Some basic definitions Quote: exactly the same as original–

– Full or partial sentence– Or single word

Some basic definitions Paraphrase: same meaning as original

– Written in your words*– Written with your syntax

– Roughly the same length and level of detail as original

* What about technical or precise terms?

Some basic definitions Summary: same overall meaning as

original– Written in your words*– Written with your syntax

– Captures main idea– Shorter than original– May omit details

Which option? Source’s relevance

– Background?– Evidence?– Influential?

QuotingTwo good reasons to quote:1. The passage you want to use is

distinctive2. You intend to analyze the quote and

the exact words matter

All else is over-quotingIt looks

LAZY

Over-quoting The appeal to authority defense:

– Signal phrases indicating authority can be used in quotes, paraphrases, and summaries

Summarizing Background A nugget, or the gist of an argument Source isn’t quotable or paraphrasable,

but still serves a purpose when distilled.

Paraphrasing Should be the bulk of your use of

sources Helps incorporate your source material

into your own ideas/argument

Paraphrase/Quote combo Hybridize – esp. if a phrase seems

distinct, but not the entire passage

Krugman argues that bipartisanship is not, in fact, democratic, but rather a way to circumvent the voice of the people by “assembling assembling some conservative Democrats and ultraconservative Republicans — all of them with close ties to the wealthy, and many who are wealthy themselves.”

In-text CitationsIn-text citations give credit: For summaries from sources For paraphrases of sources For quotes

But not: For common knowledge For your own ideas

In-text CitationsBasic format for MLA style:

(surname page #):

(Jackson 211).

If author’s name is mentioned in the signal phrase…

According to Williams, New Orleans has become a city enslaved to its history (23).

If no author…

Cite work using the first word or words in the title: ("Commuting" 76)

Organizations can be authors! World Health Organization United States Census Bureau Weight Watchers

Some organizations use a mix of “personal” and “corporate” authors on their websites, so look for bylines

Paraphrase“For those who got apartments instead of trailers, the rental assistance program has been rife with confusing letters, repetitive requests and conflicting information from FEMA.”

Refugees who were given apartments have not received clear information from the rental assistance program (Dewan). No page # ->

website

SummariesAccording to Dewan,refugees from HurricaineKatrina are increasinglytreated as if they areresponsible for the termination of their temporary housing.

Summary of 2 pagearticle.

Author mentioned in signal phrase

QuoteDewan notes that even the agency workers are becoming frustrated: “[they] no longer bother to conceal their anger and astonishment at the constant change in policies and how they are carried out”.

QuoteNote the punctuation format:

Quotation marks + paranthentical + period

Bullfighting is often considered “anunusual blend of bravado anddespair” (Clark 243).

Long Quotes Set off a long quotation (more than four

typed lines) in block format by starting it on a new line and indenting each line one inch, or ten spaces, from the left margin. Do not enclose the passage in quotation marks (50a1).

Long Quotes

According to one FBI agent responsible for interrogating Zubadayah, it’s not true that early interviews didn’t yield results:

It is inaccurate, however, to say that Abu Zubaydah had been uncooperative. Along with another F.B.I. agent, and with several C.I.A. officers present, I questioned him from March to June 2002, before the harsh techniques were introduced later in August. Under traditional interrogation methods, he provided us with important actionable intelligence (Soufan).

Place in-text cite close to material Poetry, far from being a quiet art,

should be "enjoyed, out-loud and in your face" (Rogers 119).

Why?

If you have several quotes/paraphrases/summaries in a row from the same source

Put your in-text cite at the end of the run

Use signal phrases where origin of info might be unclear

BUT….

If you have several quotes/paraphrases/summaries in a row from different people

Put your in-text cite at the end of each person’s contribution, even if it goes

Blah blah blah (Roberts 212). Blah blah blah (Smith 10). Blah blah blah (Roberts 212). Blah blah blah (Smith 13).

Cite full range of pages you refer to

(McChesney 455-460)

All In-Text Citations Should direct the reader to an item on

the Works Cited List:

– (“Commuting” 76) – there should be an entry in your Works Cited that begins “Commuting …”

– (World Health Organization) – there should be an entry listed under the author World Health Organization

Alphabetical order!

No spaces between entries!