Solvent Waste Reduction - Alternatives Seminarinfohouse.p2ric.org/ref/23/22280.pdf · se and Reci U...
Transcript of Solvent Waste Reduction - Alternatives Seminarinfohouse.p2ric.org/ref/23/22280.pdf · se and Reci U...
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Unlled states Center for Envlronmenlal Olflce Of SOlld WmlB Envlronmenlal Prolnctlon Research Informallon and Emergency Re~ponse Agency
Technology Transfer March 1988 CERI-88-07
-7- r { f "=-% 3 2 Solvent Waste Reduction +-*
Alternatives Seminar
Slides
2.2 2-20 P J f
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Session I Regulatory Issues
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i
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Liability Issues for Source Reduction, Recycle, and Treatment
Robert A. Wyman
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Solvent Waste Reduction: Liability Considerations - Direct
Landfill Ban and Treatment Standards
Waste Minimization Requirements
Indirect
Liability Considerations
Practical Considerations
LlABll I N K S O C I A P
Source or Use Reduction
use related requirements
Permitting pitfalls
Recycle, Reuse, Recovery
Secondary Materials
Residues
MaterialMlaste Transfer
Treatment and Disposal
Audit
Inventory
Screen and Prioritize
Risk Assessment?
Corporate Response
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Waste Minimization Requirements I Source
Content
Uoluntary Program
Exemptions
Reduction Hierarchy
Future
State Examples
Content
( 1 1 uolume or quantity and toxicity, and
(2) minimizes threat (balance toxicity, volume, exposure potential)
Reduction Hierarchy
(1 1 source or use reduction.
(2) waste isolation
( 3 ) recycling, reuse, exchange
(4) resource recouery (energy)
(5) incineration, treatment
(6) selected residuals disposal
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I 1. L IABIL ITY CONSIDERATIONS
CERCLA §§ 106 and 107 1 9 RCRA§7003
STATE STATUTES
COMMON LAW TORT
11 . PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Insurance
Treatment and Disposal Costs
.Other Financial Sauings
Employee Relations
Community Relations
Inuestor/Creditor Relations
Permitting
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L l A B l L l T Y ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTION OPTIONS
Source o r Use Reduction
Recycle, Reuse, Recouery
0 Treatment and Disposal
I 1 CORPORATE PLANNING
Audit
0 lnuentory
0 Screen and Prioritize
Risk Assessment?
Corporate Response
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Session I1 Source Reduction
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Parts Cleaning
Ed Rodzewich
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QUALITY AND EFFECTIVE CLEANING ARE INTERRELATED
I--
CLEANERS FOR AUTOMOTIVE
ASSEMBLY
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CLEANING PHENOMENON
Removes Organic and Inorganic Soils Leaves Surface Chemically Receptive
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PROBLEM
0 Appearance - Show Through Paint Film Corrosion
Corrosion - Create Sites For Underfilm
1.
NEUTRAL CLEANERS
Non-Staining Solvent Free
New Concept in Old Market pH = 7.5 - 9.5
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OLEUM DECK
CLEANING BEFORE PHOSPHATING
Water Break Free Oxide Free No Polymerized Oils Low Surface Carbon
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LOW TEMPERATURE CLEANERS
Higher Alkalinity Mixed Surfactants Low Foam Free Rinsing 100" - llO°F
THERMAL SEPARATOR
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ACID CLEANERS
Deoxidizer Phosphoric Acid
Citric Acid Mixed Surfactants
VAPOR DEGREASING
Perchloroethylene 1,1,1 Trichloroethane
Methylene Chloride 0 Trichloroethylene
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VAPOR DEGREASER
I - Freeboard
t -Water Separator
COLD PAINT STRIPPERS
Methylene Chloride Acid Activators
Phenols
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STRIP TANK I
L -I-
BOOTH COATING COMPOUNDS
Seal Layer
I Solvent
Part
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SUMMARY
Significant Advances Have Been Made To Reduce or Eliminate Solvent Usage In Parts Cleaning and Related Areas of Application
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Session I11 se and Reci U
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On-site Reuse and Recycle of Halogenated Waste Solvents
E. Richard Randolph
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Waste Reduction At Dow And For Its
Chlorinated Solvents Customers
4P I
1960s Gemtacker plan for pollution control
0 Enhance plant personnel attitude 0 Minimize operating mors 0 Enliot help of worklorce 0 Encourage pollution control program 0 Reward achievement 0 Inventory waste 0 Improve yields, reduce waste - both profitable 0 Use waste - disposal last resort 0 Do a good job, let people know 0 Establish scoring system for pollution control
parallel to actklenf frequency rate in safety
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__
0- -- WRAP
Waste Reduction Always Pays
WRAP Flow Chart
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lnternal WRAP Goals
0 Reduce waste - all media 0 Provide incentives 0 Provide recognition for excellence
Create waste reduction mentality a Save money (including avoided cost) e Lessen future liability
Specia Ity c hlo r 5 nated solvents include:
1,1,1 - trichloroet hane Trichloroethylene Methylene chloride Perchloroethylene
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Applications/End Uses For Specialty Chlorinated Solvents
0
M
Slgniticance of metal cleaning I 1 U.S. chlorinated solvent consumption 1984 1981 IMMUB) IMMLBI
I
Total virgin chlorinated solvents 1974 1780 Metal cleaning chlorinated virgin solvents 754 615
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Trends in chlorinated solvents use
0 Metal cleaning dropped 139 MM; total dropped 194 MM
in 1984 to 34.6% in 1987
for chlorinated solvents
.- 0 Metal cleaning dropped from 38.2% of total
0 But metal cleaning is still the major use
N
Contract reclamation increasing
69 MM LB - 1977 147 MM LB - 1982 268 MM LB - 1986 310 MM LB - 1990 (estimate)
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9- I I
1000
0 1971 1974 1977 1980 1984 1987 1990
I
In-house recovery also increasing
52% of customers known to Dow in 1983
4 64% of customers known to Dow in 1987 practiced it
practiced it
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Flow Diagram Hazardous Waste Disposition
m Generator (Customer)
Pefnlatal tkudous
W a * HaWr
__c
c
1 In-House Recycling
Solvent Sludge 1 1
Redaimer
New Customer
Generaor
Types of reclaimed solvent
Clean solvent Clean solvent with the measured addition
Clean solvent restabilized with both acid of acid acceptor
acceptor and metal stabilizers as required
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Problems related to improper stabilization
0 Dilution of fresh solvent 0 Reduced acid acceptor content 0 Reduced metal stabilizer content 0 Excess stabilizer content 0 Improper stabilizer ratio 0 Contaminated solvent
Excess water
Disposition of solvent wastes
0 Up to 30% oil - contract reclaimers 0 3040% oil - fuel blenders
More than 90% oil - disposal via the....al destruction
.. .
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Eoonomlcalty driven cost reduction
, I
,$ohrents users practicing both in=house and .. , . , : contract reclamation
.'Users insisting on tighter machines
..Users looking for more ways to conserve solvent ' ' - Waste less to reduce effect on environment - Use solvent more efficiently, effectively to
reduce c6'sts
. .
Emission control techniques practiced in June 1976
Use of covers Liquid absbrption Carbon adsorption Use of refrigerated freeboard chillers Refrigeration condensation Good operating techniques
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I Technical support to customers
TS&D Analytical Product Stewardship
Field service Solvent Industrial hygiene
Special Distributor Regulatory updates and 1 n tetactions analysis inspection Distributor Test kits Material Safety training Data Sheets Literature
Problem solving analysis senrice surveys Salety programs
Calls related tg waste reduction
044% in 1986 53% in 1987
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waste rwhction-related fleld support services
Process troubleshooting
Waste reduction-related field support services
Process troubleshooting Vapor degreaser inspectiorl
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Waste reductlon-related field support services
0 Process troubleshooting 0 Vapor degreaser inspection 0 Degreaser operation recommendations
Waste reduction-related field support services
0 Process troubleshooting 0 Vapor degreaser inspection 0 Degreaser operation recommendations
I 0 Engineering consultation
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,0 Waste reduction-related field support services
Process troubleshooting 9 Vapor degreaser inspection
0 Engineering consultation 0 Waste and emission reduction
Degreaser operation recommendations
recommendations
I
Product steward 8 h 1 p assistance
Workplace vapor concenttption locating
Suggestions to reduce workplace vapor and monitoring
concentrations
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Training and seminar lopics
Product application Environmental and regulatory updates Safety
,@ Good cold cleaning operating practices
Do: I
0 Use covers Use water Layer where aqceptable Use coarse spray or solid slream
0 Recover -$!e solvents by distillalion 0 Control ventilalion 0 Drain parts properly 0 Capture draining solven!
Place wipe rags in closed container
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Good cold cleaning operating practices
I Don’t: Use solvent in shallow pans Use compressed air sprays
Modifications to existing degreasers
0 Install automatic slide coverg 0 Increase freeboard height
Install refrigerated freeboard chillers Use carbon adsorption Attach air relrigeration on vent recycle Install programmable transporters
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Redistillation reduced waste from 20 drums a month to 5 drums a month.
Reducing the size of the cleaning basket and improving the stacking of parts in the basket reduced solvent consumption by 40-50%.
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More reclalmers managing wastes as fuel
1981 18% 1986 49%
How the customer benefits
Eco nomic con side r a t ions Reduced solvent costs Reduced waste cost Improved cleaning operation
Co m p I iance with regulations Lower worker exposure
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How Dow benefits p
* Safe cleaning method * Environmental quality protected
Product stewardship Reduce solvent loss to environment - Reduce the need for regulation - Reduce overall liability exposure
Attracts new customers and maintains existing customers Maintains viability of marketplace
How the public and the Industry benefit
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On-Site Reuse and Recycle of Petroleum Waste Solvents
Robert H. Salvesen
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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED (NON-HALOGENATED)
HOW USED SOLVENTS ARE GENERATED
RECYCLING
- DEFINITION - GENERAL GUIDELINES - SPECIFIC DETAILS - EXAMPLES
TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED
HYDROCARBONS
VM&P NAPHTHA
MINERAL SPIRITS
AROMATIC NAPHTHA
TOLUENE
XYLENE
ISOPARAFFINIC
TURPENTINE
USAGE
PAINT THINNER
GENERAL CLEANING
PAINT THINNER/CLEANING
PAINT THINNER
11 11
11 I, (ODORLESS)
11 11
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TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED
HYDROCARBONS
VM&P NAPHTHA
MINERAL SPIRITS
AROMATIC NAPHTHA
TOLUENE
XYLENE
ISOPARAFFINIC
TURPENTINE
ALCOHOLS
METHYL
ETHYL
ISOPROPYL
KETONES
MEK
MIBK
ESTERS
ETHYL ACETATE
BUTYL ACETATE
GLYCOL ETHER
CELLOSOLVES
USAGE
PAINT THINNER
GENERAL CLEANING
PAINT THINNER/CLEANING
PAINT THINNER
11 I 1
(ODORLESS) 11 11
1, I,
TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED (CONTINUED)
I 1 I! /CLEANING
II 1,
,I II
PAINT THINNER
II II
PAINT THINNER/CLEmING
11 11
I 1 II
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TYPES OF SOLVENTS USED (CONTINUED) MIXTURES
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
MINERAL SPIRITS
TOLUENE/XYLENE
KETONES
ESTERS
ALCOHOLS
PHENOLS
ADDITIVES
ODORANTS
COLORANTS
SURFACTANTS
LANOLIN
PAINT STRIPPERS
HEAVY-DUTY CLEANERS
PAINT THINNER & STRIPPER
I, II 11
II II II
I 1 I 1 11
II I, II
PROPRIETARY CLEANERS
11 ,I
II I 1
11 II
GENERATION PROCESSES
COLD CLEANING
WASH STATION
SPRAY BOOTH
DIP TANK
HAND/BUCKET
VAPOR DEGREASING
PAINTING
CLEANING SURFACES
CLEANING EQUIPMENT
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WHAT IS RECLAIMING?
TEST
REMOVAL OF CONTAMINATING SUBSTANCES
FROM SOLVENT TO RENEW THE SOLVENT TO
THE ORIGINAL CONDITION FOR REUSE
PROPERTIES OF USED AND RECYCLED MINERAL SPIRITS
FLASH POINT,TCC, F
DISTILLATION, F IBP 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% FBP
RESIDUE
CHLORINE CONTENT
WATER, OIL & SEDIMENT, %
APPEARANCE
USED
TEST METHOD SOLVENT
ASTM-D-56 <loo-120
” D-86 150-330 150-340
300-345 320-350 325-350 330-370 340-390 350-400 400-600 ABOVE 500 30 VOL % (MAX)
<0.1
170-340
ASTM D-95 2-20
VISUAL BROWN/BLACK
RECLAIMED
SOLVENT
102-110
315-330 320-340
325-350
330-365 350-400 2-5 VOL %
<0.1
<0.1
CLEAR/WHITE
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INCREASING REUSE & RECYCLING OF SOLVENTS
SEGREGATION
SUBSTITUTES
NEAT VS FORMULATED PRODUCTS
EMULSIONS
DOWNGRADING
ECONOMICS
PROCESSES & EQUIPMENT USED
o GRAVITY SEPARATION
o BATCH STILLS
- CAPACITY 5-500 GALS
- HEATING OPTIONS
- VACUUM OPTIONS
- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
- CONFIGURATIONS
- CONTROLS
o FRACTIONATION UNITS
o THIN FILM EVAPORATORS
o VAPOR DEGREASERS WITH/WITHOUT RECYCLE
o TOLL RECYCLERS
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WASTE AUDIT OUTLINE
STEP 1 - COLLECT INFORMATION STEP 2 - EVALUATE WASTE HANDLING STEP 3 - MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES STEP 4 - REVIEW AND UPDATE
SOLVENT RECOVERY DISTILLATION EQUIPMENT
HEAT TRANSFER METHOD
POT-COILS
STEAM INJECTION
THIN FILM (CONTINUOUS)
WIPED SURFACE
CONDUCTIVITY HEAT TRANSFER
KEY CHARACTERISTIC
MANUAL CLEANING
WATER CONTAMINATION
( 3 PRODUCTS)
HIGH RATE/INVESTMENT/
OPERATOR TIME
VERY HIGH RATE OF
INVESTMENT __
LOW COST/MINIMAL OPERATOR ~
TIME
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DESIGN AND SAFETY FEATURES
HYDROCARBONS
CALIBRATING FLUID
COAL TAR NAPHTHA
DRY CLEANING SOLVENT
- lOOF MIN.FLASH POINT
- 140F MIN. 'I
NAPHTHA, AROMATIC
THINNER, PAINT
XYLENE
AGITENE
NAPHTHA, ALIPHATIC
T 0 L U E N E
MIXTURES AND
PROPRIETARY MATERIALS
CLASS I, GROUP D, DIVISION 1 ELECTRICALS
PRESSURE RELIEF SYSTEM
EASY CLEAN-OUT
TEMPERATURE CONTROLS
INTERNAL VISCOSITY MONITORING
UC RATED COMPONENTS
SEGREGATION GUIDELINES
PREFERRED OPTION
SEGREGATE AND RECLAIM FOR ORIGINAL USE \
f
I ,
ALTERNATE OPTIONS
MIX AND RECLAIM
AS A GENERAL
CLEANER OR WASH
SOLVENT
DO NOT MIX
WITH ABOVE
: : : : 1
CAN MIX WITH
CHLORINATED AND
OXYGENATED SOLVENTS
FOR DISPOSAL TO
SELECTED CEMENT KIL
OPERATORS
RETURN TO MANUFACTURER FOR RECYCLING
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f IAI,OGENATED
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
TETRACHLOROETHANE
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
1,1,2-TRICHLORO-
1,1,2 TRIFLUOROETHANE
OXYGENATED
SEGREGATICN GIJIDELINES _-__ PREFERRED OPTION ALTERNATE OPTIONS
SEGREGATE AND RECLAIM ALL CHLORINATED,
FOR ORIGINAL USE HYDROCARBON 'AND
OXYGENATED SOLVENTS
CAN BE MIXED AND DISPOSED
TO SELECTED CEMENT KILN
OPERATORS
ACETONE SEGREGATE AND RECLAIM
ETHYL ACETATE FOR ORIGINAL USE
ETHYL ALCOHOL
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
METHYL ALCOHOL
IdETHYL ETHYL KETONE
CAN MIX WITH ALL CHLORINATED AND
HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS FOR DISPOSAL
TO SELECTED CEMENT KILN OPERATORS
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
VOLUME RANGE
5 GALLONS P E R SHIFT
1 5 GALLONS PER SHIFT
55 GALLONS P E R SHIFT
250 GALLONS P E R SHIFT
500 GALLONS P E R SHIFT
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DISTILLATION RANGE
STANDARD DISTILLATION - 100-320 F VACUUM DISTILLATION - 320-500 F
d / 6 * - 4
OPERATING COST (IN-PLANT)
- UTILITY (ELECTRIC 3 4 KW) 0.04-0.08 CENTS/GALLON
- LABOR 0.07-0.12 CENTS/GALLON
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FIGURE 1 _-
I
._ PLOTS OF SOLVEtlT VOLUMES VS PP.YBACK PERIOD ( Y E A R S 1 FOR SOLVENTS OF DIFFERENT COSTS
so 1 v r n t cor; t s 0
0 $1/g~(11 (1.c. I l e p t a n e I x’ $i.5/gal (i.e. P-D-680)
0 $3/gal (Malogenated) A $ 4 / g a l ( 1 . e . MeC1, TCE, TCAI b $ l l / r J a l ( F r e o n 1 1 3 ) - E q u w m f n t
costs h l g h c r t h a n fo r above
9- 0 $2/gal ( N o n - h a l o g e n a t e d )
G-
5 -
- - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _
f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - -- ------A ____o
--2. . . I
I I I I I I I I I I 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9
Y e a r s t o Payof f Inves lment
7-
I -
CASE STUDY 18101-380
INDUSTRY - PLASTICS PROCESS - MOLDER & DECORATOR OF INJECTOR
THERMO-PLASTIC PARTS
SOLVENT - ACETONE SOLVENT USAGE - 12 DRUMS PER DAY Jso.w/& & SOLVENT COST - $2.10/GALLON !
AFTER IN-HOUSE - ROI, 8 MONTHS DISTILLATION
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CASE STUDY #8006-380
INDUSTRY - ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PROCESS - FINAL COATING OF FIRE-RETARDANT
PAINT
SOLVENT - METHYLENE CHLORIDE SOLVENT USAGE - 4 DRUMS/DAY
SOLVENT COST - $ 3.35/GALLON
$35.00/DRUM DISPOSAL
AFTER IN-HOUSE - ROI, 1.2 YEARS DISTILLATION
CASE STUDY #821O-LS
INDUSTRY - CONTRACT PAINTING PROCESS - CLEAN, COAT AND CURE ALUMINUM
EXTRUSIONS
SOLVENT - KETONE-AROMATIC MIXTURE FOR FLUSH -OUT
SOLVENT USAGE - 1-1.5 DRUMS/WEEK SOLVENT COST - $ 2.60/GALLON
$78/DRUM DISPOSAL
AFTER IN-HOUSE - ROI, 1.5 MONTHS DISTILLATION
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CASE STUDY ROBBINS AF BASE
INDUSTRY - AIRCRAFT REWORK FACILITY PROCESS - INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS PAINTING GOLVENT - VARIOUS SOLVENT USAGE - 50,000 GALLONS/YEAR SOLVENT COST - VARIED SAVINGS - $600,00O/YEAR
CASE STUDY NSY PORTSMOUTH, VA
INDUSTRY - NAVAL SHIPYARD PROCESS - PAINT SHOP SOLVENT - ACETONE SOLVENT USAGE - 15-30 GA$LONS/DAY SOLVENT COST - $4-5/GALLQN SAVINGS - $15,00O/YEAR
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CASE STUDY NSY CHARLESTON, SC
INDUSTRY - NAVAL SHIPYARD PROCESS - CLEANING ELECTRONICS SOLVENT - ACETONE SOLVENT USAGE - 3 DRUMS/DAY SOLVENT COST - $ll.OO/DRUM SAVINGS - $300,00O/YEAR
CONCLUSIONS
0 IN-PLANT RECYCLING POSSIBLE FOR MOST SOLVENTS
o NEED
- AUDIT
- ECONOMIC EVALUATION
- QUALITY CONTROL
- TRAINING
- MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
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Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents
Brian R. Dawson
,”
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Hazardous Waste Management Priorities 1. Waste Minimization 2. Recycling
(a) On-site (b) Off-site
3 . Incineration or Thermal Destruction 4. Chemical or Biological Treatment 5 . Secure Landfill 6 . Deep-well Injection
b *w*
Alcohols Esters Ketones Napthas Aromatics Chlorinated Solvents Oxygenated Solvents
/'
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I,
Types of Solvent Reclaimation Services 1. Custom Toll Recycling 2. “Open Market” Recycling
Reclaimed Solvent
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Batch Fractionation
Unit
E a 1
n-1
n
n + l
U
Liquid Still .................... _ _
Reflux Product, D
V
7 Residue I/ _ - .......................
Heat Out
Recovery Rate 9 Cost of Recycling
Cost of Virgin Solvent
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Value of Reclaimed S08vents
Virgin Price Reclaimed Price
$0.20 per pound
> $0.20 per pound
80% of virgin market 90% of virgin market
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Making the Most of Bottoms and Residuals From Oil Refining and Solvent Recycling
Steve Miller
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Making The Most Of Bottoms And Residuals From Oil Refining &Solvent Recycling
Steve Miller, PhD,P.E. Dames EL Moore
HISTORICALLY
Tops & Supernatents = Products
Bottoms & Residuals = Wastes
LAND BAN EFFECTS
Reduced Landfilling of Bottoms Reduces Actual Recycling
Increased RCRA Burning
Continued Halogenated Solvent Rec yc I e
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EVOLUTION OF A FACILITY
Lube Oil Marketer
Used Oil as Raw Material
Waste Generation
Waste Minimization thru Utilization of Bottoms & Residuals
Expanding RCRA Licensing
Expanded Oil & Solvent Utilization
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EXAMPLE OF RECYCLED STREAMS
Drum Recycle - Caustic Cleaning Wastes
Waste Inks
Methylene Chloride Paint Stripping Wastes
Halogenated/ Nonhalogenated Solvent & Hydrocarbon Wastes
I Other Polymer Bearing Wastes
SELECTING SUITABLE WASTES
Bench and Pilot Tests
Compatibility of Residuals with Bottoms Product
Bottoms Product Quality
Coking/ Decomposition in Process Units
Rejection of Unsuitable Waste Streams
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ou) PROCESS - ACID CLAY
Flare r I
I & Truck Diesel
I Water
Lime/Alum
O i 1
wt Oil
Spent Clay
c Landfill
SLIDE 1
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Used Oil
---b 0
Pal yinc r \,la s 5 e
Roo
NEW PROCESS - DISTILLATION CLAY
t Flarc
Truck Diesel 7
zclay 4 L Lube Oil
Spent
Light- weight Block
POT!:
A;p F1 ux
, Oil/Polyiiier Recycle J
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SOLVENT RECLCLING
RECOVERED SOLVENT
- SOLVENT WASTE
ROOFING ASPHALT
SLIDE 3
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Session IV Treatment r-
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Treatment - Solvent Wastestreams
Robert H. Salvesen
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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
SOLVENTS USED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
- DOWNGRADING/WASTE EXCHANGE - STRIPPING - COMBUSTION - INCINERATION - BIODEGRADATION - OTHERS
SOLVENTS USED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
METAL CLEANING
o HYDROCARBONS
- MINERAL SPIRITS
- NAPHTHAS
- TOLUENE
- XYLENE
o OXYGENATED
- ALCOHOLS
- KETONES
- ESTERS
- ETHERS
- PHENOLS
o MIXTURES
. ..
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SOLVENTS USED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
PAINT, COATINGS AND INK
o HYDROCARBONS
o OXYGENATED SOLVENTS
PROCESS
o CHEMICAL REACTION MEDIA
o PHARMACEUTICALS
o DECAFFINATION
ADHESIVES
EXAMPLES OF USED SOLVENTS AND CONTAMINANTS GENERATED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS
PRODUCT
OVENS
GRAPHITE
ELECTRONICS
METAL FABRICATION
CAR INTERIOR PARTS
SHOES
SCREENS
QUARTZ CRYSTALS
WATCHES
PIPE SUPPORT
ADHESIVES
CONTAMINANT
PAINT
GRAPHITE
SOLDER FLUX, OIL
OIL
PAINT
GLUE, DYES
OIL
OIL, WAX
PLATING STOP-OFF
OIL
ADHESIVES
SOLVENTS
TOLUENE
TOLUENE, ACETONE
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
1,1,1 TRICHLOR
MEK
KETONES
CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
FREON, ACETONE
ETHYL ACETATE
TRICHLORETHANE
TOLUENE
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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
DOWNGRADE/WASTE EXCHANGE
0 HIGH PURITY CLEANING ----> GENERAL CLEANING
o FUEL USE
- BOILERS - CEMENT K I L N S - ASPHALT K I L N S
STRIPPING
o OIL/SOLVENT MIXTURES
o WATER/SOLVENT MIXTURES
o ANTIFREEZE
o CONTAMINATED SOLIDS
EXAMPLES OF USED SOLVENTS AND CONTAMINANTS GENERATED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS (CONTINUED)
PRODUCT
LABELS
SEALS & GASKETS
ALUMINUM CASTINGS
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
PLASTICS DECORATION
CHEMICALS
PACKAGING
BUTTONS
PRINTING
MOLDED PLASTICS
WIRE
TANNING
CONTAMINANT
ADHESIVES
01 L
SILICONE WAX
01 L
PAINT
HYDROCARBONS
INKS
LACQUER
INK
PAINT
XYLENE
DYES
SOLVENTS
KETONE
CHLORINATED BLEND
CHLORETHANE ALCOHOL
CHLOROETHANE
ACETONE, MEK
CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
ALCOHOLS
SOLVENT MIX
TOLUENE
MEK, TOLUENE
TOLUENE
BLEND
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s
1 -KILN 6 - FUEL 2 -SLURRY FEED 7- CLINKER COOLER
3-PRECIPITATOR 9- FILTER
5-DUST RETURN
&-PRECIPITATOR DUST SCREW 8 - CLINKER
WET PROCESS KILN
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DRY PROCESS KILN
I
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.- PERCENT OF KILN LENGTH
TYPICAL WET KILN TEMPERATURE PROFILES
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)
INCINERATION
RAPID
HIGHLY EFFECTIVE
GENERALLY HIGH COST
RESIDUES AND EXHAUST GASES
INCINERATOR TYPES
VORTEX
ROTARY HEARTH
MULTIPLE HEARTH
FLUID BED
CIRCULATING BED
FUME
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MULTIPLE HEARTH INCINERATOR
Oil frm
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ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR (WITH AFTEDURNERS)
flu,po,lo
- GAS BURNERS
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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)
BIODEGRADATION
TIME-CONSUMING
LOW COST
IN-SITU
CANDIDATE SOLVENTS
ALCOHOLS
ESTERS
GLYCOLS/EPOXIDES
HYDROCARBONS
PHENOLS
MAJOR CONCERNS
CONCENTRATION
SOIL TYPE
HYDROGEOLOGY
MANAGEMENT (ENHANCEMENT)
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS
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BIODEGRADATION SCHEMATIC
Contaminated site
Air injection wells
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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUEDL
OX1 DATION
AIR
OZONE
PEROXIDES
ENCAPSULATION
FLY ASH
GLASS y / !
POLYMERS
SILICA GEL
CONCERNS ;A&,
CONCLUSIONS
MOST SOLVENTS CAN BE TREATED
MANY PROVEN TREATMENT TECHNOLOLGIES AVAILABLE
o INCINERATION WIDELY USED
-RAPID AND EFFICIENT
-MAJOR CONCERNS - PARTICULATES AND RESIDUES -FURTHER STUDY NEEDED FOR VERY HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
o BIODEGRADATION
-TIME-CONSUMING
-LOW COST
-NOT A PANACEA FOR ALL MATERIALS
-NEEDS EXTENSIVE STUDY FOR MANY MATERIALS
o OXIDATION AND ENCAPSULATION
-GENERALLY SPECIFIC
-COSTS CAN BE HIGH
-NEEDS FURTHER STUDY
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Treatment - Aqueous Wastestreams
David Pepson
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TREATMENT OF SPENT SOLVENT
WASTEWATERS
. DISCUSS IMPACT OF HSWA ON COST OPTIMIZATION
. PROVIDE SOME IDEAS FOR MODIFYING/DESIGNING NEW SYSTEMS
. PROVIDE COST OPTIMIZATION EXAMPLE
- PRE AND POST LAND DISPOSAL RULES
STEAM STRIPPING
. fIEE0 TO DISTINGUISH FROM BATCH DISTILLATION
. REPRESENTS BDAT FOR 1 3 OF THE 25 FOOlrFOO5 SPENT SOLVENT COMPONENTS
. WASTE PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT SELECTION
- WATER CONTENT
- CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS
- FILTERABLE SOLIOS
- OIL AND GREASE
- TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
- OTHER CONSTITUENTS THAT ARE MINIMALLY VOLATILE
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COST OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATIONS
STEAM STRIPPING
. REDUCED RELIANCE ON MORE TRAYS vs. CARBON POLISHING
. TYPE OF TRAYS vs. REDUCED CLEANING WASTES GENERATED
. PRETREATMENT WITH POLISHING FILTERS vs. LESS FREOUENT CLEANING FROM FOULING
. CHILLED WATER vs. REDUCED RELIANCE ON CARBON BACK-UP
. LARGER CONDENSER VS. REDUCED RELIANCE ON CARRON BACK-UP
CARBON ADSORPTION
. BDAT FOR 8 OF THE 25 F001-F005 COMPOUNDS
. WIDE RANGE OF CARBON AVAILABLE
- SURFACE AREA
- PORE SIZE
- PARTICLE SIZE
- HARDNESS
- IODINE NUMBER
. WASTE PARAMETERS To CONSIDER IN SELECTING CARBON ADSORPTION
- - FILTERABLE SOLIDS CONTENT
- OIL AND GREASE
- TYPE AND CONCENTRATION OF METALS PRESENT
TYPE AND CONCENTRATION OF ORGANICS
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COST OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATIONS
CARBON ADSORPTION
. INCREASED BED SIZE vs. REDUCED TRANSPORTATION COSTS
. DIFFERENT WAYS To REGENERATE vs. NEED To TREAT "DERIVED FROM" WASTES
. b!ORE EXPENSIVE CARBON VS. REDUCED REGENERATION FREQUENCY
. .
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
- REPRESENTS 6DAT FOR 9 O F THE 25 FOO1-FO05 SPENT SOLVENTS
. WASTE PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT SELECTION
- TOXIC METALS
- SURFACTANTS
- REFRACTORY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
COST OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATION
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
. USE OF MORE CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECH AND REDUCED RESIDUALS VS. CONVENTIONAL COSTS FOR BIO-TREATMENT
. USE OF MORE CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECH vs. POTENTIAL AIR EMISSION CONCERNS FROM BIO-TREATMENT
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CASE I
(PRE-LAND DISPOSAL REGULATIONS)
CAPITAL COST
STEAM STRIPPING $ioa,ooo (10 TRAYS)
CARBON ADSORPTION $116.000
TOTAL: $224,000
STEAM STRIPPING $300,000 (50 TRAYS)
SAVINGS FROM ADD-ON CARBON: $ 76,000
CASE I 1
(POST-LAND DISPOSAL REGULATIONS)
CAPITAL COST
STEAM STRIPPING $ioa,ooo (10 TRAYS)
CARBONS ADSORPTION $116,000
DISPOSAL OF CARBON $288,000 (PRESENT WORTH)
TOTAL: $512.000
STEAM STRIPPING $300,000 (50 TRAYS)
SAVINGS FROM LARGER STEAM STRIPPING: 4212,000
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Volume Reduction of Still Bottoms and Sludges
Thomas F. Stanczyk
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COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS
NORMA1 BO1 LING POINT SOLVENT 0
ACETONE 133.0
n-BUTYL ALCOHOL
CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYL ACETATE
HEXANE
243.0
269.6
170.7
156.0
METHANOL 148.5
METHYLETHYLKETCNE 175.3
METHYL ISOBUTYLKETONE 242.2
flETHYLENE CHLORIDE 104.0
PERCHLOROETHYLENE 249.8
TOLUENE 231.1
1.1, I -TRICHLOROETHANE 1654
o,m,p-XYLENES 280.9 - 291 .Q
SOLVENT CHARACTERIZATION AND USE MARKETS ~
~ ~ K A U " E ALCOHOLS
AMINES
KETONES
ETHERS
ESTERS
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
PAINTS
COATINGS
INKS
PROCESS USE
METAL CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
ADHESIVES ~~
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COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS
SO1 VENT NORMAL BOILING POINT 0
ACETONE
n-BUTYLALCOHOL
CHLOROBENZENE
ETHYL ACETATE
HEXANE
METHANOL
METHYLETHYLKETONE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
133.0
243.0
269.6
170.7
156.0
148.5
175.3
242.2
104.0
PERCHLOROETHYLENE 249.8
TOLUENE 231.1
I , I , 1 -TRICHLOROETHANE 165.4
0.m.p-XYLENES 280.9 - 29 1.9
A SUMMARY OF SOLVENT APPLICATIONS AND WASTES
f * A!?PLUASIQMS
DISSOLVED MEDIUM FOR CLEANING
AEROSOL PROPELLANT
CARRIER FOR COATINGS
REFRIGERANTS
FOAM BLOWING AGENTS
DISINFECTING AGENTS
EXTRACTION MEDIUM
REACTION MEDIUM
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE
WASTLS
SPENT SOLVENTS FROM DRY CLEANING PARTS DEGREASING, ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING
I SOLVENT WASTE FROM CHEMICAL PROCESS I NG
RESIDUES FROM MANUFACTURE OF PAINT, INKS
I SEMI-SOLID RESIDUES SUCH AS RECOVERY SLUDGE. STILL BOTTOMS
I CONTAMINATED INERTS; IE., RAGS, FILTERS
CONTAMINATED SOILS I I WASTEWATERS CONTAINING SOLUBLE/
EMULSIFIED SOLVENTS
UNUSED INVENTORY
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= 0
Y m Y c W vi W I a cn c L 3 U ‘0 W VI 3
W
0 Y
VI a, U
.-
.r
n
.r - VI - r r c 3
* V -c
-.- .-
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REGULATORY STANDARDS ADDRESSING USAGE AND CONTROL OF COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS
I)
d)
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
ACETONE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
CHLOROBENZENE
METHYLETHYLKETONE
PIETHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
WETHYLENE CHLORIDE
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
rot LJLNE
I , I , I -TRICHLOROEl HANE
0,m.p-XYLENES
8
PPI ICA -
SARA - @
1p
0
4D
0 e, d e
l5TlNG
WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVENT-LADEN RESIDUES
INCINERATION WASTE EXCHANGE RECOVERYlREUSE
I
SOLVENTCONTENT
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DRYING
UNLIKE MOISTURE REMOVAL BY MECHANICAL MEANS, DRYING RELIES
ON HEAT TO EVAPORATE MOISTURE PRODUCING AS A BY-PRODUCT A
DRY SUBSTANCE.
UPSTREAM PROCESSING CAN CREATE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
VARIATIONS IN PARTICLE SIZE, LEVEL OF IMPURITIES, AND CAP-
ILLARY SIZE, EACH HAVING DISTINCT EFFECTS ON THE RESIDUAL
BY-PRODUCTS AND DRYING PERFORMANCE,
SOURCES OF LIQUID
DRYING HAS APPLICATION TO THE REMOVAL OF LIQUID
THAT OCCUR AS:
o SURFACE o MECHANICALLY BOUND, OR o CHEMICALLY BOUND LIOUID.
SURFACE
THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE SOLID
IS ANALOGOUS TO FREE LIQUID THAT WETS
HECHANICALY BOUND MOISTURE OCCUPIES THE INTER- STICES AND MOVES TO THESURFACE BY DIFFUSION,
CAPILLARY ACTION AND/OR PRESSURE GRADIENTS
CHEMJCAI LY BOUND MOISTURE CAN APPEAR AS WATER
OF HYDRATION, OR I T CAN BE PRODUCED BY THE STRUC-
TURAL RE-ORIENTATION OF A CHEMICAL, OR BY REACTION. THE HEAT REQUIRED TO RELEASE THIS
MOISTURE IS, IN ADDITION TO THE HEAT OF VAPORI- ZATION, THE HEAT OF CRYSTALLIZATION OR OF REACl ION
R c f : " I n d i r c c t d ry ing o f Sol ids May 2. 1103. McGraw-liill,
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SOURCES OF HEAT
WITH INDIRECT DRYERS, HOST OF THE HEAT TRANSFER DCCURS V I A
CONDUCTION, HOWEVER, CONVECTION AND RADIATION HAY AID IN
HEAT TRANSFER
AGITATION CAN IMPROVE CONDUCTION BY MORE RAPIDLY BRINGING
PARTICLES INTO CONTACT WITH THE HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE.
R e f : R m t . William L , I l l . " I n d i r e c t drying o f Solids." Ctieiiiical Engineer ing. May 2. 1'183. McGraw-Hill, Inc
TYPICAL DRYING CYCLE
UPON REACHING TllF I3Oll.lNG POINT, EVAPORATION TAKES PLACE AT A
L.EVCL I N TllE SOI.ID. NORflALLY A CONSTANT RATE RELATED TO THE 1.101110 LCVEI. IN TllE SOLID.
RATE RELATED ro TtiL MOISTURE
Ref: Root, I!illiaiil L, I l l . "lndircct dryinq o f Solids." Cheni ical Lngineerinq. May 2 . 19113. McGrnw-llill, l n c
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I- I- Y 8 U 0
a
IIEAT TRANSFER VARIES WITH PHASE OF DRYING
rni I ING iihi r CONSTANT RATE SENSIBLE IIEATING PHASI ~~ PHASL ), PHASF
o + MOlljTURC CONCI NTRATION (C), 1.13 [ I . IOIIID)/I.B (DRY S O I ~ I D )
, ., . __ ~ -. ~
'YEARING/ PLASTIC WET GRANUL
RY GRANULAP
I:- /' I LB (LIQUID)/LB (DRY SOLID \
,/
'\
PHASE CHANGES OF SOLID AFFECT AGITATOR TORQUE
Ref: Root , William L . I l l . "Indirect drying Of Solids." C h m i c a l Engineering. May 2. 1983. McGraw-Hill. Inc
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EQUIPMENT EVALUATION C R I T E R I A FOR DRYER5
0 MOISTURE CONTENT
9 PARTICLE SIZE 0 BOILING POINT
0 HEAT OF FUSION
@ SPECIFIC GRAVITY PH 0 BULK DENSITY
9 MELTING POINT CORROSIVENESS
e SOFTENING POINT * ABRASIVENESS
* EXPLOSIVE LIMITS TEMPERATURE
SENSITIVITY TO HEAT
R e i : Root, l l i l l i , l m L , I l l . " I n d i r e c t dry ing o f S o l i d s C l h l i c . r l I n g l n c ~ r i n g . M A Y 2 . l'JI13. M c C r e w - l l i i l
BLAW-KNOX VACUUM DOUBLE DRUM MIXER
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Al~PL l~ :A f i l l . l lY I . Slirdges, s lu r r ies , vi!icous and rmri-~vi:icous l i qu ids
UAXlNlJU rl IMl’~ - I 050°F
CAI’ACIIY .. - - - - - - 0 4 - 219.9 Ct’ h c o t c d nren
Urll I-rlES Electr ic, o i l o r qos, water. stear arid a i r
ANCIL.LARY EQUIPMENT Condenser, p roduc t r e c e i v e r
POWER - - . . - - 3-15 IIP
RENTAL UNITS AVh1LABL.E- Yes
IKornline :;;irider:;oii
Sludges, slurries, Lars
llrying (so l ven t recovery ) , reac t ing , calc in ing
01.5-1 18.0 ft.? heated t rans fe r surface
E lec t r i c , o i l o r gas. water. a i r
Fun. condenser, pug mill, exhaust (jus scrubbing
5-60 HP
Yes
f 100,000 - $300,000
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inq h iyh L(.:npcrature, vacuiim o r i i i torr in l pro::sire.
POWER 15 gal lon capaci ty
RCNTAL UNITS !.VAILAULE. No
C O S l S - - - - - - * " 590.000 ,-
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i I
I
! I/ ,
I I I
1 I
i I;
(i50' F
E lcc l r i c , o i l o r gas , water, s l cam imil i i t r
Mi i tcr io l feed system, viipor- r:o:loclion system, m i l l c r i a l rli:ichiirqc systcrn
600°F
RENTAI. UNl l S AVAII.AHl.E,
COSTS - - - - - - - . .
Binder s torage tank iind feed system, waste s toroge tanks snd feed system. vnpor recove ry system
No
$200,000
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I hNCII.LAIIY I:(IIlIPMl:NT - - lFeed chute. d m t contro l equipment
!
I'O\?IER . - - I 2 nnd 5 HP
R t N l A l . UNITS AVAILABLE, Ye!;
COSTS - - - $7,500 - $7,900
X TOTAL SOLIDS A S A FUNCTION OF TREATMENT
-- .. .- - __ ~ ~-
DRYING
SOLIDIFICATION
1 DEWATERING
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RESIDUAL VOLATILE ORGANICS AS A FUNCTION OF TREATMENT
CONTROL
,I AIR STRIPPING
STEAM STRIPPING . ~ . .~. .. --
DEWATERING
DRY INF
SOLIDIFICATION
2.1 ,I 1 60
VOLATILES (Weight Basis)
COMPARISON OF TCLP DATA VS
.
1 DRIED
TREA'lMENl
. . . ~
1 . . . . ~ ~ .. .. . ... . ~ - - . - ~ 7
c.. . ... ~~
CHEMICAL EXTRACTION
'I I:I P l~Ol.1JFNl: L IM I IAT IONS 1-01> DISPOSAI. IN ILANDI~II I : 0.33 ppm
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STRATEGIES APPLICABLE TO SOLID BY-PRODUCTS OF DRYING OPERATIONS
EMISSIONS 7 I o CONTAMINATED SOILS
RECOVERYIREUSE OPTIONS
0 EXTRACT, METALS PIGMENT REUSE
0 RESIN RECOVERY AGGREGATE REUSE
o FEEDSTOCK REUSE
B WASTEWATER IIYDROXIDE SLUDGES
s) VISCOUS PAINTS, ADHESIVES, COATINGS, INKS
0 CONTAMINATED DEBR
0 DIRECT LANDFILL 0 PELLETIZE, ENCAPSULATE AND
EXTRACT, BURN AS SOLID FUEL 0 PELLETIZE, BURN AS SOLID FUEl 0 DIRECT INCINERATION 0 AGGREGATE, STABILIZE
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