchandDinu Bhai PantAmitav GhoshAjeet CourNirad C. ChaudhryKamala SurrayaAmrita Preetam

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FolkloresSufismStorytellingIntellectual inclination

JournalismCoffee House discussionsLibraries

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Pakistani literature evolved in three forms: novels,stories (fiction and non-fiction) and dramas.Contemporary literature also includes travelogues.Language has been an issue and all the four provincesare rich in literature in regional languages.Persian poetry has been an important socio-culturalfeature of the subcontinent since Mughal era, however;Shah Jehans era was known for prose writings.Novels and stories on post-partition trauma, varioussocial issues and society in general replaced poetry.Urdu poetry had also been prominent.

Other than Urdu, Punjabi literature has also beeninfluential. In western Punjab, Amrita Preetam and herlikes had a great contribution. In eastern side, due tolack of education in mother tongue, not many influentialliterary figures were produced.

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Quratul Ain HaiderAhmad HussainIntezar HussainAshfaq AhmedAnis NagiBano QudsiaSaadat Hasan MantoZahida HinaNishat FatimaIftikhar Nasim

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Both Pakistan and India inherited interstateterritorial conflicts, in particular.From Kashmir dispute to Sir Creek, thecountries are still faced with intractableissues which they have yet to settle.Fought three wars.Engaged in arms race against each other

The two states also are faced with complexintra-state conflicts.

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Bhutan, http://asiasociety.org/countries/country -profiles/bhutanAmarjit Chandan , Punjabi Literature on Partition: SomeObservations, http://amarjitchandan.tripod.com/id8.html

Gilani Kamran , Pakistani Literature: Evolution and Trends,http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Pakistani-

Literature3-the-Novel.htm