Some of Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of … · 2015-06-04 ·...

Sustainable Development of Natural Resources in the Nile Basin Countries, 14 – 15 April 2014

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Some of Phytochemical, Pharmacological and

Toxicological Properties of Henna (Lawsonia inermis

L.): A Review of Recent Researches

Nasir H. Wagini*1

, Amira Sh. Soliman2, El-Saady M. Badawy

3,

Mohamed S. Abbas1 and Yasser A. Hanafy

4

1*Biology Department, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences,

Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria,

[email protected]

2Natural Resources Department, Institute of African Research and

Studies, Cairo University, Egypt

3Medicinal and Ornamental Plant, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo

University, Egypt

4Medical and Aromatic Plants Unit, Desert Research Center, Cairo,

Egypt

______________________________________________________

Abstract: Henna (Lawsonia inermis, Litheracae) is a medicinal

plant that has been widely used as herbal medicines all over the

world, since antiquity, Henna is widely used as antimicrobial and is

sometimes applied directly to the affected area for dandruff, eczema,

scabies, wounds, infectious diseases and helminthiasis. Currently,

there is a renewed interest in henna, and several scientific

investigations aimed at isolation and identification of active

constituents of henna, scientific verification of its pharmacological

actions and of its constituents, and verification of the basis of the use

of henna in some of several diseases and conditions. This article aims

at reviewing the most salient recent reports on these investigations.

The main pharmacological actions of henna and compounds isolated

therefrom include lawsone, coumarine, anti-microbial, anti-

tumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-hyperglycemic

and anti-lipidemic. Henna is a strong anti-oxidant substance and was

confirmed to mitigate or prevent generation of free radicals. It is

considered a safe herbal medicine with only few and insignificant

adverse/ side effects. Finally, more studies are required in animals

and humans on the pharmacology and toxicology of henna and its


44

constituents and on the effects of their utilization over a long period

of time.

Keywords: Henna; Lawson; Anti-oxidant; Anti-tumorigenic; Anti-

inflammatory.

__________________________________________________________

1. INTRODUCTION:

Henna Lawsonia inermis L., belongs to lythraceae, also

known as the loosestrife family. Henna is cultivated by many

farmers for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes, it belongs to

the group of plants that are popular in nature and all parts of the

plant (root, stem, leaf, flower pod and seed) are of great

medicinal important (Abdelraouf et al. 2011). The most

important part of the plant is the leaf which contained a coloring

compound called Lawson. The Lawson is a red orange dye

molecule, also known as hennotannic acid (Gibbons et al. 2004,

Awek and Tapapul 2005, Emin and Mehmet 2012).

Although henna is traditionally drawn only on the hands and

feet, feel free to create your designs on arms, legs, around the

belly button, and even behind the neck (Tattoo 2006). Several

reviews have appeared in the literature about this plant, and this

may reflect the popularity of the subject and its common use in

cosmetic and as a medicinal plant (e.g. European 2013). Many

reviews have been devoted to specific aspects of henna’s

actions. For example, the review of Kamal & Jawaid 2010 was

on phytochemicals in henna, Chaudhary et al. 2010 and Amit et

al 2011 on phytopharmacological, while Muhammad and

Muhammad (2005) Chah et al. 2006 and Nayak et al. 2007

work on the use of henna in the wound healing, Babu and

Subhasree 2009, and Habbal et al., 2011) was on the use of

henna as antibacterial agent, however, Gupta et al. 1993 and Ali

et al. 1995 work was on the use of henna as an anti-

inflammatory agent, while that of Babili et al. (2013) and

Endrini et al. 2007) dealt with the cancer prevention properties

of the crude drug. In a nut shell, the aim was to summarize the


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more recent and common actions and therapeutic application of

henna and its active constituents.

2. Phytochemicals:

The chemical constituents of henna are numerous and vary

depending on the place of origin and whether the leaves are

fresh or dry. It is not our intention in this review to cover all the

many compounds reported for henna, but to summarize the

major components that have been implicated in the

pharmacological activities of the crude drug. Furthermore, the

dyeing property of henna depends mainly on its principal

colouring matter known as lawsone, 2- hydroxy-1:4

napthaquinone (C10H6O3, m.p.190º decomp.), the yield of which

varies from 1% to 20%. However, much work is done in the

field of phytochemical investigation of the plant. The chemical

constituents isolated from L. inermis are napthoquinone

derivatives, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, sterols, aliphatic

derisvatives, xanthones, coumarin, fatty acids, amino acids and

other constituents. However, in another research article,

phytochemical investigation of henna leaf shows total ash

(14.60 %), acid insoluble ash (4.50 %), and water soluble ash

(3.0 %). Loss on drying was found to be (4.5 % w/w). Alcohol

soluble extractive value and aqueous extractive value were 3.8

% w/w and 5.0 % w/w, respectively. The % practical yields of

alcohol and aqueous extract were found to be 12.34 % and

15.50 % (Hema et al. 2010). Meanwhile, alcoholic extract and

aqueous extract carbohydrate, glycosides, tannins, phenolic

compounds, gums and mucilage were present in good quantity

and saponins, alkaloids, phytosterols, fixed oils, fats, proteins,

amino acids, volatile oils were absent (Jain et al. 2010).

However, six compounds were identified in Lawsonia

inermis leaves by GC-MS analysis and the prevailing

compounds were a-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl (51.73%) and 1,

4-Naphthalenedione, 2-hydroxy- [Synonyms: Henna] (19.19%)

(Hema et al. 2010).

The principal colouring matter of henna is lawsone, 2-

hydroxy-1:4 napthaquinone (C10H6O3, m.p.190ºdecomp.)


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besides lawsone other constituents present are gallic acid,

glucose, mannitol, fats, resin (2 %), mucilage and traces of an

alkaloid. Leaves yield hennatannic acid and an olive oil green

resin, soluble in ether and alcohol (Pratibha and Korwar 1999).

Flowers yield an essential oil (0.01-0.02 %) with brown or dark

brown colour, strong fragrance and consist mainly of α- and β-

ionones; a nitrogenous compound and resin (Anita and Kaushal

1950). Seeds contain proteins (5.0 %), carbohydrates (33.62 %),

fibers (33.5 %), fatty oils (10- 11 %) composed of behenic acid,

arachidic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic

acid (Aggarwal et al. 1959). The unsaponified matter of henna

contains waxes and colouring matter and the root contains a red

colouring matter too (Gupta et al. 1992). Leaf, flower and fruit

extracts of L. inermis showed positive results for cardiac

glycosides test and negative results tophlobatannins and steroids

(Jeyaseelan et al., 2012). Phytochemical screening of the henna leaf

extracts showed the presence of glycosides, phytosterol, steroids, saponins,

tannins and flavonoids (Raja et al., 2013).

3. Pharmacological properties of L. inermis:

Several researchers have reported the different antibacterial

actions of L. inermis in various in-vitro and in-vivo test models.

Henna leaves, flower, seeds, stem bark, roots have been found

to exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective,

hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anticancer and wound healing

properties.

3.1. Antibacterial studies of henna:

Ethanol extracts of 20 plants species used by Yemeni

traditional healers to treat infectious diseases were screened for

their antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram

negative bacteria. The ethyl acetate extract of L. inermis was

found to be the most active against all the bacteria in the test

system (Ali et al. 2001, Nadjib et al. 2013 and Abulyazid et al.

2013). Out of forty-five species of 29 plant families used in the

traditional medicine by Iranian people showed antibacterial

activities against eleven bacterial species, henna showed strong

activity against Bordetella bronchiseptica. These findings


47

indicated that L. inermis can be used in the treatment of

bacterial infections (Bonjar 2004). Crude extracts of fresh dry

leaves and seeds of henna were investigated for their

antimicrobial activity against three standard strains. Henna dry

leaves demonstrated the best in-vitro antimicrobial activity and

in particular against Shigella sonnei (Habbal et al. 2005).

Genotoxic studies on main constituent of henna suggested that it

was a weak bacterial mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium

strain TA98 and was more mutagenic for strain TA2637. It

suggested that hydroxyl napthaquinone have no genotoxic risk

to the consumer (Kirkland and Marzin 2003). Primary invaders

of burn wounds viz Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum and

Aspergillus niger were treated with aqueous and chloroform

extract obtained from leaves of L. inermis, using in-vitro agar

incorporation and well diffusion methods. Extract inhibit

growth pattern of all microbes except C. albicans. Overall,

study by Muhammad and Muhammad (2005) suggested that

henna may be effective in the management of wound infections.

The antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of L. inermis

was investigated by agar well diffusion method using S. aureus

(MTCC 087), E. coli (MTCC 729), K. pneumonia (MTCC 432),

P. aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) and P. mirablis (MTCC 425) by

Arun et al. (2010). Antibacterial activity of aqueous, ethanol,

methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of Lawsonia

inermis Linn leaves were tested against reference bacterial

strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas

aeuroginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio

cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant

Staphylococcus aureus) and clinical isolates (Staphylococcus

aureus and AmpC β-lactamases producing Proteus mirabilis).

The solvent extracts of L. inermis leaves exhibited profound

antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogens tested

(Ramesh et al., 2013). Henna samples from different regions of

Oman demonstrated antibacterial activity against a wide range

of different bacterial strains with the highest antibacterial

activity being demonstrated against P. aeruginosa organisms


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(Habbal et al., 2011). Henna leaves extracts showed

considerable antimicrobial activity almost on all of the tested

microorganisms (S. aureus, Bacillus spp., K. pneumonia,

Proteus spp., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Enterococcus spp.with

the exception of aqueous extract which showed the least effect

on most bacterial samples tested (Abdelraouf et al., 2011). In-

vitro antibacterial activities of the aqueous extract, fractions of

ethanol extract and fractionation residue of the leaves were

investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris,

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus

pyogenes, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae using agar-

disc diffusion method. The aqueous extract, the fractions and

the fractionation residues all showed antibacterial activities

against the test isolates (Kawo and Kwa 2011).

3.2. Antifungal studies of henna:

Mansour et al. (2012) and Abulyazid et al. (2013) reported in

their research that L. inermis leaves extract have developed a

fungicidal effect against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and

Candida albicans. Among the fifty two plants screened,

aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis and 10 other plant species

have recorded significant antifungal activity against one or the

other Aspergillus species tested (Raveesha et al. 2007).

Sharma et al. (2011) reported that the sensitivity of

dermatophytes toward henna was strong in Trichophyton

mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, T.

verrocosum, T. schoenleinii, Epidermophyton floccosum,

Microsporum ferrugineum, M. canis and sporotrichum

schenckii. Meanwhile, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extract of

leaves of L. inermis are involved in defensive mechanism

against spore germination of Drechslera oryzae (Natarajan and

Lalitha 1987). During screening of barks of 30 plant species for

activity against Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton

mentagrophytes, only L. inermis extract exhibited absolute

toxicity. The extract showed broad fungitoxic spectrum when

tested against 13 other dermatophytes. Further the fungitoxicity

of the extract remained unaltered at high temperature on


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autoclaving and after long storage (Singh and Pandey 1989).

Aqueous extract of leaves of L. inermis was tested for the

antifungal potential against eight important species of

Aspergillus which isolated from sorghum, maize and paddy seed

samples. A. flavus recorded high susceptibility and hence

solvent extracts viz., petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform,

methanol and ethanol extract of the plant showed significant

antifungal activity (Raveesha et al. 2007). These finding

suggested that henna extract could be used as alternative source

of antifungal agents for protection of plants or crops against

fungal infection.

In another research by Natarajan and Lalitha (1987), the

activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of L.

inermis were tested on 5 strains each of Tinea rubrum and Tinea

mentagrophytes. All these extracts showed significant

antidermatophytic properties in-vitro. The effect of aqueous and

methanolic extract of henna using 25 μl of the extracts against

C. albicans and Microsporum was examined and confirmed

(Abdelraouf et al., 2011).

3.3. Antiviral studies of henna:

Henna definitely has an anti-viral effect that became clear by

its action on warts, whitlow and herpes simplex. Henna was

tried traditionally in many times especially on the warts which

are resistant to cryo (Nitrogen liquid) treatment and prove

effective on giant wart measuring 1.5x1.5cm on a child thumb

which was resistant to all forms of treatment, at last the child

referred to the plastic surgeon for operation, “we tried Henna on

it, applied every other day over night and in few weeks it

disappeared completely”. Henna was found very useful

especially on multiple wars. On warts Henna applied as paste.

The second proven and successful effect of henna on viral

infections was after its application to herpes it was noticed that;

it dried the vesicles at the site early, prevent ulceration and crust

formation and it prevents secondary infection. This anti-viral

effect of Henna is very promising and should be explored

further; it could be used as treatment for AIDS. It is natural,


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cheap, and it looks to have no side effect even when taken by

oral route (Hussain 2010).

The ethanol soluble fraction of L. inermis fruits displayed

highly potent activity against Sembiki forest virus (SFV) in

swiss mice and chick embryo models exhibiting 100 to 65 %

activities after 10 to 25 days of virus challenge (Khan et al.

1991).

3.4. Abortifacient activity of henna:

Methanol extract of roots of L. inermis was most effective in

inducing abortion in mice, rats and guinea pig. The effect

apparently was dosage dependent. The results of the whole

animal experiments support the methanol extract effectiveness

as an abortant due to its maternal and foetal toxic effects

(Chaudhary et al. 2010). However, the results of Bello et al.,

(2010) support and confirm the use of Lawsonia inermis to

induce first trimester abortions, prevent and treat postpartum

haemorrhage in traditional medicine and suggest that uterotonic

activity involving the beta-adrenergic pathway may be the

mechanism.

3.5. Antioxidant activity of henna:

2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (HNQ; Lawsone, CAS 83-

72-7) is the main dye ingredient found in the natural plant of

Henna (Lawsonia inermis). The percentages of superoxide

anion (O2.) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2,) formation during the

oxidation of 100 μM phenanthridine by guinea pig aldehyde

oxidase have been measured and found to be 6-10% and 85-

90%, respectively (Omar 2005). The modulator effect of 80 %

ethanol extract of leaves of L. inermis was studied on drug

metabolizing phase-I and phase-II enzymes, antioxidant

enzymes, glutathione content, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid

peroxidation in the liver of swiss albino mice. The hepatic

glutathione S-transferase and DT-diaphorase specific activities

were elevated above basal level by L. inermis extract treatment

(Dasgupta et al. 2003). Another study was carried out to assess

the effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of L. inermis

extract on chromium (VI)–induced cellular and DNA toxicity.


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The extracts showed significant potential in scavenging free

radicals of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-

ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), Fe3+ and also in

inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Extracts also showed

significantly properties of DNA and cyto-protection (Guha et al.

2011). Different constituents isolated from the leaves of L.

inermis were tested for their antioxidant activity using ABTS.

The IC50 value of henna constituents are p-coumaric acid (2.6

mM), cosmosiin (2.9 mM) apiin (1.6 mM) respectively. These

fundings depicted that all isolated compounds exhibited

antioxidant activity comparable to that of ascorbic acid (2.5

mM) (Mikhaeil et al. 2004).

3.6. Hepato-protective activity of henna:

The aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis was administered

orally to the rats with hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol.

Silymarin was given as reference standard. The plant aqueous

extract was effective in protecting the liver against the injury

induced by Paracetamol in rats. This was evident from

significant reduction in serum enzymes alkaline

aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST),

alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Protein

and Bilirubin (Selvanayaki and Ananthi 2012). Alcoholic

extract of the bark of L. inermis showed hepatoprotective effect

against the CCl4. Extract cause elevation in serum marker

enzymes (GOT and GPT), serum bilirubin, liver lipid

peroxidation and reduction in total serum protein, liver

glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase,

glycogen, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity (Anand et

al. 1992 and Bhandarkar 2003). The hepatoprotective activity of

the ethanolic extract of the dried leaves of L. inermis and its

fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and butanone

fractions) was evaluated against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in

mice. The ethanolic extract and its fractions significantly

reduced the total bilirubin content and aspartate

aminotransferase or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase


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Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), Serum

Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum

Alkaline (SAL) activities, and reduced liver weight compared to

Liver Care (LIV-52) used as control (Hemalatha et al. 1997).

The ABTS [2,2-azino-bis (3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic

acid)], free radical scavenging assay depicted that all isolated

compounds from henna exhibited antioxidant activity in an in

vitro study comparable to that of ascorbic acid (Botros et al.,

2004).

3.7. Antidiabetic activity of henna:

Ethanol (70 %) extract of L. inermis showed significant

hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in alloxan induced

diabetic mice after oral administration. The feeding of 0.8 g/kg

of L. inermis extract decreased the concentration of glucose,

cholesterol and triglycerides to normal (Syamsudin and

Winarno 2008).

3.8. Protein glycation inhibitory activity of henna:

Ethanol extract of the plant tissues was evaluated in-vitro for

protein glycation inhibitory activity using the model system of

bovine serum albumin and glucose (Monique et al. 2005). The

extract and its components showed significant effect on protein

damage induced by a free radical generator during in-vitro assay

system. It was found by Sultana et al. (2009) that the alcoholic

extract, lawsone and gallic acid showed significant inhibition of

Advanced Glycated End Products (AGEs) formation and exhibit

77.95 %, 79.10 % and 66.98 % inhibition at a concentration of

1500 μg/mL, 1000 μg/mL and 1000 μM respectively. L. inermis

constituents were confirmed to be glycation inhibitors.

3.9. Wound healing activity of henna:

Ethanol extract of the plant (200 mg/kg) was used to

evaluate the wound healing activity on rats using excision,

incision and dead space wound models. Topical application was

made in the case of excision wound model. Whereas, oral

treatment was done with incision and dead space wound model.


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Extract of L. inermis showed high rate of wound contraction, a

decrease in the period of epithelialization, high skin breaking

strength, a significant increase in the granulation tissue weight

and hydroxyproline content (Hamdi et al. 1997). Histological

studies of the tissue showed increased well organized bands of

collagen, more fibroblasts and few inflammatory cells when

compared with the controls which showed inflammatory cells,

scanty collagen fibres and fibroblasts. These findings suggested

the use of L. inermis in the management of wound healing

(Nayak et al. 2007). Chloroform and aqueous extracts of leaves

of the plant were capable of inhibiting the growth of

microorganisms that are involved in causing burn wound

infections (Muhammad and Muhammad 2005).

3.10. Anti-inflammatory activity of henna:

Isoplumbagin and lawsaritol, isolated from stem bark and

root of L. inermis screened for anti-inflammatory activity

against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. The results

showed that isoplumbagin exhibited significant activity, was

compared to that of phenylbutazone (Gupta et al. 1993).

Butanol and chloroform fractions showed potent anti-

inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects that aqueous

fraction of crude ethanol extract of L. inermis in a dose

dependent manner (Ali et al. 1995).

3.11. Tuberculostatic activityof henna:

The tuberculostatic activity of henna was tested in-vitro and

in-vivo using Lowenstein Jensen medium, the growth of

Tubercle bacilli from sputum of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

was inhibited by 6μg/ml of the herb. In-vivo studies on guinea

pigs and mice showed that the plant at a dose of 5 mg/kg body

weight led to a significant resolution of experimental

tuberculosis following infection with M. tuberculosis (Sharma

1990).

3.12. Anticancer activity:

The anticarcinogenic activity of chloroform extract L. inermis

leaves was carried using microculture tetrazolium salt assay on


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the human breast (MCF-7), colon (Caco-2), liver (HepG2)

carcinoma cell lines and normal human liver cell lines (Chang

Liver). The preliminary results showed that the henna extract

displayed the cytotoxic effects against HepG2 and MCF-7 and

IC-value of 0.3 and 24.85µg/ml respectively (Endrini et al.

2007). Isoplumbagin at a concentration of 10.5–10.8 M, the

compound typically produced LC50 – level responses against a

majority of the melanoma and colon cancer cell lines as well as

against several of the non-small cell lungs, colon, Central

Nervous System (CNS), and renal cell lines. Isoplumbagin

showed an interesting profile of cytotoxic activity (Ali and

Grever 1998).

The antitumour activity of L. inermis leaf extract was studied

on 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) induced 2-stage skin

carcinogenesis and B16F10 melanoma tumour model using

swiss albino mice. Topical application of L. inermis leaf extract

at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg body weight was found to be

effective in reducing the number of the papillomas (Wasim et

al. 2009).

3.13. Molluscidal activity:

The molluscicidal activity of leaf, bark and seed of henna

against Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus were

studied. Seed powder was more toxic than leaf and bark against

L. exustus (Ahmed et al. 2000). Binary combinations of henna

seed with Cedrus deodara Roxh and Azadirachta indica A Juss

oil, or powdered Allium sativum, or Zingiber officinale rhizome

oleoresin was more toxic to snails L. acuminata and I. exustus

than their single treatment. The highest increase in the toxicity

was observed when henna seeds powder and C. deodara oil

(1:1) were tested against both the snails. The combination with

neem oil was also more toxic than their individual components

and other combinations (Singh and Singh 2001).

3.14. Antitrypanasomal activity of henna:

Crude methanolic extract of leaf of L. inermis showed in-

vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei at concentration of


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8.3 mg/ml of blood in mice but not in-vivo. The treatment tends

to ameliorate the disease condition, but did not affect the level

of parasitaemia and packed cell volume (Wurochekke et al.

2004).

3.15. Antifertility activity of henna:

Ethanol extract prepared from the powdered seeds of L.

inermis failed to show significant antifertility activity. However

in subsequent studies it was observed that the powdered leaves

of henna, when administered as suspension or incorporated into

the diet inhibited the fertility of rats. The fertility induced

appeared was found to be permanent (Munshi et al. 1977).

3.16. Immunomodulatory activity of henna:

Methanol extract of henna leaves at 1 mg/ml concentration

had displayed immunostimulant action as indicated by

promotion of T-lymphocyte proliferative responses. Seven

compounds were isolated adopting the lymphocyte

transformation assay (LTA)-guided fractionation of the total

methanolic extract of henna leaves (Mikhaeil et al.

2004). Naphthoquinone fraction obtained from leaves L.

inermis showed significant immunomodulatory effect (Dikshit

et al. 2000).

3.17. Nootropic activity of henna:

The effect of acetone soluble fraction of petroleum ether

extract of L. inermis leaves was investigated on memory,

anxiety and behaviour mediated via monoamine

neurotransmitters using elevated plus maze and passive shock

avoidance paradigms. The extract exhibited prominent

nootropic activity, potentiated clonidine induced hypothermia

and decreased lithium induced head twitches. However, the

haloperidol induced catalepsy was not modified (Iyer et al.

1998).

4. Toxicology/Safety evaluation:

Henna is widely used as antimicrobial and is sometimes

applied directly to the affected area for dandruff, eczema,

scabies, infections, and wounds (Mansour et al. 2013). While in


56

manufacturing, henna is used in cosmetics, hair dyes, and hair

care products; and as a dye for body, nails, hands, and clothing.

However, Catherine (2008) reported that the use of henna is

widespread and has been used for centuries as generally

considered harmless since prehistoric time to date. Opinion of

The European Commission (EC) (2013) during the meeting of

the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food

Products (SCCNFP) intended for consumers concerning

Lawsonia Inermis (henna) concluded that Lawsonia inermis is

not irritant for the rabbit skin and eye and was considered not

irritating on human skin after Repeated Insult-Patch Tests

(RIPT). However, Nadjib et al. (2013) reported that most of the

toxicological studies published in medical journals concerning

the toxic effects, due to the use of herbal medicine, are

associated with hepatotoxicity, mutagenecity and

carcinogenicity. As such, numerous advance biological

experimental techniques are needed to be used as standard

safety test prior to the efficacy study. From the literature it has

been noted that L. inermis L. exhibited significant

hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial,

analgesic and adaptogenic effects, indicating that it is a safe

substance to be used as a drug ordinarily (Chaudhary et al.

2010, Mansour et al. 2013 and Shahitha et al. 2013). Reports

show that methanolic root extracts of Lawsonia is used in

Nigeria for cosmetic purposes and antimalarial (Idowu et al.

2010). Users’ accounts few negative effects of natural henna

paste, such as occasional allergic reactions in people with

glucose 6 phosphate (G6PD) deficiency. Pre-mixed henna body

art pastes may have ingredients added to darken stain, or to alter

stain color. The health risks involved in pre-mixed paste not the

natural henna, therefore consumers are advice to avoid henna

with synthetic additives (Raupp et al. 2001 and Dron et al.

2007).Otherwise; some pastes have been noted to contained

synthetic: silver nitrate, carmine, pyrogallol, disperse orange

dye, and chromium. These have been found to cause allergic

reactions, chronic inflammatory reactions, or late-onset allergic

reactions to hairdressing products and textile dyes (Kang and


57

Lee 2006). In this case one has to be careful while buying henna

from market.

5. Conclusion:

Medical plants such as henna are commonly used by local

inhabitants for their antimicrobial activity. Use of a simple to

complex methods for extraction and analysis of L. inermis has

proven to be successful in the estimation and confirmation of

phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity against large number

of bacteria and fungi which are responsible for various

infections. The data confirmed the effective role of L. inermis to

cause high disturbances of protein, amylase and glycoprotein

fractions of the microorganisms tested and a high effect of L.

inermis on microbial growth at both higher and lower

concentrations. Henna has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial

pathogens activity including antibacterial, antiviral, antimycotic

and antiparasitic activities. With the ever increasing resistant

strains of microorganisms to the already available and

synthesized antibiotics, the naturally available Lawsonia inermis

(henna) could be a potential alternative.

REFERENCES:

Abdelraouf A., Amany A., Alyazji and Nedaa A. (2011).

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Synergistic Effect of Lawsonia

inermis, Punica granatum and Hibiscus sabdariffa. Annals of

Alquds Medicine (7): 33-41.

Abulyazid I., Elsayed Mahdy M. E. and Ragaa Ahmed M.

(2010). Biochemical study for the effect of henna (Lawsonia

inermis) on Escherichia coli Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 3

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