Source of Funding and Results o fHealth Effects

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The use of mobile telephones has increasedrapidly in recent years. The emission of low-level radiofrequency electromagnetic fieldsleading to the absorption of radiation by the

brain in users of handheld mobile phones hasraised concerns regarding potential effects onhealth (Rothman 2000). However, the stud-ies examining this issue have produced con-flicting results, and there is ongoing debateon this issue (Ahlbom et al. 2004; Feychtinget al. 2005). Many of the relevant studieshave been funded by the telecommunicationsindustry, and thus may have resulted in con-flicts of interest (Thompson 1993). Recentsystematic reviews of the influence of finan-cial interests in medical research concludedthat there is a strong association betweenindustry sponsorship and pro-industry con-clusions (Bekelman et al. 2003; Yaphe et al.

2001). This association has not been exam-ined in the context of the studies of potentialadverse effects of mobile phone use. We per-formed a systematic review and analysis ofthe literature to examine whether industryinvolvement is associated with the results andmethodologic quality of studies.

Methods

We searched EMBASE (http://www.embase.com) and Medline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed) in

February 2005. Key and free text wordsincluded cell(ular), mobile, (tele)phone(s)in connection with attention, auditory,bioelectric, brain physiology, cardio-

vascular, cerebral, circulatory, cognitive,EEG, health complaint(s), hearing,heart rate, hormone(s), learning, mela-tonin, memory, neural, neurological,nervous system, reaction, visual, symp-tom(s), or well-being. The search was com-plemented with references from a specialistdatabase (ELMAR 2005) and by scrutinizingreference lists from the relevant publications.Articles published in English, German, orFrench were considered.

We included original articles that reportedstudies of the effect of controlled exposurewith radiofrequency radiation on health-related outcomes [human laboratory studies

in World Health Organization (WHO) ter-minology (Repacholi 1998)]. Health-relatedoutcomes included electroencephalogram(EEG) recordings, assessments of cognitive orcardiovascular function, hormone levels, andsubjective well-being and symptoms. Weexcluded studies of the risk of using mobilephones when driving a motor vehicle or oper-ating machinery as well as studies on electro-magnetic field (EMF) incompatibilities (e.g.,pacemakers or hearing aids). Three of us(A.H., K.H., M.R.) independently extracted

data on the source of funding (industry, publicor charity, mixed, not reported) and potentialconfounding factors, including study design(crossover, parallel, other), exposure (fre-quency band, duration, field intensity, andlocation of antenna), and methodologic andreporting quality. Four dimensions of qualitywere assessed (Jni et al. 2001; Repacholi1998): a) randomized, concealed allocation ofstudy participants in parallel or crossover tri-als; b) blinding of participants and investiga-tors to allocation group; c) reporting of thespecific absorption rate (SAR; watts per kilo-gram tissue) from direct measurement using aphantom head or three-dimensional dosimet-

ric calculations (appropriate exposure set-ting); d) appropriate statistical analysis. Foreach item, studies were classified as adequateor inadequate/unclear.

The primary outcome was the reporting ofat least one statistically significant (p< 0.05)association between radiofrequency exposureand a health-related outcome. The message inthe title was also assessed. We distinguishedamong neutral titles [e.g., Human brainactivity during exposure to radiofrequencyfields emitted by cellular phones (Hietanenet al. 2000)], titles indicating an effect of radi-ation [e.g., Exposure to pulsed high-fre-

quency electromagnetic field during wakingaffects human sleep EEG (Huber et al.2000)], and titles stating that no effect wasshown [e.g., No effect on cognitive functionfrom daily mobile phone use (Besset et al.2005)]. Finally, authors declaration of con-flicts of interest (present, absent) and affilia-tions (industry, other) were recorded.Differences in data extracted by A.H., K.H.,and M.R. were resolved in the group, with thesenior epidemiologist (M.R.) acting as thearbiter. In addition, two of us (K.H.M.,M.E.), who were kept blind to funding

Environmental Health Perspectives VOLUME 115 | NUMBER 1 | January 2007 1

Review

Address correspondence to M. Egger, Department of

Social and Preventive Medicine, Finkenhubelweg11, University of Berne, Switzerland. Telephone:41-31-631-35-01. Fax: 41-31-631-35-20. E-mail:[email protected]

Supplemental Material is available online athttp://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9149/supplemental.pdf

This study was funded by intramural funds of theDepartment of Social and Preventive Medicine,University of Berne, Switzerland.

The authors declare they have no competingfinancial interests.

Received 7 March 2006; accepted 15 September2006.

Source of Funding and Results of Studies of Health Effects of Mobile PhoneUse: Systematic Review of Experimental Studies

Anke Huss,1 Matthias Egger,1,2Kerstin Hug,3Karin Huwiler-Mntener,1 and Martin Rsli1

1Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; 2Department of Social Medicine, University ofBristol, United Kingdom; 3Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basle, Basle, Switzerland

OBJECTIVES: There is concern regarding the possible health effects of cellular telephone use. Weexamined whether the source of funding of studies of the effects of low-level radiofrequency radia-tion is associated with the results of studies. We conducted a systematic review of studies of con-trolled exposure to radiofrequency radiation with health-related outcomes (electroencephalogram,cognitive or cardiovascular function, hormone levels, symptoms, and subjective well-being).

DATA SOURCES:We searched EMBASE, Medline, and a specialist database in February 2005 andscrutinized reference lists from relevant publications.

DATA EXTRACTION: Data on the source of funding, study design, methodologic quality, and otherstudy characteristics were extracted. The primary outcome was the reporting of at least one statisti-cally significant association between the exposure and a health-related outcome. Data were analyzedusing logistic regression models.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 59 studies, 12 (20%) were funded exclusively by the telecommunicationsindustry, 11 (19%) were funded by public agencies or charities, 14 (24%) had mixed funding(including industry), and in 22 (37%) the source of funding was not reported. Studies fundedexclusively by industry reported the largest number of outcomes, but were least likely to report astatistically significant result: The odds ratio was 0.11 (95% confidence interval, 0.020.78), com-pared with studies funded by public agencies or charities. This finding was not materially altered inanalyses adjusted for the number of outcomes reported, study quality, and other factors.

CONCLUSIONS: The interpretation of results from studies of health effects of radiofrequency radiationshould take sponsorship into account.

KEY WORDS: electromagnetic fields, financial conflicts of interest, human laboratory studies, mobilephones. Environ Health Perspect115:14 (2007). doi:10.1289/ehp.9149 available viahttp://dx.doi.org/[Online 15 September 2006]


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source, authors, and institutions, repeatedextraction of data from abstracts and assess-ments of titles. Differences in data extracted byK.H.M. and M.E. were resolved with thesenior epidemiologist (M.E.) acting as thearbiter. Based on the abstracts, we assessedwhether authors interpreted their study resultsas showing an effect of low-level radiofrequency

radiation, as showing no effect, or as indicatingan unclear finding.We used logistic regression models to assess

whether the source of funding was associatedwith the reporting of at least one significanteffect in the article (including the abstract). Weexamined the influence of potential con-founders, such as the total number of out-comes that were reported in the article, thetype of study (crossover, parallel, other), thefour dimensions of study quality (adequate ornot adequate/unclear), exposure conditions(position of the antenna next to the ear com-pared with other locations; use of the 900-MHz band compared with other bands;

duration of exposure in minutes), as well asthe type of outcome (e.g., cognitive functiontests: yes vs. no). Variables were entered oneat a time and, given the limited number ofstudies, models were adjusted for one variableonly. Results are reported as odds ratios(ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).All analyses were carried out in Stata (version8.2; StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA).

Results

We identified 222 potentially relevantpublications and excluded 163 studies thatdid not meet inclusion criteria (Figure 1). We

excluded one study that had been funded by acompany producing shielding devices thatreduce EMF exposure (Croft et al. 2002). Atotal of 59 studies were included: 12 (20%)were exclusively funded by the telecommuni-cations industry, 11 (19%) were funded bypublic agencies or charities, 14 (24%) hadmixed funding (including industry and indus-try-independent sources), and in 22 (37%)studies the source of funding was not reported.None of 31 journals published a statement onpossible conflicts of interest of the 287 authorslisted in the bylines. Five (8%) studies hadauthors with industry affiliation. All studiesexcept two (3%) were published in journals

that use peer review, and one was published ina journal supplement. The bibliographic refer-ences are given in the Supplemental Material(http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9149/supplemental.pdf).

Blinded and open extraction of datayielded identical results with respect to thereporting of statistically significant effects inthe abstract and the message of the title. Studycharacteristics are shown in Table 1. All studieswere published during 19952005, with thenumber of publications increasing from one to

Huss et al.

2 VOLUME 115 | NUMBER 1 | January 2007 Environmental Health Perspectives

Table 1. Characteristics of 59 experimental studies of the effects of exposure to low-level radiofrequencyelectromagnetic fields.

Source of funding

Industry Public or charity Mixed Not reportedStudy characteristic (n= 12) (n= 11) (n= 14) (n= 22)

Study design [no. (%)]Crossover trial 10 (83.3) 7 (63.6) 12 (85.7) 11 (50)Parallel group trial 0 (0) 2 (18.2) 1 (7.1) 2 (9.1)Other, unclear 2 (16.7) 2 (18.2) 1 (7.1) 9 (40.9)

Exposure [no. (%)]Location of antenna

Next to ear 4 (33.3) 8 (72.7) 11 (78.6) 14 (63.6)Other/unclear 8 (66.7) 3 (27.3) 3 (21.4) 8 (36.4)

Frequency banda

900 MHz 11 (91.7) 8 (72.7) 13 (92.9) 14 (63.6)Other frequencies 2 (16.7) 7 (63.6) 0 (0) 5 (22.7)Unclear 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (7.1) 5 (22.7)

Median duration of exposure (range) 180 (3480) 20 (535) 45 (30240) 30 (4480)Outcomes assessed [no. (%)]a

Electroencephalogram 7 (58.3) 5 (45.5) 8 (57.1) 12 (54.5)Cognitive function tests 0 (0) 3 (27.3) 8 (57.1) 8 (36.4)Hormone levels 5 (41.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (9.1)Cardiovascular function 2 (16.7) 1 (9.1) 0 (0) 2 (9.1)Well-being or symptoms 1 (8.3) 1 (9.1) 1 (7.1) 0 (0)Other 4 (33.3) 3 (27.3) 1 (7.1) 3 (13.6)

Study quality [no. (%)]a

Randomization adequate 10 (83.3) 7 (63.6) 13 (92.9) 9 (40.9)Participants and assessors blinded 1 (8.3) 3 (27.3) 8 (57.1) 3 (13.6)SAR determined 4 (33.3) 4 (36.4) 8 (57.1) 2 (9.1)Statistical analysis adequate 3 (25) 3 (27.3) 7 (50) 1 (4.5)

Median study size (range) 21 (838) 24 (13100) 20 (1396) 20 (878)

Percentages are column percentages.aThe same study could be listed in more than one category.

Figure 1. Identification of eligible studies.

Potentially eligible articles identified(n= 222)

80 full-text articles examined

59 studies included in analyses

Exclusions based on title or abstract(n= 142)

Studies of the risk of using mobile phones when drivinga motor vehicle or operating machinery(n= 29)Studies of the use of mobile phones in the monitoring

of and communication with patients(n= 28)Other study designs(n= 29)Studies of interference with hearing aids or pacemakers(n= 28)Studies of other exposures or methodologic issues(n= 26)Animal studies(n= 2)

Excluded(n= 21)

Other study design(n= 9)Published in Chinese or Russian(n= 3)Publication was withdrawn(n= 1)Double publications(n= 5)Studies of reducing exposure (shielding studies)(n= 2)Funded by company producing shielding devices(n= 1)


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Source of funding and studies of mobile phone use

Environmental Health Perspectives VOLUME 115 | NUMBER 1 | January 2007 3

two publications per year to 11 publications in2004. Median year of publication was 1998 forindustry-funded studies, 2002 for public orcharity funding and studies with mixed fund-ing sources, and 2003 for studies that did notreport their funding source. The median size ofall the studies was small (20 study partici-pants); most studies (n= 32, 54%) were of a

crossover design and mimicked the exposuresituation during a phone call, using the 900-MHz band with the antenna located close tothe ear. Exposure duration ranged from 3 to480 min, with a median of 33 minutes.Thirty-three (59%) studies measured outcomesduring exposure, 14 (24%) postexposure, and12 (20%) at both times. Thirty-nine (66%)studies prevented selection bias with adequaterandomization; 15 (25%) blinded both partici-pants and assessors; in 18 (31%) the fieldintensity had been assessed appropriately, withSAR values ranging from 0.03 to 2 W/kg tis-sue. Finally, in 14 (24%) studies we consideredthe statistical analysis to be adequate. Study

quality varied by source of funding: Studieswith mixed funding (including public agenciesor charities and industry) had the highest qual-ity, whereas studies with no reported source offunding did worst (Table 1).

Forty (68%) studies reported one or morestatistically significant results (p< 0.05) indi-cating an effect of the exposure (Table 2).Studies funded exclusively by industry reportedon the largest number of outcomes but wereless likely to report statistically significantresults: The OR for reporting at least one suchresult was 0.11 (95% CI, 0.020.78), com-pared with studies funded by public agencies

or charities (Table 3). This finding was notmaterially altered in analyses adjusted for thenumber of outcomes reported, study designand quality, exposure characteristics, or out-comes [Table 3; see Supplemental Material,Table 1 (http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9149/supplemental.pdf)]. Similarresults were obtained when restricting analy-ses to results reported in abstracts (OR =0.29; 95% CI, 0.051.59) or on the conclu-sions in the abstract (OR = 0.10, 95% CI,0.0091.10). Thirty-seven (63%) studies hada neutral title, 11 (19%) a title reporting aneffect, and 11 (19%) a title reporting no effect(Table 2).

Discussion

We examined the methodologic quality andresults of experimental studies investigatingthe effects of the type of radiofrequency radia-tion emitted by handheld cellular telephones.We hypothesized that studies would be lesslikely to show an effect of the exposure iffunded by the telecommunications industry,which has a vested interest in portraying theuse of mobile phones as safe. We found thatthe studies funded exclusively by industry

were indeed substantially less likely to reportstatistically significant effects on a range ofend points that may be relevant to health.

Our findings add to the existing evidencethat single-source sponsorship is associated withoutcomes that favor the sponsors products(Bekelman et al. 2003; Davidson 1986;Lexchin et al. 2003; Stelfox et al. 1998). Most

previous studies of this issue were based onstudies of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness ofdrug treatments. A recent systematic review andmeta-analysis showed that studies sponsored bythe pharmaceutical industry were approxi-mately four times more likely to have outcomesfavoring the sponsors drug than studies withother sources of funding (Lexchin et al. 2003).The influence of the tobacco industry on theresearch it funded has also been investigated(Barnes and Bero 1996, 1998; Bero 2005). Toour knowledge, this is the first study to examinethis issue in the context of exposure to radiofre-quency electromagnetic fields.

Our study has several limitations. Werestricted our analysis to human laboratorystudies. This resulted in a more homogenousset of studies, but may have reduced the sta-tistical power to demonstrate or excludesmaller associations. The WHO has identifiedthe need for further studies of this type toclarify the effects of radiofrequency exposure

on neuroendocrine, neurologic, and immunesystems (Foster and Repacholi 2004). Weconsidered including epidemiologic studiesbut found that practically all of them werepublicly funded. The studys primary out-comethe reporting of statistically significantassociationsis a crude measure that ignoresthe size of reported effects. However, wefound the same trends when assessing theauthors conclusions in the abstracts.

Although we have shown an associationbetween sponsorship and results, it remainsunclear which type of funding leads to themost accurate estimates of the effects of

Table 2. Results from assessments of article text, abstract, and title of 59 experimental studies of theeffects of exposure to low-level radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.

Source of funding

Industry Public or charity Mixed Not reported(n= 12) (n= 11) (n= 14) (n= 22)

Article textNo. (%) of studies with at least one result 4 (33) 9 (82) 10 (71) 17 (77)

suggesting an effect at p< 0.05Median no. (range) of outcomes reported 17.5 (431) 10 (180) 16 (944) 7 (135)Median no. (range) of outcomes 0 (06) 1.5 (07) 3 (015) 1.5 (012)

suggesting an effect at p< 0.05Abstracta (n= 12) (n= 11) (n= 14) (n= 20)

No. (%) of studies with at least one result 4 (33) 7 (64) 10 (71) 15 (75)suggesting a significant effect

Median no. (range) of outcomes reported 3.5 (136) 3 (15) 6.5 (344) 3 (164)Median no. (range) of outcomes 0 (06) 1 (03) 2 (05) 1.5 (07)

suggesting a significant effectAuthors interpretation of results [no. (%)]

No effect of radiofrequency radiation 10 (83.3) 5 (45.5) 4 (28.6) 5 (22.7)Effect of radiofrequency radiation 1 (8.3) 5 (45.5) 8 (57.1) 14 (63.6)Unclear finding 1 (8.3) 1 (9) 2 (14.3) 3 (13.6)

Title [no. (%)]Neutral 7 (58) 5 (46) 8 (57) 17 (77)Statement of effect 0 (0) 4 (36) 3 (21) 4 (18)Statement of no effect 5 (42) 2 (18) 3 (21) 1 (5)

Percentages are column percentages.aTwo publications that did not report their source of funding had no abstracts.

Table 3. Probability of reporting at least one statistically significant result (p< 0.05) according to source offunding: crude and adjusted ORs (95% CIs) from logistic regression models.

Source of funding

Industry Public or charity Mixed Not reported(n= 12) (n= 11) (n= 14) (n= 22) p-Valuea

Crude 0.11 (0.020.78) 1 (reference) 0.56 (0.083.80) 0.76 (0.124.70) 0.04Adjusted for

No. of reported outcomes 0.12 (0.020.89) 1 (reference) 0.60 (0.084.28) 0.96 (0.156.23) 0.04Median study size 0.08 (0.0090.62) 1 (reference) 0.61 (0.084.59) 0.57 (0.084.02) 0.02Study design (crossover, parallel, 0.08 (0.010.68) 1 (reference) 0.38 (0.053.07) 1.16 (0.168.61) 0.029

or other)Study quality

Randomization adequate 0.04 (00.56) 1 (reference) 0.16 (0.012.15) 1.27 (0.169.89) 0.005Participants and assessors blinded 0.14 (0.020.96) 1 (reference) 0.54 (0.083.91) 0.76 (0.124.8) 0.09Statistical analysis adequate 0.12 (0.020.85) 1 (reference) 0.67 (0.094.85) 0.54 (0.083.76) 0.07Exposure setting appropriate 0.13 (0.020.89) 1 (reference) 0.47 (0.073.39) 0.86 (0.145.5) 0.06

Models adjusted for one variable at a time.aFrom likelihood ratio tests.


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radiofrequency radiation. For example, ifresearchers with an environmentalist agendaare more likely to be funded by public agen-cies or charities, then their bias may result inan overestimation of effects. Interestingly,studies with mixed funding were of the high-est quality. The National RadiologicalProtection Board (NRPB 2004) reviewed

studies of health effects from radiofrequency(RF) fields and concluded that scientific evi-dence regarding effects of RF field exposurefrom mobile phones on human brain activityand cognitive function has included resultsboth supporting and against the hypothesis ofan effect. We found that the source of fund-ing explains some of the heterogeneity in theresults from different studies. The associationwas robust and little affected by potentialconfounding factors such as sample size, studydesign, or quality.

Possible explanations for the associationbetween source of funding and results havebeen discussed in the context of clinical

research sponsored by the pharmaceuticalindustry (Baker et al. 2003; Bekelman et al.2003; Lexchin et al. 2003). The associationcould reflect the selective publication of stud-ies that produced results that fitted the spon-sors agenda. Sponsors might influence thedesign of the study, the nature of the expo-sure, and the type of outcomes assessed. Inmultivariate logistic regression analysis, theonly factor that strongly predicted the report-ing of statistically significant effects waswhether or not the study was funded exclu-sively by industry. We stress that our abilityto control for potential confounding factors

may have been hampered by the incompletereporting of relevant study characteristics.Medical and science journals are imple-

menting policies that require authors to dis-close their financial and other conflicts ofinterest. None of the articles examined here

included such a statement, in line with a surveyof science and medical journals that showedthat adopting such policies does not generallylead to the publication of disclosure statements(Krimsky and Rothenberg 2001). A review of2005 instructions to authors showed that 15(48%) of the 31 journals included in our studyhad conflict of interest policies. Our results

support the notion that disclosure statementsshould be published, including statementsindicating the absence of conflicts of interest.The role of the funding source in the design,conduct, analysis, and reporting of the studyshould also be addressed.

There is widespread concern regarding thepossible health effects associated with the useof cellular phones, mobile telephone base sta-tions, or broadcasting transmitters. Most(68%) of the studies assessed here reportedbiologic effects. At present it is unclearwhether these biologic effects translate intorelevant health hazards. Reports from nationaland international bodies have recently con-

cluded that further research efforts are needed,and dedicated research programs have been setup in the United States, Germany, Denmark,Hungary, Switzerland, and Japan. Our studyindicates that the interpretation of the resultsfrom existing and future studies of the healtheffects of radiofrequency radiation should takesponsorship into account.

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could possibly list. Here are just a few of thetestimonials we have gotten back from Shield wearers.

Dr. David Getoff was one of the earliest practitioners to begin wearing a Shield anddoing his own testingwith patients with very good results (video).
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OUR MISSION

Our mission is to make the BioElectric Shield available worldwide. In doing so, we feel we are part of the

solution to the health crisis that is, in part, caused by exposure to electromagnetic radiation and well asexposure to massive amounts of stress, from situations and other peoples energy.

We also want to bring more peace, balance and joy to the world - and the Shield offers a vibration of

peace, love, and balance in a world filled with fear and uncertainty. Selling a Shield may seem like a

small thing in the scheme of things, but each Shield helps one more person find a greater sense of ease,

balance and protection, allowing them to focus on living their dreams

To enhance your sense of well-being, (In addition to the Shield, ) we offer other products that provide

health and wellness benefits on many levels.

By working together we can, and are, accomplishing miracles.

Charles W. Brown, D.C., D.A.B.C.N.

Dr. Brown graduated in 1979 with honors from Palmer College of Chiropractic. He

is a Di plomate of the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners and a Di plomate of

the A merican B oard o f Chiropractic Neu rologists. He al so i s cer tified i n Ap plied

Kinesiology. Dr. Brown has had his own radio show "Health Tips". Additionally, he

has taught anatomy at B oston University and the New E ngland Institute o f Massage

Therapy.

He invented the BioElectric Shield, Conditioning Yourself for Peak Performance (a DVD of series of

Peak Performance Postures with Declarations) and Dr. Browns Dust and Allergy Air Filters, as well as

Dr. Browns Dust and Allergy Anti-Microbial, Anti-Viral Spray. He is presently working on other

inventions.

Dr. Browns experience of the Shield is that it has helped him move deeper into spiritual realms, quantum

energy, and creative meditative spaces. It has always been his desire to help others, and he is grateful that

the Shield is helping so many people worldwide.

Virginia Bonta Brown, M.S., O.T.R.

As child, I always wanted others feel better. As a teenager, I volunteered as a

Candy Striper at the local hospital, wheeling around a cart of gifts to patients

rooms. The hospital setting didnt really draw me, so summers were spend

teaching tennis to kids at a wonderful camp in Vermont. With the idea of

becoming a psychologist, I received a B.S. degree from Hollins College in
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psychology and worked with drug addicts for a year. Called by the practicality of Occupational Therapy, I

received an M.S. degree in Occupational Therapy from Boston University in 1974

For the next 16 years, working with ADD, ADHD, autistic and other special needs children was mypassion. Because of my specialty in Sensory Integration Dysfunction (a technique based on neurology), I

met Anne Shumway Cook, RPT, PhD, a brilliant PT, with a PhD in neurophysiology. We created special

therapy techniques for children with vestibular (balance and position in space) dysfunction while she

worked with the Vestibular Treatment Center at Good Samaritan, and while I managed the therapy

services of the Children's Program at this same hospital in Portland, Oregon. A fun project at that time

also included collaborating with a team of other therapists to create a therapy in the public schools manual

for OT, PT and Adapted PT procedures. It included goals and treatment plans which has served as a

model for nearly every school district in the United States. There was nothing quite so satisfying as

seeing a child move from frustration to joy as they began to master their coordination and perceptual

skills.

For the next seven years, I shifted my focus. Married to Dr. Charles Brown, we decided that Id begin to

work with him in his Pain and Allergy Clinic, first in Boston and then in Billings, Montana. During this

time I began to hear people talk about how thoroughly stressed out they were by their job environment.

Their neck and shoulders hurt from sitting in front of computer screens. They were fatigued and

overloaded dealing with deadlines and other stressed out people! They wanted to be sheltered from the

storm of life. Though conversation, myofascial deep tissue and cranio-sacral therapy helped them, the

stress never disappeared. It was our patients who really let us know that something that managed their

environment and their energy would be a wonderful miracle in their lives.

What could we do to help them? I became an OT so I could help children and adults accomplish whatever

it was that they wanted to do. When my husband, Dr. Brown, invented the Shield, initially I felt I was

abandoning my patients. Running the company meant I didnt spend as much time in the clinic. But then

I saw what the Shield was accomplishing with people. They got Shields and their lives began to improve.

People told me they felt less overwhelmed, didnt get the headaches in front of the computer, were less

affected by other peoples energy and enjoyed life more. I began noticing the same thing!

In 2000, we received a request for a customized shield for a child with ADD/ADHD. After it was

designed, our consultant told us that she could create a special shield that would help any person with

these symptoms. Read more about theADD/ADHD Shield.

When we started the company in 1990, I was still seeing patients nearly full time. I was wearing the

Shield and began to notice something different about my own life. At the clinic, I noticed my energy was

very steady all day. Instead of being exhausted at the end of the day, particularly when I had treated

particularly needy patients, I was pleasantly tired and content. I noticed I was more detached from the

patients problem. In other words, I didnt allow it to tire me. Instead I became more compassionate and

intuitive about what they needed to help them. I was able to hear my Guides more clearly as they helped

me help them. As I wore it during meditation, I felt myself go deeper into a space of Unity of all things,

from people to mountains to stars.
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Over the years, Ive spoken with many, many people, from all walks of life. Because they consistently

tell me how much its helped them, I become more committed each year to offer this to as many people

as possible. It is my belief that the Shield is a gift from the Divine, and that those who wear it will be

helped on earth to accomplish their own mission, with greater health and greater compassion. For this

reason, it is my desire to provide the blessing of the BioElectric Shield to as many people as possible.

Carolyn (Workinger) Nau:

I joined the BioElectric Shield Company in January 1994 when the shipping and order

department consisted of one computer and a card table. With my help, the company

grew to what it is today. From 1994 to 2000 I traveled and did approximately 100 trade

shows, talking to people, muscle testing and really finding out how much difference the

Shield makes in peoples lives.

An empath and natural intuitive, I have personally found the Shield to be one of my most important and

valued possessions, as it assists me in not taking on everyone elses stuff. That ability has also been

invaluable when I talk to and connect with clients in person, over the phone or even via email. I am

frequently able to tune in and help advise on the best Shield choice for an individual.

I felt a strong pull to move to California and reluctantly left the company in 2000. While in California I

met the love of my life, David Nau. After being married on the pier in Capitola, we relocated to

Milwaukee, Wisconsin where hed accepted a job as design director of an award winning exhibit firm.

David is an artist and designer, and has taken all the newest photos of the Shields. They are the most

beautiful and accurate images we have ever had!

Through the magic of the internet I was able to return to working with the company in January 2008. Ilove how things have changed to allow me to live where I want and work from home. I am fully involved

and even more excited about the Shields benefits and the need for people to be strengthened and

protected. I am thrilled to be back and loving connecting with old and new customers. Its great to pick up

the phone and have someone say, Wow, I remember you. You sold me a Shield in Vegas in 1999

How did I get started making Energy Necklaces? It's not every day that going to a trade show can totally

change your life. It did mine. I must have been ready for a drastic change. I just didn't know it. I guess

Ive just always been a naturalQuester.

Quite by chance, I went to the Bead and Button Show in Milwaukee. The show is an entire convention

center filled with beads, baubles and semi-precious stones. I looked over my purchases at the end of thefirst day and realized I didn't have enough of some for earrings. So I went back with a friend who

normally is the voice of reason. I thought if I got carried away shed help me stop. Joke was on me.

I was unable to resist all those incredible goodies. My friend turned out to be a very bad influence, shed

find fabulous things and hold semi-precious and even precious stones in front of me saying "Have you

seen this?". How can a woman resist all that beauty? I cant! I couldn't. I walked out with a suitcase full

of beads and stones. The only problem was, I didnt even know how to make jewelry.
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I spent the summer taking classes, reading books, practicing jewelry making. Immediately people were

stopping me in the street asking about the jewelry I was wearing. It finally dawned on me that just maybe

I was meant to design and share my creations. ThusBold Bodacious Jewelry was born.

I still laugh about this whole process. Obviously the Universe or someone was guiding me. Looking back

it should have been obvious that I was buying enough to start a business. But at the time, it just felt like

the right thing to do. Not a conscious plan. Sometimes following your gut can change your life.

In the fall of 2008, I felt a pull to examine how various gemstones could enhance the protective and

healing effects of the BioElectric Shield. I also wanted to wear great jewelry and my gold and diamond

Shied at the same time, so I created something new so I could do that. After making a few Shield energy

necklaces, I was convinced that not only was my jewelry beautiful and fun to wear, it had additional

healing qualities as well. Since then Ive been immersed in studying stones and their properties, paying

particular attention to the magical transformation that happens when stones are combined. Much like the

Shield, the combined properties of the stones in my jewelry are more powerful than the same combination

of stones loose in your hand. To view gem properties and styles to complement your shield, please visit

Shield Energy necklaces.

David Nau:

Were pleased to have added David to our team. David is an award winningcreative

designerwho readily calls on the wide variety of experience he has gained in a

design career spanning over thirty years. His familiarity with the business allows

him to create a stunning design, but also one that works for the needs of the client.

The design has impact, and functions as needed for a successful event. Havingowned his own business, David maintains awareness of cost as he designs, assuring the most value

achieved within a budget.

A Graduate of Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY, Davids career has included positions as Senior Exhibit

Designer, Owner of an exhibit design company, Design Director, and Salesman. This variety of positions

has provided experience in all phases of the exhibit business; designing, quoting, selling, directly working

with clients, interfacing with builders and manufacturers, staging and supervising set-up.

David has worked closely with many key clients in the branding of their products and themselves in all

phases of marketing, both within and outside the tradeshow realm. He has designed tradeshow exhibits,

museum environments and showrooms for many large accounts including Kodak, Commerce One,

Candela Laser, The Holmes Group, Kendell Hospital Products, Enterasys, Stratus, Pfizer, LigandMedical, Polaroid, Welch Allyn, and Nortel. He has also designed museum and visitor centers for

Charlottesville, NASA Goddard, Hartford and Boston childrens museums.

Davids artistic eye has added to other aspects of ourBioElectric Shield siteand we appreciate his

ongoing contributions. David is currently unemployed and so has started going to trade shows withCarolyn. For someone who has been designing trade shows for 35 years actually being in the booth he

designed is a whole new experience for him.
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10/10


Sam Sokol

Sam is our Internet consultant, bringing expertise and wisdom to this area ofcommunication for our company. Sam works with a wide variety of companies

in many industries to build, market and maintain their online presence. He has

helped both small and big companies to increase their online sales and build their

businesses. He has helped us to grow BioElectric Shield by giving us direct

access to great tools to make changes to our web site.

Dedicated to helping create a more balanced and peaceful world one person at a time Let's change our

lives and our worlds one thought, one action at a time.
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Source of Funding and Results o fHealth Effects

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Transcript of Source of Funding and Results o fHealth Effects