Some aspects of soil infromation and policy in Poland Tomasz Stuczynski

Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute ,Pulawy, Poland

Legal regulations

• – Environment protection law (Dz.U. Nr 62, poz.627 z późn. zm. 2001)

- contaminated land invertory to be established andupgraded at a county level

- Requirement to make information publiclyavailable and posted on Internet

• Environment Minister’s regulation September 9 2002 soil quality standards (Dz.U. Nr 165, poz. 1359) – threshold for 40 substances

PhaseIII

Indetification of potential soil contamination sources

Potential contamination should be considered based on technical and

other records

Preliminary testing

No environmental risk

No further testingneeded

Detailed testing for spatial delineation

Contamination ofunknown extent

Exceeding threshold Below threshold

Lack of relevantinformation

Contamination ofknown extent

No furthertesting needed

Delineation of contaminated area requiring reclamation

PhaseI

PhaseII

Soil is not contaminated

No further testingneeded

Collection of available relevant infromation concering soilcontamination

Contaminated sites assessment guidelines

Wektorowa mapa glebowo-rolnicza w skali 1:25000

Relationship between land quality indexand yield – soil derived information

y = 33,796x - 27,324R2 = 0,5771

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4

yield predicted

WPR

PP

LQIYield (NUTS-5)

Soil profile surveycomparision 1960-2007

weight%: 60 25 15

Soil profilesPolygons

mezoregiony land use profile characteristics

0

25

75

125

gl

pgl

gs

[cm]

Extrapolation of soil profile information into a spatial context –geocoding

Carbon mineralization and sequestration – prediction for 2007-2020

bOMatOMOM

iif +⋅=

Δ

−

3019721982

1982;1;05,0525 ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

−−

⋅⋅⋅+⋅=

rokMinMaxOMOMOM

mi

mi

i

400 profiles analyzed in1968-1970 i 2003

Loses of soil organic carbon – regional inventories by 2020

WojewództwoStraty[t/ha]

Akumulacja[t/ha]

Bilans[t/ha]

Straty[1000 t]

Akumulacja[1000 t]

Bilans[1000 t]

dolnośląskie 24,69 9,75 -16,30 19700 2505 -17195

kujawsko - pomorskie 39,16 10,44 -7,61 15631 7286 -8344

lubelskie 35,07 8,21 -11,74 25557 6993 -18564

Lubuskie 38,75 8,76 -19,07 11323 1810 -9514

Łódzkie 26,89 7,69 -8,10 14091 4797 -9293

małopolskie 17,67 10,45 -3,23 6740 4208 -2533

mazowieckie 32,92 10,73 -7,46 29624 13511 -16114

Opolskie 18,35 6,05 -10,26 6868 1123 -5745

podkarpackie 18,48 10,38 -8,27 9769 3004 -6765

podlaskie 18,66 8,48 -4,52 10334 5110 -5225

pomorskie 37,31 9,40 -23,58 22739 2385 -20354

Śląskie 21,18 8,90 -12,18 7750 1391 -6359

świętokrzyskie 20,22 12,45 -2,19 5774 4380 -1393

warmińsko - mazurskie 33,20 7,42 -14,28 20922 4078 -16844

wielkopolskie 22,37 11,54 -1,28 15240 12935 -2304

zachodnio - pomorskie 33,74 9,17 -15,43 20079 4062 -16017

Soil compaction risk according to Horn moel – precompresion stress (2001)

Variables in the model: bulk denisty, plant available water, wilting point, hydraulicconductivity, OM content, cohesion.

Soil erosion risk in Poland Polski (Wawer, Nowocień, 2006)

Monitoring programmesfor agricultural soils in Poland

Programme IMonitoring of heavy metals in agricultural soils and plants

(soil n = 48 600, plants n = 35 000)

Period:successively in the years 1992-1997

Coordinator: Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Food Economy

Contractor: Regional Agro-Chemical Laboratories and the IUNG

Parameters:10 parameters Heavy metals [5] : Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn

Factors- region , - land use, - soil properties

Premises:Unjustified opinion about the pollution of soils in Poland -UNEP/ISRIC map (1990)

Programme IIMonitoring of arable soils

(n = 216)

The aim:To control the changes of arable soils properties with particular reference to contaminated areas.

Period:1995 (I series) , 2000 (II series) ; 2005 (III series)

Coordinator: Polish Inspectorate of Environment

Contractor: Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG)

Parameters:51 parameters Heavy metals [15] : Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, La, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, ZnOrganic pollutants [13] : PAHs

Data related to:- region , - land use, - soil properties, - soil depth, - time

Applied systemsof data evaluations

Systems of data evaluations:

• IUNG recommendations on evaluation of the content of heavy metals in agricultural soils

• Polish regulations on soil and ground quality(Ministry of the Environment Decree on Soil and Ground Quality Standards, 2002)

• Dutch regulations(VROM, 1995)

IUNG system of evaluation of agricultural soils(surface layer)

related to soil properties (texture, acidity, OM content)

Maximum allowable metal content [mg/kg]

Soil contamination class

0 I II III IV V

ag 0,3 1,0 2,0 3,0 5 >5

bg 0,5 1,5 3,0 5,0 10 >10

cg 1,0 3,0 5,0 10,0 20 >20Cd

Metal Soil group

0 – non-contaminated soils; I – increased metal content; II – weakly contaminated; III –medium heavily contaminated; IV – heavily contaminated; V – very heavily contaminated

ag - very light soils and light acidic soils

bg – light soils and medium light acidic soils

cg – medium heavy and heavy soils and mineral-organic and organic soils

*) land use

Pollutant Group A* Group B* Group C* Soil depth [m ] 0 - 0.3 0.3 - 15.0 > 15 0 - 2 2 - 15 Hydraulic conductivity [ m s-1] > 1⋅10-7 < 1⋅10-7 > 1⋅10-7 < 1⋅10-7 > 1⋅10-7 < 1⋅10-7

(mg kg –1) Cd 0.75 1 3 6 3 10 15 6 20

∑ 9PAH 1 1 20 40 20 200 250 20 200

Polish regulations on soil and ground quality (2002)

related to: - land use, - soil parameters (depth and hydraulic conductivity)

Limit values for contaminants in soil and ground

A - protected areasB - agriculture and urban areas, forests C - industrial areas

Dutch regulations and proposition on SQCrelated to: - soil properties (OM and clay) - land use,

Pollutant Limit value Land use

Gardens and

allotments

Public parks , gardens and

recreational amenities

Verges and waste

ground Cd Optimum value* 0.8 (mg/kg) Intervention value* 12 Minimum soil quality** 3 10 50

∑10PAH Optimum value* 1 (mg/kg) Intervention value* 40 Minimum soil quality** 40 100 – 500 200 - 500

*) VROM, 1995 – multifunctional approach **) TCB R09 (1998) – functional approach

All values are for model soil (10 % OM and 25 % of clay)

Programme I

Programme I

Metal Geom. 95 percentilemean classes 0 - I classes II - V

Cd 0,21 0,46 98,4 1,6

Pb 13,6 25,0 99,3 0,7

Zn 32,4 65,2 98,5 1,5

(mg/kg) ( percentage)

IUNG recommendation

Statistical evaluation of the content of selected heavy metals in agricultural soils (n = 48 590):

IUNG system of data evaluation

STATE OF SOIL POLLUTION WITH Cd

Spatial distribution of the classes of soil contamination with Cdaccording to the IUNG recommendations (n = 48 590):

Programme I

Spatial distribution of the classes of soil contamination with Znaccording to the IUNG recommendations (n = 48 590):

Programme I

Spatial distribution of the classes of soil contamination with Cd+Pb+Zn according to the IUNG recommendations (n = 48 590):

Programme I

Programme I

Soil pollution class Soil

(IUNG system) Human ti

Feed Industrial 0 89,71 75,6 21,3 3,1I 8,7 47,1 39,7 13,2II 1 21,8 50,1 28,1III 0,35 11,2 43,9 44,9IV 0,18 8 47,6 44,4V 0,07 0 44 56

Total 100 72,2 23,4 4,4

* ) meeting Polish quality criteria for the selected group

Plants *Percentage of total

Heavy metals content in agricultural soils and plants

Distribution of crop quality within different classes of agricultural soil contamination with Cd (n=35 000)

Programme II

Monitoring of arable soils – sampling points distribution (n=216)

Different system of data evaluation

Programme II

Conta- Range Average Geom. Lower quartile Upper quartile

minant mean [ 25 % ] [ 75 % ]

Cd 0,07 - 80,91 0,73 0,26 0,17 0,37

Pb 3,9 - 1 050,0 23,3 14,5 9,6 19,1

Zn 7,8 - 4 916,7 65,8 36,0 23,1 50,0

PAH 0,08 - 11,39 0,52 0,33 0,19 0,59

(mg/kg)

Content of heavy metals and PAHs in arable soils in Poland

Cd

92,1

(< Opt.V.)

99,1

( < L.V. )

98,6

(0 - I class)

0

25

50

75

100

Polishrecommendation

Polish regulation Dutch regulation

% o

f tot

al

< Limit values (unpolluted) > Limit value

Programme II

Application of different regulations systemsfor evaluation of the level of contamination of arable soils in Poland

(n = 216)

Zn

98,6

(0 - I class)

98,6

( < L.V. )

95,8

(<Opt.V.)

020

4060

80100

Polishrecommendation

Polish regulation Dutch regulation

% o

f tot

al

< Limit values (unpolluted) > Limit value

Programme II

Application of different regulations systemsfor evaluation of the level of contamination of arable soils in Poland

(n = 216)

Programme IIApplication of different regulations systems

for evaluation of the level of pollution of arable soils in Poland(n = 216)

PAH

95,4

(< Opt.V.)

95,8

(< L.V.)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Polish regulation Dutch regulation

% o

f tot

al

< Limit values (unpolluted) > Limit value

Heavy metals content:comparison of the I (1995) and II (2000) series

Averages and the ranges (mg kg-1)

Year Cd Cu Ni Pb Zn0.73 9.9 9.4 23.3 65.8

0.07 - 80.9 1.0 - 215.0 1.2 - 71.0 3.9 - 1050 7.8 - 4917

0,78 10.0 9.3 23.5 67.90.07 - 90.8 1.3 - 208.3 1.0 - 82.3 4.3 - 1073 7.7 - 5012

1995

2000

Programme II

New technologies

The use of satellite images for prediction of metals content(example : agricultural soils in Silesia region in Poland)

NDVI > 0

1.Spectral dataASTER (02.10.2003)(Exclusion of areas with vegetationcover as having different spectralcharacteristics)

2. Sample collection/chemicalanalysis35 geo-referenced soil samples were collected and analysed for Pb content

R2 = 0,83

y = 158,8x - 1767,7

-1700

-1600

-1500

-1400

-1300

-1200

0 1 2 3 4

Total ln Pb concentration (mg/kg)

Wei

ghte

d su

m fo

r ref

lect

ance

in

ther

mal

ban

ds

3. Canonical correlation analysisRelationship between measured total Pbcontent and reflectance at thermal spectralbands

0 -3030 -7070 -100100 - 500

Total lead content (mg/kg)

4. Generation of map of total Pb spatial variability

4b. Estimation of Pb content inagriculture soil with vegetation coverthrough implementation of kriginginterpolation.

4a. Calculation of Pb contentfor each pixel (15x15 m) for barrenagriculture soil - on the basis of thereceived linear relationship

0 -3030 -7070 -100100 - 500

Total lead content (mg/kg)

Summary

Poland posses a very comprehensive agricultural soil and plant data basis.

Over 95 % of agricultural soils in Poland are clean according to national and international standards.

Over 92 % of arable lands in Poland are clean according to national and international standards.

Polluted agricultural soils concentrate in highly industrialisedregions of the country (hot spots contamination).

New methods of evaluation of the status of soil pollution can beapplied in the near future.

Welcome to Poland !