Source: Zahid Ghadialy, 5G: An Advanced Introduction“ (slides)
Transcript of Source: Zahid Ghadialy, 5G: An Advanced Introduction“ (slides)
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1Source: Zahid Ghadialy, "5G: An Advanced Introduction“ (slides)
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Background: Cellular network technologyOverview
1G: Analog voice (no global standard …)
2G: Digital voice (again … GSM vs. CDMA)
3G: Digital voice and data• Again ... UMTS (WCDMA) vs. CDMA2000 (both CDMA-based)
• and … 2.5G: EDGE (GSM-based)
4G: LTE, LTE-Advanced …• OFDM (OFDMA for downlink and SC-OFDM for uplink)
5G …
Trends Advanced networks (SDN, NVF), everything on cloud, immersive
experience, tele presence, massive connectivity, D2D, ...
More data, packet-based switching, shared channel, directional (spatial reuse), multi-antenna, etc.
Other goals: Seamless with other technologies, QoS for multimedia, etc.
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BSCBTS
Base transceiver station (BTS)
Base station controller (BSC)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Mobile subscribers
Base station system (BSS)
Legend
2G (voice) network architecture
MSC
Public
telephone
network
GatewayMSC
G
7-3Wireless and Mobile Networks
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3G (voice+data) network architecture
radionetwork controller
MSC
SGSN
Public
telephone
network
GatewayMSC
G
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Public
Internet
GGSN
G
Key insight: new cellular data
network operates in parallel
(except at edge) with existing
cellular voice network
voice network unchanged in core
data network operates in parallel
7-4Wireless and Mobile Networks
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radionetwork controller
MSC
SGSN
Public
telephone
network
GatewayMSC
G
Public
Internet
GGSN
G
radio access networkUniversal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN)
core networkGeneral Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) Core Network
public
Internet
radio interface(WCDMA, HSPA)
3G (voice+data) network architecture
7-5Wireless and Mobile Networks
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
used in several wireless broadcast channels (cellular, satellite, etc) standards
unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set partitioning
all users share same frequency, but each user has own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data
encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence)
decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping sequence
allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are “orthogonal”)
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CDMA Encode/Decode
slot 1 slot 0
d1 = -1
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
Zi,m= di.cm
d0 = 1
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 11
1-1- 1- 1-
slot 0
channel
output
slot 1
channel
output
channel output Zi,m
sendercode
data
bits
slot 1 slot 0
d1 = -1
d0 = 1
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 11
1-1- 1- 1-
slot 0
channel
output
slot 1
channel
outputreceiver
code
received
input
Di = S Zi,m.cm
m=1
M
M
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CDMA: two-sender interference
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Practical chipping codes …
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Orthogonal even under offset? No synchronization … Random sequence; high probability low cross-correlation
Different chip lengths? different rates, take advantage of silence, more calls
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radionetwork controller
MSC
SGSN
Public
telephone
network
GatewayMSC
G
Public
Internet
G
3G versus 4G LTE network architecture
GGSN
radio access networkUniversal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN)
Evolved Packet Core
(EPC)
MME
Public
Internet
P-GW
G
S-GW
G
HSS
3G
4G-LTE
7-10Wireless and Mobile Networks
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4G: differences from 3G
all IP core: IP packets tunneled (through core IP network) from base station to gateway
no separation between voice and data – all traffic carried over IP core to gateway
radio access networkUniversal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN)
Evolved Packet Core
(EPC)
Public
Internet
P-GW
G
S-GW
G
UE(user element)
eNodeB(base station)
Packet data networkGateway(P-GW)
Serving Gateway(S-GW)
data
MMEHSS
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
Home Subscriber Server(HSS)(like HLR+VLR)
7-11Wireless and Mobile Networks
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Some example responsibilities eNodeB
Admission control and congestion control
Scheduling and allocation of resources to UEs
State transition: IDLE to CONNECTED
Control mobility in connected mode
Buffering of data during handover
MME Handle mobility + maintain context in IDLE mode
Bearer management for UE
S-GW Mobility anchor for data bearers
Buffer downlink data when UE in IDLE mode
P-GW Allocate IP for UE
Maps packets into different QoS-based bearers 12
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Radio+Tunneling: UE – eNodeB – PGW
7-13Wireless and Mobile Networks
tunnellink-layer radio net
UEeNodeB
S-GWG
P-GWG
IP packet from UE encapsulated in GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) message at ENodeB
GTP message encapsulated in UDP, then encapsulated in IP. large IP packet addressed to SGW
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Quality of Service in LTE
QoS from eNodeB to SGW: min and max guaranteed bit rate
QoS in radio access network: one of 12 QCI values
7-14Wireless and Mobile Networks
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LTE and LTE-Advanced
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ITU, IMT-advanced, 3GPP, and LTE-Advanced ... All traffic is IP-based Base station called enhanced NodeB, eNodeB or eNB
UE
Internet
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LTE and LTE-Advanced
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ITU, IMT-advanced, 3GPP, and LTE-Advanced ... All traffic is IP-based Base station called enhanced NodeB, eNodeB or eNB
UE
InternetRN
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LTE and LTE-Advanced
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ITU, IMT-advanced, 3GPP, and LTE-Advanced ... All traffic is IP-based Base station called enhanced NodeB, eNodeB or eNB
RN
UE
Internet
Evolved packet core
MME HSS
SGW PGW
Data traffic
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LTE and LTE-Advanced
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Relays HetNets etc. Carrier aggregation Downlink (OFDMA) vs uplink (SC-OFDM)
RN
UE
Internet
Evolved packet core
MME HSS
SGW PGW
Data traffic
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LTE downlink (OFDMA-based)
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Data symbols are independently modulated and transmitted over a high number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers.
Available modulation schemes for E-UTRA downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM (with 2, 4 , and 6 bits/symbol, respectively)
OFDM signal is generated using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) digital signal processingƒ
Figure from:3GPP TR 25.892; Feasibility Study for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for UTRAN enhancement (Release 6)
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Time domain structure: 10 ms frame consisting of 10 subframes of length 1 ms Each subframe consists of 2 slots of length 0.5 ms Each slot consists of 7 OFDM symbols (6 symbols in case
of extended CP)
ƒ Resource element (RE) One subcarrier during one OFDM symbol
ƒ Resource block (RB) 12 subcarriers during one slot (180 kHz × 0.5 ms)
Figure from: S. Parkvall, “LTE – The Global Standard for Mobile Broadband”, presentation, Ericsson Research
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Scheduling decisions done in the base station Scheduling algorithm is a vendor-specific, but
typically takes into account Radio link quality situation of different users Overall interference situation Quality of Service requirements Service priorities, etc.
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Uplink
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Downlink vs uplink
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Parallel transmission on large number of narrowband subcarriers
Avoids own-cell interference
Robust to time dispersion ƒ Bad power-amplifier
efficiency
Single carrier properties Better battery lifetime at
phones/sender (reduced power-amplifier power)
More complexity at receiver (equalizer needed)
Lower throughput
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Multi-antenna (*slide from Ericsson)
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Beamforming
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Advantages: - Beam towards user- Strong receive signal- Save transmit power (by sending
same signal at lower power)- Less interference
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Multi-antenna examples
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Spatial diversity - Different antennas see “outages” at
different times- Multiple paths to receiver - Path lengths d1 and d2- Multi-path fading: Small movements
make big difference …- “Outage” with probability p- M independent antennas send same
signal: at least on success 1-pM.
Spatial multiplexing
Determine the time delay to locations of users and adjust phase accordingly …
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y = H s + n
s’ = H-1 y
Note:
- H based on channel
estimation (fading) using
known reference of pilot
signal
- Stability depends on
condition number of H
- Want cond(H) close to 1
- Decomposition methods,
rather than pure inversion
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Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS) in LTE-advanced
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Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS) in LTE-advanced
Separation of control plane and data plane
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Image from: Lecompte and Gabin, Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS) in LTE-Advanced: Overview and Rel-11 Enhancements, IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov. 2012.
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Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS) in LTE-advanced
MBMSFN and use of services areas
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Image from: Lecompte and Gabin, Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS) in LTE-Advanced: Overview and Rel-11 Enhancements, IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov. 2012.
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Some words about 5G
Advanced network (e.g., SDN, NVF, context-aware, content-aware ...)
Millimeter waves (open up new high-frequency spectrum)
Multi-RAT (Radio Access Technology)
Small cells (mini-base stations, e.g., every 250m)
Massive MIMO (100s of ports)
Beamforming (efficient per-device delivery routes)
Full duplex (on same frequency)
Advanced D2D
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Use-case-driven requirements …
32Source: Zahid Ghadialy, "5G: An Advanced Introduction“ (slides)
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Use-case-driven requirements …
33Source: Zahid Ghadialy, "5G: An Advanced Introduction“ (slides)
High data rates
High densityUltra reliable +
Low latency
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… wish list …
34Source: Zahid Ghadialy, "5G: An Advanced Introduction“ (slides)
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5G goals/targets/requirements ...
35Source: Zahid Ghadialy, "5G: An Advanced Introduction“ (slides)
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More slides …
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Overview
37Image: http://www.ltehandbooks.com/2015/09/lte-radio-interface-ofdmofdmasc-fdma.html
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Functional split of major LTE components
holds idle UE infoQoS enforcement
handles idle/active UE transitionspages UEsets up eNodeB-PGW tunnel (aka bearer)
7-38Wireless and Mobile Networks