South and East Asia India, Korea & Japan Ancient China.

South and East South and East AsiaAsia

India, Korea & JapanIndia, Korea & Japan

Ancient ChinaAncient China

India after the India after the HarappansHarappans

Vedic civilizationVedic civilization was a change in was a change in Indian culture. Indian culture.

The Aryans adopted almost nothing of The Aryans adopted almost nothing of Harappan culture. They built no cities, Harappan culture. They built no cities, no states, no granaries, and used no no states, no granaries, and used no writing. writing.

Instead they were a warlike people Instead they were a warlike people that organized themselves in individual that organized themselves in individual tribal, kinship units, the jana. tribal, kinship units, the jana.

http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/ARYANS.HTM

JanaJana

The The jana jana was ruled over by a war-chief. was ruled over by a war-chief. These tribes spread quickly over northern These tribes spread quickly over northern India. India.

The basic social unit of Aryan culture, the The basic social unit of Aryan culture, the janajana, slowly developed from an , slowly developed from an organization based on kinship to one organization based on kinship to one based on geography. based on geography.

The The jana jana became a janapada, or nation and became a janapada, or nation and the the jana-rajya jana-rajya , or tribal kingdom, became , or tribal kingdom, became the jana-rajyapada, or national kingdom. the jana-rajyapada, or national kingdom.


Rigvedic PeriodRigvedic Period The earliest history of the Aryans in The earliest history of the Aryans in

India is called the Rigvedic Period (1700-India is called the Rigvedic Period (1700-1000 BC) after the religious praise 1000 BC) after the religious praise poems that are the oldest pieces of poems that are the oldest pieces of literature in India. literature in India.

These poems, the Rig Veda, are believed These poems, the Rig Veda, are believed to represent the most primitive layer of to represent the most primitive layer of Indo-European religion and have many Indo-European religion and have many characteristics in common with Persian characteristics in common with Persian religion since the two peoples are closely religion since the two peoples are closely related in time. related in time.


Vedic ArchitectureVedic Architecture

http://www.gosai.com/chaitanya/saranagati/html/vedic-age_fs.html

Architecture, con’dArchitecture, con’d

http://www.gosai.com/chaitanya/saranagati/html/vedic-age_fs.html

Hindu CastesHindu Castes By the end of the Rigvedic period, social By the end of the Rigvedic period, social

class had settled into four rigid castes: the class had settled into four rigid castes: the caturvarnas, or "four colors." caturvarnas, or "four colors."

At the top of the At the top of the caturvarnas caturvarnas were the were the priests, or Brahmans. Below the priests priests, or Brahmans. Below the priests were the warriors or nobles (Kshatriya), the were the warriors or nobles (Kshatriya), the craftspeople and merchants (Vaishya), and craftspeople and merchants (Vaishya), and the servants (Shudra), who made up the the servants (Shudra), who made up the bulk of society. bulk of society.

These economic classes were supported by These economic classes were supported by an elaborate religious system and would be an elaborate religious system and would be eventually subdivided into a huge number of eventually subdivided into a huge number of economic sub-classes which we call "castes. economic sub-classes which we call "castes.


Brahmanic PeriodBrahmanic Period Later Vedic Period or Brahmanic Period (1000-500 Later Vedic Period or Brahmanic Period (1000-500

BC), the Aryans migrated across the Doab, which is a BC), the Aryans migrated across the Doab, which is a large plain which separates the Yamuna River from large plain which separates the Yamuna River from the Ganges. the Ganges.

It was a difficult project, for the Doab was thickly It was a difficult project, for the Doab was thickly forested; the Aryans slowly burned and settled the forested; the Aryans slowly burned and settled the Doab until they reached the Ganges. Doab until they reached the Ganges.

While the While the Rig Veda Rig Veda represents the most primitive represents the most primitive religion of the Aryans during the Rigvedic Period, the religion of the Aryans during the Rigvedic Period, the religion of the Later Vedic period is dominated by the religion of the Later Vedic period is dominated by the Brahmanas, or priestly book, which was composed Brahmanas, or priestly book, which was composed sometime between 1000 and 850 BC. sometime between 1000 and 850 BC.

Later Vedic society is dominated by the Brahmans and Later Vedic society is dominated by the Brahmans and every aspect of Aryan life comes under the control of every aspect of Aryan life comes under the control of priestly rituals and spells. priestly rituals and spells.


Ancient KoreaAncient Korea

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom kingdom Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BC by Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BC by

Dangun in the basins of the Liao and Dangun in the basins of the Liao and Taedong Rivers, ruling over northern Taedong Rivers, ruling over northern Korean peninsula and southern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. Manchuria.

Gojoseon was defeated by the Han Gojoseon was defeated by the Han dynasty of China in 108 BC. dynasty of China in 108 BC.

Gojoseon bronze Gojoseon bronze artifactsartifacts

Three Kingdoms of Three Kingdoms of KoreaKorea

The The Three Kingdoms of KoreaThree Kingdoms of Korea were Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla.were Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea

Goguryeo tomb muralGoguryeo tomb mural

The brick chamber of the tomb of King The brick chamber of the tomb of King Muryeong (r. 501-523) of the Baekje Muryeong (r. 501-523) of the Baekje

Kingdom (18 B.C.-A.D. 660)Kingdom (18 B.C.-A.D. 660)

Royal burial mounds at Royal burial mounds at

Gyeongju (capital of Silla)Gyeongju (capital of Silla)

Timeline: Timeline: Ancient China

Neolithic ca. 12000 - 2000 B.C.

Xia ca. 2100-1800 B.C.

Shang 1700-1027 B.C.

Western Zhou 1027-771 B.C.

Eastern Zhou 770-221 B.C.

770-476 B.C. -- Spring and Autumn period

475-221 B.C. -- Warring States period

Neolithic ChinaNeolithic ChinaThe Yangshao and the The Yangshao and the

LungshanLungshan The Neolithic period began in China about 12,000 B.C.The Neolithic period began in China about 12,000 B.C. However, good evidence of Neolithic settlements exists However, good evidence of Neolithic settlements exists

from only about 4,000 B.C. The Neolithic lasted until from only about 4,000 B.C. The Neolithic lasted until about 2,000 B.C.about 2,000 B.C.

It is defined by a spread of settled agricultural It is defined by a spread of settled agricultural communities, but hunting and gathering was still communities, but hunting and gathering was still practiced. practiced.

The largest concentration of agriculture was below the The largest concentration of agriculture was below the southern bend of the Yellow River and millet was the southern bend of the Yellow River and millet was the main crop. main crop.

The geography of Neolithic China was different from The geography of Neolithic China was different from today. It was much wetter, with most of Northern China today. It was much wetter, with most of Northern China being lakes and marshes and central China covered in an being lakes and marshes and central China covered in an enormous lake. The climate was warm and moist, rather enormous lake. The climate was warm and moist, rather than the colder, arid China of today. The mountains were than the colder, arid China of today. The mountains were well forested and there was a variety of animals. well forested and there was a variety of animals.

Neolithic ChinaNeolithic China

Neolithic PotteryNeolithic Pottery

Xia DynastyXia Dynasty For many years, the Xia Dynasty was thought to be a For many years, the Xia Dynasty was thought to be a

part of a myth that the Chinese tell as part of their part of a myth that the Chinese tell as part of their history. history.

The Xia Dynasty was in oral histories, but no The Xia Dynasty was in oral histories, but no archaeological evidence was found of it until 1959. archaeological evidence was found of it until 1959.

Excavations at Erlitous, in the city of Yanshi, Excavations at Erlitous, in the city of Yanshi, uncovered what was most likely a capital of the Xia uncovered what was most likely a capital of the Xia Dynasty. Dynasty. The site showed that the people were direct ancestors of the The site showed that the people were direct ancestors of the

Lungshan and were predecessors of the Shang. Lungshan and were predecessors of the Shang. Radiocarbon dates from this site indicate that they existed Radiocarbon dates from this site indicate that they existed

from 2100 to 1800 B.C.from 2100 to 1800 B.C. Despite this new archaeological evidence of the Xia, they are Despite this new archaeological evidence of the Xia, they are

not universally accepted as a true dynasty.not universally accepted as a true dynasty. The Xia were agrarian people, with bronze weapons The Xia were agrarian people, with bronze weapons

and pottery. The ruling families used elaborate and and pottery. The ruling families used elaborate and dramatic rituals to confirm their power to govern. The dramatic rituals to confirm their power to govern. The rulers often acted as shamans, communicating with rulers often acted as shamans, communicating with spirits for help and guidance.spirits for help and guidance.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/xia.html

Shang DynastyShang Dynasty The Shang, rather than the Xia, is considered by most to The Shang, rather than the Xia, is considered by most to

be the first true dynasty of China. be the first true dynasty of China. Like the Xia, the Shang were originally considered to be a Like the Xia, the Shang were originally considered to be a

myth. myth. They were discovered because Chinese pharmacists were They were discovered because Chinese pharmacists were

selling oracle bones the Shang had created; the selling oracle bones the Shang had created; the pharmacists sold the bones as dragon bones. pharmacists sold the bones as dragon bones.

The bones were first noticed in 1899 and by the 1920's The bones were first noticed in 1899 and by the 1920's were traced to Anyang, where the last Shang capital was were traced to Anyang, where the last Shang capital was found and excavated. found and excavated.

In the 1950's an earlier Shang capital was found near In the 1950's an earlier Shang capital was found near present day Zhengzhou.present day Zhengzhou.

Traditional Chinese history indicates that the Shang Traditional Chinese history indicates that the Shang Dynasty consisted of 30 kings and seven different, Dynasty consisted of 30 kings and seven different, successive, capitals. successive, capitals.

The Zhou, the dynasty that followed the Shang, are The Zhou, the dynasty that followed the Shang, are responsible for the recordings of the kings and capitals of responsible for the recordings of the kings and capitals of the Shang Dynasty. the Shang Dynasty.

Shang potteryShang pottery

Earthenware that was almost porcelain, only missing the glaze.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/shang.html

Shang WritingShang Writing One of the most important technological developments of One of the most important technological developments of

the Shang was the invention of writing. the Shang was the invention of writing. They are the first group of people from China of which They are the first group of people from China of which

written records are found. The most common place these written records are found. The most common place these writings are found is on oracle bones used for divination. writings are found is on oracle bones used for divination.

The bones used for this purpose originally came from a The bones used for this purpose originally came from a number of animals, but were eventually done exclusively number of animals, but were eventually done exclusively on turtle shells. A question was written on the bone, on turtle shells. A question was written on the bone, which was then fired and a T shaped crack was produced which was then fired and a T shaped crack was produced which was interpreted, and the interpretation was then which was interpreted, and the interpretation was then written on the bone. written on the bone.

After the predicted event occurred, the date of the After the predicted event occurred, the date of the occurrence was also written on the bone. Writing is also occurrence was also written on the bone. Writing is also found on bronze and stone, but the majority of the found on bronze and stone, but the majority of the records have decayed as they were recorded on bamboo records have decayed as they were recorded on bamboo strips. strips.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/shang.html

Oracle InscriptionsOracle Inscriptions

Shang ReligionShang Religion The Shang worshipped the "Shang Ti." The Shang worshipped the "Shang Ti." This god ruled as a supreme god over lesser This god ruled as a supreme god over lesser

gods, the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, gods, the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. and other natural forces and places.

Highly ritualized, ancestor worship became Highly ritualized, ancestor worship became a part of the Shang religion. a part of the Shang religion.

Sacrifice to the gods and the ancestors was Sacrifice to the gods and the ancestors was also a major part of the Shang religion. also a major part of the Shang religion.

When a king died, hundreds of slaves and When a king died, hundreds of slaves and prisoners were often sacrificed and buried prisoners were often sacrificed and buried with him. People were also sacrificed in with him. People were also sacrificed in lower numbers when important events, lower numbers when important events, such as the founding of a palace or temple, such as the founding of a palace or temple, occurred. occurred.

Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that

lived to the west of the Shang kingdom. lived to the west of the Shang kingdom. Due to their nomadic ways, they learned how to Due to their nomadic ways, they learned how to

work with people of different cultures. work with people of different cultures. After a time, they settled in the Wei River valley, After a time, they settled in the Wei River valley,

where they became vassals of the Shang. where they became vassals of the Shang. The Zhou eventually became stronger than the The Zhou eventually became stronger than the

Shang, and in about 1040 B.C. they defeated the Shang, and in about 1040 B.C. they defeated the Shang in warfare. Shang in warfare.

They built their capital in Xi'an. Part of their They built their capital in Xi'an. Part of their success was the result of gaining the allegiance success was the result of gaining the allegiance of disaffected city-states. of disaffected city-states.

The Shang were also weakened due to their The Shang were also weakened due to their constant warfare with people to the north. constant warfare with people to the north.

Zhou Dynasty ArtZhou Dynasty Art

Qin DynastyQin Dynasty The Qin came to power in 221 B.C. The Qin came to power in 221 B.C. They were one of the western states that existed They were one of the western states that existed

during the Warring States Period. during the Warring States Period. They conquered the other Warring States, They conquered the other Warring States,

unifying China for the first time. unifying China for the first time. Their leader named himself the First Emperor, or Their leader named himself the First Emperor, or

Shi huangdi, thus beginning the tradition of Shi huangdi, thus beginning the tradition of having emperors for rulers. having emperors for rulers.

The Qin, while not the most culturally advanced The Qin, while not the most culturally advanced of the Warring States was militarily the strongest. of the Warring States was militarily the strongest.

They utilized many new technologies in warfare, They utilized many new technologies in warfare, especially cavalry. especially cavalry.

The Qin are sometimes called the Ch'in, which is The Qin are sometimes called the Ch'in, which is probably where the name China originated.probably where the name China originated.

Qin AchievementsQin Achievements They standardized the language and writing of China, They standardized the language and writing of China,

which had varied greatly from area to area during the which had varied greatly from area to area during the Warring States Period. Warring States Period.

This was done partially out of a need to have a consistent This was done partially out of a need to have a consistent way to communicate across the country; administrators had way to communicate across the country; administrators had to be able to read the writing of the commanders to which to be able to read the writing of the commanders to which they were sent. they were sent.

Also, currency became standardized as a circular copper Also, currency became standardized as a circular copper coin with a square hole in the middle. coin with a square hole in the middle.

Measurements and axle length were also made uniform. Measurements and axle length were also made uniform. This was done because the cartwheels made ruts in the This was done because the cartwheels made ruts in the road, and the ruts had to all be the same width, or carts road, and the ruts had to all be the same width, or carts with a different axle length could not travel on them. with a different axle length could not travel on them.

Also, a huge palace was built for Shi huangdi. The Qin are Also, a huge palace was built for Shi huangdi. The Qin are also famous for the terra cotta army that was found at the also famous for the terra cotta army that was found at the burial site for Shi huangdi. The army consisted of 6,000 burial site for Shi huangdi. The army consisted of 6,000 pottery soldiers that protected the tomb. They may be a pottery soldiers that protected the tomb. They may be a replacement for the actual people who had previously been replacement for the actual people who had previously been buried with the rulers.buried with the rulers.

Tomb of Shi HuangdiTomb of Shi Huangdi

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/early_imperial_china/qin.html

Shi HuangdiShi Huangdi

Located approximately 30 km outside of the Located approximately 30 km outside of the present-day capital, X'ian (called Chang'an in present-day capital, X'ian (called Chang'an in ancient times), of the Shensi province of ancient times), of the Shensi province of modern China, the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi modern China, the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi remains a symbol of the power and ego of remains a symbol of the power and ego of China's first Emperor. China's first Emperor.

Ascending to the throne of his clan, the Qin, at Ascending to the throne of his clan, the Qin, at the age of 13 in 246 BCE, Shi Huangdi the age of 13 in 246 BCE, Shi Huangdi immediately began construction of his immediately began construction of his extraordinary mausoleum which was completed extraordinary mausoleum which was completed soon after his death in 210 BCE, 36 years after soon after his death in 210 BCE, 36 years after the work commenced. the work commenced.

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/wilson/ant304/biography/arybios98/smithbio.html

View of Pit 1View of Pit 1

http://www.anniebees.com/China/China_42.htm

Terra Cotta SoldiersTerra Cotta Soldiers

Soldiers and CavalrySoldiers and Cavalry



Horses with ChariotHorses with Chariot

Archer from the tomb of Shi Huangdi

Archer from the Back

DetailsDetails

Cavalryman, Tomb of Shi Cavalryman, Tomb of Shi HuangdiHuangdi

Shi HuangdiShi Huangdi

Shi Huangdi longed for a long life, Shi Huangdi longed for a long life, so he sent his ministers to go on so he sent his ministers to go on quests to find a potion of quests to find a potion of immortality. immortality.

The potions they brought back may The potions they brought back may have contained arsenic and/or lead have contained arsenic and/or lead which probably hastened his death.which probably hastened his death.

After his death, the Han dynasty After his death, the Han dynasty came to power.came to power.

South and East Asia India, Korea & Japan Ancient China.

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