South American Migration Report No. 1 - 2017 MIGRATION...

Intensification of intra-regional

crossborder migration

Growth and diversification of countries of origin

and the destination of extra-regional immigration

Persistency of extra-regional emigration

IMMIGRANTS / EMIGRANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA - 2015*

South America is a region of origin, destination and transit of international migrants. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, population movement in South America has demonstrated variations in direction, intensity and composition. Simultaneous flows of emigrants, immigrants and refugees or refuge seekers have been observed within South America.

Currently, the following traits stand out for migratory patterns in the region:

1

VENEZUELA**

1,404,448Immigration

4.5606,344Emigration

1.9

BRAZIL

713,568Immigration

0.31,544,024Emigration

0.7

PARAGUAY

156,462Immigration


12

ARGENTINA

2,086,302Immigration


2.2

CHILE

469,436Immigration


3.4URUGUAY

71,799Immigration


10.1

BOLIVIA**

142,989Immigration


7.4

PERU

90,881Immigration


4.5

ECUADOR

387,513Immigration


6.7

COLOMBIA

133,134Immigration


5.3South America has

over 5 million immigrants.

The regional average for immigration stands at 2.1 per cent of the

total population.

South America has over 10 million

emigrants.

The regional average for emigration stands at 5.4 per cent of the

total population.

Percentage of Total Population

*Source: Developed by the authors based on data from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social A�airs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/D-B/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015)

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South American Migration Report No. 1 - 2017 MIGRATION TRENDS IN SOUTH AMERICA

** Due to space limitations, we will refer to the Plurinational State of Bolivia as ‘Bolivia’ and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela as ‘Venezuela’.

2005 20152

IMMIGRATIONThe intra-regional migrant population is higher than the extra-regional migrant population. This is partly due to the death of members of the massive European immigration of the twentieth century and growing regional flows. More-over, there has been a growing dynamism in the arrival of new migrant groups from non-South American countries.

Argentina and Venezuela have the greatest number of foreign-born nationals: over 2 million and almost 1.5 million, respec-tively. Almost 5 per cent of the population of Argentina and Venezuela were born in another country, representing the region’s highest percentages. Brazil, Colombia and Peru have the lowest percentage (0.3%).

A - INTRA-REGIONAL MIGRATION

Approximately 70 per cent of immigration in South America is intra-regional

Intensification of South American migrants within the region

71,977

500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,0000

90,881

133,134

142,989

156,462

387,513

469,436

713,568

1,404,448

2,086,302

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA - 2015*

Chile reported significant growth of its foreign-born population between 2010 and 2015, rising by 27 per cent (369,436 to 469,436). The rate in Ecuador and Brazil rose by 20 per cent.

Since 2009, the migration trend in Uruguay has been reversed due to the return of nationals and the growth of non-traditional Latin American immigration (Peru, Chile, Dominican Republic and Venezuela). In 2015, the number of recentlyarrived immigrants (arrived in the last 5 years) was 16,664.

REGIONAL MIGRANTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL IMMIGRANTS BY COUNTRY - 2015 *

20

29

47.8

52.9

56.3

61.8

65.7

76.5

78

81.4

87.4

40 60 80 1000

EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF SOUTH AMERICAN MIGRANTS IN THE REGION

2010 2015

ARGENTINA

VENEZUELABRAZIL

CHILE

ECUADOR

PARAGUAY

BOLIVIA

COLOMBIA

PERUURUGUAY

ARGENTINA

VENEZUELA

BRAZIL

CHILE

ECUADOR

PARAGUAY

BOLIVIA

COLOMBIA

PERU

URUGUAY

3,566,510

3,986,756

11%

* Source: Developed by the authors based on data from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social A�airs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015).

* Source: Developed by the authors based on data from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social A�airs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015)

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Recent Trends

3

Argentina continues to have the largest population of intra-regional migrants, followed by Venezuela.

A range of factors explain the increase in intra-regional mobility: restrictive policies on entry and access to residence in developed nations; the economic crises in the United States and Europe; greater employment opportunities and more beneficial regulatory frameworks in the region.

Intra-regional migration has been favored by the approval of new regulatory and institutional frameworks at the national level, and regional integration agreements (mainly the Southern Common Market [MERCOSUR] and the Andean Commu-nity of Nations), which have facilitated intra-regional mobility. The Agreement on Residence for Nationals of the States Parties of MERCOSUR and Associated States represents a fundamental tool for access to legal residence in South America.

2010 2015

2010

2015

Immigration by country

EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF SOUTH AMERICAN MIGRANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA (THOUSANDS)

EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF SOUTH AMERICAN MIGRANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA (THOUSANDS)

ARGENTINA

400

600

800

1000

1200

200

70 75

224 239

140

40 43 38 38

1,0341,096

139

0

Since 2010, the number of permits has highlighted the persistence of border migration as well as the increase of non-border movements:

The countries whose nationals received the highest numbers of permanent residency permits in Argentina between 2011 and 2015 were Paraguay and Bolivia with 280,030 and 161,262, respectively.1

In Chile, a total of 46,352 Peruvians were granted permanent residency between 2010 and 2014, which made them the largest group to be granted such status.2

Most permits issued by Colombia between 2011 and 2016 were to Venezuelans (nearly 50,000).3

Recent increased flows of Colombians and Venezuelans to the most southern countries of the region (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay).

ECUADOR PARAGUAY URUGUAY VENEZUELACOLOMBIA PERU

1.462

1.698

16%

2010 2015

BRAZIL

20%

2010 2015

CHILE

18%

2010 2015

BOLIVIA16%

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172 207 302 359

1,462 1,698

81 94

4

Growth in the number of non-South American migrants.

Higher level of vulnerability with respect to regional migrants due, for instance, to di�culty of migration regularization.

South America is both a transit region (mostly for those heading to the United States) and final destination.

Caribbean Migration to the South

Dominican emigrants have historically moved to Venezuela. Over the past few years, the destination country list has grown to include other South American nations, particularly the southernmost countries of the continent.

The number of Dominicans who have moved to Chile and Argentina over the last decade has increased. This dates back to the 1990s in Argentina and mid-2000s in Chile. Between 2005 and 2015, almost 35,000 residency permits were issued, a third of which were for permanent residency. The year-on-year variation for 2014-2015 for such residency rose by 120 per cent in Argentina and 150 per cent in Chile.4

B – NON-SOUTH AMERICAN IMMIGRATION

Multiple countries of origin of recent migrations in South America

CHILE ARGENTINA

Natural disasters have added to Haiti's already precarious economic situation, which has encouraged emigration to various destina-tions in South America.

There has been a growing presence of Cubans in South America in recent years. Cuban nationals both pass through countries in the region and reside in them. Over 50,000 residency permits were granted to Cuban nationals in South America.

Between 2010 and 2016, almost 70,000 residency permits were granted. There has been a marked increase in the number of residency permits granted since 2012, when Brazil set up a system of humanitarian visas. More than 40,000 were issued in Port-au-Prince.

In Argentina and Chile, almost 3,000 permanent residency permits were granted between 2010 and 2015. This represents an increase of 600 per cent in Argentina and 2,500 per cent in Chile.5

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Cuba

Brazil is the main destination for Haitians in South America.

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PERMANENT RESIDENCY

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

600

400

200

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

27 19 30 55 119 265 119265

460

1,068

1,587

425283231

739864

972895

1,159

907

595

719

70%

70%30%

of permanent residency

In Colombia, 21,173 residency permits issued between 2010 and 2016.

14,608Ecuador and Brazil issued over residency permits, respectively, between 2011 and 2014.

20100

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

657 311 99 864

4,595

10,487

4,160

and 7,218

permits issued in Chile between 2005 and 2015 were granted to women.

North-South Migration

30,000

25,000

20,000

10,00011,011

13,981

13,758

25,443 26,802

28,068

15,000

BRAZIL

ECUADOR

EuropeUnited States of America: In 2015, there were 118,598 Americans living in South America. Between 2000 and 2015, a positive variation of 68 per cent was recorded. Brazil and Ecua-dor have the largest number of Americans in the region.

Processes with low but increasing population impact in which the component of nationals of the region with dual citizenship among new arrivals (return migration) stands out.

Increase in Spanish migration to Latin America after the 2008 crisis. For example, Ecuador doubled its migrant stock between 2005 and 2015.

2010 20152000

8,0007,000

5,000

6,000

4,000 3,000 2,000

2005 2010 20152000

3,0713,658

7,096

7,473

New nationalities within African immi-gration to the region.

South America as a region of transit and destination.

Mixed flows composed of refugee seekers, economic migrants and irregular migrants, etc.

Although not important in quantitative terms, in some countries African immigrants are highly visible and vulnerable (difficult access to regularization of immigration status, language barriers, cultural barriers, etc.).

While South-South migration is not a new phenomenon in the region, during the first decade of the twenty-first century there was a significant increase in migration from Africa and Asia, within a context of increasingly restrictive policies in Europe and North America, along with visa liberalization in some South American countries.6

Africa

Asia

There has been a long tradition of migration from Asia (particularly China, Japan and the Republic of Korea). At present, Chinese and Korean migration continues to be dynamic, with variable growth in some countries. This can be observed in the rise in the number of residency permits granted.

A growing diversification of origin has been noted: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Nepal among others, although of very low population impact in quantitative terms.

Syrian Arab Republic: Historic flows to South America were identified in the mid-twentieth century, heading to Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador and Paraguay, among others. However, in recent years the number of Syrians in the region has increased due to the special circumstances caused by the conflict, thus deserving of international protection. In fact, some countries have granted humanitarian visas and set up resettlement programs. For example: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.

South-South Migration

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CHINA BANGLADESH

Over the course of one decade (2004-2014), Argen-tina, Brazil and Chile granted nearly 50,000 perma-nent residency permits to Chinese citizens.7

In Chile, 58 per cent of permanent residency permits were granted to men and 42 per cent to women.8

The granting of residency permits to Chinese citizens in Colombia and Peru has grown in recent years.9

Noticeable male profile as 72 per cent of residency permits granted in Colombia correspond to men and 28 per cent to women.10

6

Extra-Regional Emigration

In absolute terms, Colombia is the South American country with the largest population living abroad, standing at more than 2.5 million people.

In relative terms, Paraguay is the country with the great-est proportional number of emigrants (12 %).

Currently, emigration takes in all countries to a greater or lesser extent. In recent years, the reasons for emigration of South Americans are, almost exclusively, related to work, fueled by political and economic crises. Between 2010 and 2015, the absolute number of emigrants rose by 10 per cent (9,331,357 to 10,845,455), although this repre-sented a fall in relation to the end of the twentieth century and beginning of the twenty first.

PERCENTAGE OF EMIGRATION AGAINST TOTAL POPULATION 2015TOTAL NUMBER OF SOUTH AMERICAN EMIGRANTS 2015

The United States of America, Europe (mainly Spain and Italy) and, to a lesser extent, Canada and Japan are the main destina-tions for South American migrants.

The United States and Spain account for nearly half of the region's total migrants (around 5 million)

*Source: Developed by the authors based on data from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social A�airs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015).

*Source: Developed by the authors based on data from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social A�airs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015).

IOM OIM

500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500.000

346,976

606,344

612,409

799,606

845,373

940,273

1,101,923

1,409,676

1,544,024

2,638,8520

ARGENTINA

VENEZUELA

BRAZIL

CHILE

ECUADOR

PARAGUAY

BOLIVIA

COLOMBIA

PERU

URUGUAY

2 4 6 8 10 12

0.7

1.9

2.2

3.4

4.5

5.3

6.7

7.4

10.1

120

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

URUGUAY

ARGENTINA

ECUADOR

PERU

CHILE

PARAGUAY

BOLIVIA

BRAZIL

CANADA237 THOUSAND

USA2.8 MILLON

SPAIN1.8 MILLION

ITALY500 THOUSAND

JAPAN 233 THOUSAND

EMIGRATION

7

Europe Center and north of the american continent

Asia Africa

Emigration by country

OTHER DESTINATIONS11

Source: Developed by the authors based on data from the US Census Bureau and Spanish Municipal Register (Spanish Statistical O�ce-INE).

Colombia, Peru and Ecuador are the most numerous population groups totaling more than 1.5 million. Nearly a quarter of that number

corresponds to those born in Colombia (690,750).

EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN POPULATION IN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES (2010-2015)

The dynamics of the five-year period between 2010-2015 show a fall in the total stock of South American migrants in the United States (-15 %) and Spain (-12 %).

In the United States, Paraguayan, Venezuelan and Brazilian populations grew. Paraguayans almost tripled their number (from 10,023 to 28,642); Venezuelans grew by 18 per cent (215,023 to 255,520) and Brazilians by 2,000 emigrants to stand at 361,374.

In the case of Spain, only Venezuelans increased in number among the population born in South America. In 2016, there were 180,289 Venezue-lans registered in Spain, of which 65 per cent (117,300) had Spanish nationality, a situation linked with previous Spanish emigration to Venezuela.

Between 2010 and 2015, the total stock of South Americans grew by 8 per cent (2,968,373 to 3,231,326), driven by the growth of the Venezuelan population in Spain, Italy and Portu-gal; Brazilians going to Portugal and the UK; and Peruvians heading to Italy, France, the Netherlands and Germany.

Canada reported a significant rise of 20 per cent (196,977 to 237,203) between 2010 and 2015, driven by emigration from Colombia (70,000).Mexico (70,281) and Panama (69,916), with around 70,000 South Americans in each of their territories, particularly Colombians and Venezuelans .

Japan and China host the largest number of South American emigrants (321,514), predominantly from Brazil and Peru. In Israel there are more than 60,000 South Americans (63,614), led by Argentineans with almost two-thirds of the total (39,343).

South Africa stands out as having the largest group of South Americans (7,633), led by Brazilians (3,151) and Argentineans (2,419).

Today, the United States is the main host of South American migrants with almost 3 million (2,820,681).

Spain is the second most popular destination in terms of the quantitative importance of South American emigration. Currently, there are almost 2 million (1,879,728) who were born in South America living there.

IOM OIM

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

800,000

600,000

200,000

400,000

02010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015

SPAIN

USA

BRAZILBOLIVIAARGENTINA CHILE ECUADOR PARAGUAY PERU URUGUAY VENEZUELACOLOMBIA

ARGENTINA

USASPAIN

ITALY

JAPAN PARAGUAY

This publication is part of a systematic series of reports on migration produced by the Migration Analysis Unit of the IOM Regional O�ce for South America.

ECUADOR BRAZIL URUGUAY

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1- National Directorate for Migration Argentina.2- Foreigners and Migration Department Chile.3- Migration Colombia.4- Developed by the authors based on data from National Directorate for 5- National Directorate for Migration Argentina and Foreigners and Migration

6- IOM (2013) Migration Notebook No. 5: Extra-continental Migrants in

7- Developed by the authors based on data from National Directorate for

8- Developed by the authors based on data from Foreigners and Migration

9- Developed by the authors based on data from Migration Colombia and

10- Migration Colombia.11- Developed by the authors based on data from the United Nations

12- Developed by the authors based on data from: ECLAC/IOM (2016) New

13- National Institute of Statistics and Informatics-National Superintendence of

References:

Return Migration

With varying degrees of intensity, the return of South Americans to their places of origin is structured in relation to the destination countries of emigration. Thus, among the main countries of return is the United States in the cases of Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay; and Spain in the cases of Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay.According to the 2010 Census Round, the percentage of return of migrant stocks living abroad was 7 per cent in Ecuador, 5.5 per cent in Uruguay and 4.5 per cent in Brazil.

MAIN COUNTRIES OF RETURN (CENSUS ROUND 2010)12

In Peru, three countries account for 59.8 per cent of the total number of migrants who returned from abroad between 2000 and 2016. A total of 8.1 per cent of all returnees left the country in 2007.13

8IOM OIM

CHILE USA SPAIN

107,745

45,208 31,413

Migration Argentina and Foreigners and Migration Department Chile.

Department Chile.

South America: Case studies.

Department Chile.

Migration Argentina, Foreigners and Migration Department Chile, and SINCRE Brazil.

National Superintendence of Migration of Peru.

Department of Economic and Social A�airs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG /Stock/Rev.2015).

migration trends and dynamics in Latin America and the Caribbean, Jorge Martínez Pizarro and Cristián Orrego Rivera.

Migrations of Peru – IOM Peru (2016); Statistics for International Emigration of Peruvians and Immigration of Foreigners, 1990 - 2015. Lima: INEI-IOM.

www.robuenosaires.iom.int

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