Sookmyung Women’s Univ. Graduate School of TESOL JOO MINYOUNG Indirect Objects 2006. 11. 14. Joo...

Sookmyung Women’s Univ. Graduate School of TESOL

JOO MINYOUNG

Indirect ObjectsIndirect Objects

2006. 11. 14.

Joo Minyoung, Yoo Jin Hwa

Moon Mi Jung, Kim Hyoung Won


JOO MINYOUNG

• Mary: Where did you get those flowers?

• George: From your mother’s house.

• Mary: What! Are you crazy?

• George: Why? It was your idea.

• Mary: But I asked you to take her flowers.

• George: That’s what I did!


JOO MINYOUNG

Basic Forms

1. I sent some photos to my friend.

2. I sent my friend some photos.

3. Give your money to me!

4. Give me your money!

5. He told the story to Sam.

6. He told Sam the story.


JOO MINYOUNG

Types of verbs7.2. Verbs used with indirect objects

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

After-verb After-prep After-verb only

After-prep

(+to) (+for) (+to) (+) for

bring build communicate construct bet

give buy describe create cost

send cook donate design fine

teach get explain obtain forgive

tell make report purchase spare


JOO MINYOUNG

9. He described the picture to us.

10. *He described us the picture.

11. It cost me a lot of money.

12. *It cost a lot of money to me.


JOO MINYOUNG

Basic structures: origins and pronunciation

13. a. They’ll give some old books to the library.

b. They’ll give the library some old books.

14. a. They’ll donate some old books to the library.

b. *They’ll donate the library some old books.

15. a. He taught the new rules to everyone.

b. He taught everyone the new rules.

16. a.He explained the new rules to everyone.

b. *He explained everyone the new rules.

17. a. She told the bad news to all of us.

b. she told all of us the bad news.

18. a. She communicated the bad news to all of us.

b. *She communicated all of us the bad news.


JOO MINYOUNG

7.3 Origins and pronunciations

Verb Verb

origin origin

Stress Stress Indirect object Indirect object

position position

Old English First or only syllable

stressed

After-verb and after-

prep

Latin Second syllable stressed

(two or more syllables)

After-prep only


JOO MINYOUNG

Basic meaningsThere are clear meaning distinctions marked in sentences containing indire

ct objects.

• Here are three:

1. Indirect objects will tend to be used to refer to humans.

2. These humans will generally be in the role of recipents.

3. The major concept expressed will involve transfer


JOO MINYOUNG

Humans, transfer, and having

What is transfer?

Transfer is movement. It can involve real

objects, such as books in 20.a, or mental

objects, such as ideas in 20.b

20. a. She gave the students some new

books.

b. She gave the students some new ideas.


JOO MINYOUNG

7.4 Indirect objects, transfer, and having Structure1: After-prepSource Action Transferred object Goal/locationA cause B to go to CShe gave some books to the studentHe sent the parcel to a friendI taught the new song to the whole group Structure 2: After-verbSource Action Transferred object Goal/locationA cause C to have B

SourceAHe sent his mother a birthday card.I sold Ray my old computer.You told the girls a scary story. 21. The Red Cross sent relief supplies to Zaire. 22. a. We reported the results to the crowd b. They explained their plan to the committee. 23. a. The loud music gave me a terrible headache. b. These grammar lessons give me a pain in the neck!!!


JOO MINYOUNG

Transfer and not having

24.This awful book cost me twenty dollars!!!!!

7.5 Indirect objects, transfer, and not having

Structure 3: After-verbs only

Source Action Possessor Entity

A cause C not to have B

The deal cost me a fortune.

The judge fined him fifty dollars.

I bet you five dollars.


JOO MINYOUNG

Creating, getting and benefiting25. I’m getting a present for Keiko.7.6 Indirect objects and benefitingStructure 4: After-prepSource Action Created/ Obtained entity GoalA cause B to be for the benefit of beneficiary CI cooked dinner for all of them.She got a present for her friend.We bought ice cream for everyone. Structure 5: After-verbSource Action Beneficiary/possesor Created/obtainedA cause C to benefit by having entity BShe made her daughter a new dress. Hugo got them football tickets.I ‘ll fix you a nice cold drink.26. Will you do something for me?27. Could you please do me a favor?


JOO MINYOUNG

Meanings in Context

How indirect objects occur in discourse?

There is a strong tendency of discourse structure patterns.

Two major factors are at work in English:

• -Information structure• -End-weight


JOO MINYOUNG

The rule for Info. Structure in English

• Old (given, known) info. comes before new (unknown) info. This rule affects the position of I.O.

e.g. a) I gave some money to Jack (new).

b) I gave Jack (old) some money.


JOO MINYOUNG

The rule for Information Structure

• This discourse pattern is more obvious when the given (old) information is presented in question. That is, the answer is structured to place the given before the new.

e.g. a) Where’s the money? I gave it to Jack.

b) Why is Jack so happy? I gave him some money.


JOO MINYOUNG

Indirect objects & Info. structure

I.O. in after-verb position(old info) is likely to be:

I.O in after-prep position(new info) is likely to be:

ShorterDefinite (the student)

Specific (that student)

A pronoun

LongerIndefinite (a student) Non-specific (some student or other)

A full noun phrase


JOO MINYOUNG

End-weight in message structure

& the position of Objects• The more language=the more weight in

the message• The strong tendency towards end-

weight affects the position of the D.O. and I.O.

That is, the longer expression tends to be positioned at the end of sentences whether it’s I.O. or D.O.


JOO MINYOUNG

End-weight & the position of objects

• E.g. A) He handed her a large brown envelope stuffed with hundred dollar bills.

• B) Later, she gave that envelope to a short bedraggled man sitting by the side of the road holding a sign that read ‘Will Work for Food’.

• The longer expression positioned at the end is D.O. in a) and the I.O. in b).


JOO MINYOUNG

Linguistic Distance

* Linguistic Distance refers to ‘the amount of language (e.g. number of words, syllables, sounds, or letters) between one linguistic element and another.

• Linguistic distance signals conceptual distance in English: More linguistic distance=more conceptual distance

E.g. a)He flew in a plane.b)He flew a plane. More conceptual distance between the

action of verb and object in a) than in b).


JOO MINYOUNG

Linguistic Distance & the position of Indirect Objects

• When the I.O. is after preposition, there’s more linguistic distance between the action of the verb and the recipient(or beneficiary) of that action. (much looser connection)

• When the I.O. is after verb, there’s much less linguistic distance and thus a much closer connection.


JOO MINYOUNG

The Question Maze

• Objective: to make sentences involving indirect objects under guided circumstance by teacher

• Level: Novice high• Age: Middle school 2nd grade• Time: 40 minutes• Materials: handout• Procedure:


JOO MINYOUNG

The Question MazeStep 1• Ask students to imagine that their

male friend, John disappeared.• A police officer asks you some

questions about him.• Connect the words to make

questions that the police officer can ask you.


JOO MINYOUNG

The Question Maze

Step 2Give directions: • The words must be beside each.• You can use a word as many times as

you like, but you are not allowed to change it any way.

• You do not have to use all the words.• You can start a sentence anywhere.


JOO MINYOUNG

The Question Maze

Ex)

Now Did Get Flowers

A He You For


JOO MINYOUNG

The Question Maze

Step 3Make questions individually

Story Suitcase

News Bad Flowers

A You Give Send TheSome Bring He To YouMoney

Did Teach Tell Letter

He What A Did HimAn Buy Get Write You


JOO MINYOUNG

The Question MazeStep 4• Work in groups of three.• Compare students’ lists and add to

one’s own list.• Ask students to present the result

and teacher write it on the board.


JOO MINYOUNG

Using Realia_A• Objective: 1. to have each student

use indirect objects• Level: Novice mid • Age: Middle school 2nd grade • Time: 40 minutes• Procedure:


JOO MINYOUNG

Using Realia_A

Step 1• Collect one object from each of six

students. • Teacher should not look at the items

that students put out. • Teacher’s job is to return the objects

to their owners.• Use following patterns.


JOO MINYOUNG

Using Realia_A

– T: Should I give this book back to Jin-ho?

S: No, give it to Min-ji.– T: Should I give Min-ji this eraser?

S: No, give her the pen.• Continue till the teacher return all the

objects to students.


JOO MINYOUNG

Using Realia_A

Step 2• Make each group of four.• Ask them to collect their items

and do the same activity with group members.


JOO MINYOUNG

Using Realia_B

Objective: to have each student give an instruction to another student using indirect objects.

• Prepare some items like a book, a ball.• Give instruction to a student asking her to

act out. Ex) Min-ji, pass the pen to Jin-ho.


JOO MINYOUNG

Using Realia_B

• As the students become comfortable with the exercise, the recipients can be asked each to express what just happened.

Ex) Min-ji just passed me the pen.

• List verb types that students can use like the patterns above, if necessary. (give, hand, pass, take, throw)


JOO MINYOUNG

Research

Step 1• Draw the following chart on the board.• Ask a student to think about

unforgettable present for her best friend. (Who is your best friend?, What do you want to buy for the best friend?)

• Complete the table.


JOO MINYOUNG

Research

• Write on the board as the student gives the answer.

Ex) Min-ji wants to buy a guitar for Jin-ho.

Name Best friend Present item

Min-ji Jin-ho A guitar

……

…….


JOO MINYOUNG

ResearchStep 2• Students copy the empty table into their notebooks, leavi

ng space for three names and present items.• Ask questions each other and complete the table.

• Based on the chart, students can say what other classmates want to buy for their best friends.

Ex) Based on my research Jin-hee wants to buy a doll for Min-hee.


JOO MINYOUNG

SENTENCE BIDDING GAME

Objective: to distinguish sentences with after-verb I.O from

those with after-prep I.O.


JOO MINYOUNG

• The teacher makes a list of sentences with after-verb or after-prep I.Os. Some are acceptable and others are unacceptable ones.

• Divide the class into 3~5 groups. Each group has imaginary money of 2,000 dollars.


JOO MINYOUNG

• The teacher reads out a sentence only two times at a normal speed.

• Each group has to decide if the sentence is acceptable and bid some money by saying, “We want to bid for ____ dollars.”

• Other competing groups may raise the bid before the teacher confirms it by saying, “____ dollars once, ____ dollars twice. So it goes to group X.”


JOO MINYOUNG

• Repeat the same process until all the sentences get sold out or until all the groups spend their money.

• The teacher can discuss the acceptability of the sentences from the list with the class.

• The group with the most number of acceptable sentences is the winner. In case of tie, the group with more money left is the winner.


JOO MINYOUNG

NEWSPAPER ACTIVITY

Objective: To find sentences with

indirect objects.


JOO MINYOUNG

• Divide the students into several groups.

• Provide each group with some English newspaper, books, or magazines. (or online newspaper)


JOO MINYOUNG

• Let each group find some sentences with after-verb or after-prep indirect objects.They should come up with sentences like this: “As we break ground, we give Martin Luther King his rightful place among the many Americans honored in the

National Mall.”


JOO MINYOUNG

• The group that finds the most number of sentences is the winner.

• The class can discuss the acceptability of the sentences they found.


JOO MINYOUNG

A SHOPPER’S NIGHTMARE

Objective:To understand the

sentences with indirect objects


JOO MINYOUNG

• Students are divided into clerks and shoppers.

• The clerks set up stands and the shoppers are given a set of fake money.

• Students shop, trying to accumulate as many items as possible.


JOO MINYOUNG

• Periodically, the teacher stops them and give an instruction with a sentence that has I.O such as

“Shoppers, give all oranges to Su-jin,” “Bring me all ice cream,” or “Buy a drink to the person on your right.”


JOO MINYOUNG

• At the end of the game, the student with the most products wins.

• Students then switch the roles. • The teacher can make the clerks get

involved by giving instructions like, “Clerks, give away any two items to the person standing in front of you.”

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