SOLUTIONS TO OVERPOPULATION & POPULATION POLICIES.
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Transcript of SOLUTIONS TO OVERPOPULATION & POPULATION POLICIES.
SOLUTI
ONS TO
OVERPOPU
LATI
ON &
POPU
LATI
ON POLIC
IES
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO OVERPOPULATION
Page 199
- Possible solutions
- Barriers to these solutions
Population Policies
What types of population policies exist ?
http://www.monochrom.at/english/2008/04/demographic-winter.htm
Pro-natalist or Expansive (Promote more births)
Anti-natalist or Restrictive(Promote fewer births)
http://www.greenprophet.com/countries/afghanistan/
Maintenance or Stability
http://www.yooj.co.uk/test_page_1.html http://www.visualphotos.com/image/2x4628085/russian_babys_feet_sticking_out_from_blanket
2 babies.1
+
Pro-natalist Anti-natalistCBR CDR RNI CBR CDR RNI
Russia 13 14 -0.1 China 12 7 0.5Japan 8 9 -0.1 Egypt 25 5 2Germany 8 10 -0.2 India 23 7 1.6Singapore 9 4 0.5 Vietnam 17 7 1Iran 19 6 1.3 Indonesia 19 6 1.3France 13 9 0.4 Ethiopia 37 10 2.7Australia 14 6 0.8 Bolivia 26 7 1.9Newfoundland 9 9 0 Nepal 25 6 1.9Quebec 11 7 0.4 Philippines 25 6 1.9
Niger 48 12 3.6 Mali 45 15 3
1800
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1900
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2030
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50Demographic Transition Model
Birth Rate Death Rate
Bir
th &
Death
Rate
s
Does where a country fits within the DT influence the type of population policy they implement ?
(horizontal position is what is important)
pro-natalist
anti-natalist
RNI x 10 is plotted
EXPANSIVE POPULATION POLICIES
- Not as common today as they were twenty years ago
- Reasons:
• Replaces those lost in war and civil unrest• Build up the military• Replace retiring folks in the workforce• Support the increasing number of seniors• Lead to economic growth
Examples: Japan Singapore Quebec (until recently) Newfoundland
U.S.S.R.
1944 – 1992
awarded medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.
Why ?
Motherhood Medals
5 children 8,000,000 awarded
2nd Class
6 children 4,000,000 awarded
1st Class
Order of Maternal Glory
7 children - 2,000,000 awarded
3rd Class
8 children - 1,000,000 awarded
2nd Class
1st Class
9 children - 500,000 awarded
Order Mother Heroine
10 children 200,000 awarded
Russia Recent incentives 2006 - 2012
• 2nd & subsequent babies - ~ $10,000 (pd. at age 3)
- ~ $60.00 / month
• if more than 3 children - ~ $250 / month
• more available daycare
• adjustable work schedules for women
• smart immigration policy – encourage expats to return home (cash, social benefits, jobs)
--encourage talented young foreigners to immigrate
• established a special system of pension for housewives as a separate class
• financial support for single mothers
•July 8 – new national holiday – Day of Family, Love, and Fidelity• Medals given out for long married couples with children (25 years+)
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20268426/ns/world_news-europe/t/russians-offered-day-prizes-procreate/
Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia - Family Contact Day
(Conception Day)
Grand Prize winners of “Give Birth to a Patriot on Russia’s Independence Day” Contest
http://www.russianlessons.net/russia/ulyanovsk/
Conception Day started Sept. 12, 2005
• possible day off work to allow for conception / contests / displays
• if birth June 12 - win a prize
• TVs, washing machines, SUV
• Grand Prize to the parents judged to be the fittest
Australia
Baby bonus - ~2004
“have one for your husband, one for your wife, and one for the country”
$5000/child
Quebec, Canada
1950s – very high total fertility rate Why ?
1980s – one of the lowest in Canada Why ?
Quebec government wanted to increase the TFR Why ?
Quebec
1987 – 1992
• $ 500 for each of 1st 2 children• $3000 for each subsequent child• child care facilities improved & expanded • tax free family allowance if 2 or more children• interest free housing loans (up to $7000)
1992 – 1997
• $ 500 for 1st child• $1000 for 2nd• $6000 for each subsequent child• other benefits remain the same
1997 program cancelled
• couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off
2003 election
Parti Quebecois’ platform
involved population
expansion
Bernard Landry
Quebec
Newfoundland
View two articles
Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
out-migration *Why ?
declining fertility
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newfoundland_and_Labrador,_Canada.svg
http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photography-newfoundland-fishing-boats-image10517522
http://jewishwings.com/trips/newfoundland/
http://www.oilsandsdevelopers.ca/index.php/oil-sands-technologies/mining/
http://www.reocities.com/ftmcmurray2003/
• $1000 per birth or adopted baby
• improved maternity/paternity program
• improved daycare
Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
http://www.whiterockdaycare.ca/photogallery_chrismas.htm
RESTRICTIVE POPULATION POLICIES- Reasons:
• Cannot afford to provide for them• Overpopulation concerns (limited available resources)
• Local, national, & international scale• Allow more women in the workforce and boost economy
- First one: India (1950)
- Policies (Family planning advice, low-cost birth control devices, and encouragement)
- Philippines, Mexico, Bangladesh (LLDCs)
- More Aggressive Policies (forced abortions and sterilization)- China, India, Indonesia
China - One Child Policy 1979
- rewards start once 1 child contract is signed
Rewards
• free medical care
• free daycare and schooling
• guaranteed job for child
• bonuses for parents
• extra maternity leave
• better housing
• bigger old age pension
Penalties
• must repay financial benefits
• educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn
• parents’ wages reduced
*How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?
Massive Infrastructure of Population Control Workers
- Every community, population-control committee members carefully monitor their neighbours
- In every workplace, assigned employees regularly check-up on female co-workers
- If an additional pregnancy is discovered – immediately report infraction and begin counseling to convince the couple that an abortion is required.
- Quotas in workplaces (all workers will lose their bonuses – peer pressure)
Peer pressure
http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html
Education Program
HUMAN RIGHTS INFRINGEMENTS
Cases.
- Women being forced to terminate a 3rd pregnancy and in some regions a 2nd
- If 2nd child is born, the state forces either the mother of father to be sterilized
Rules that have emerged.Situation Consequence
Twins or Triplets? No punishment.
Baby seriously disabled A 2nd child permitted if a doctor confirms he or
she will be healthy
1st child dies 2nd child is possible with permission
Couple divorces and remarries
Child is permitted
PREFERENCE FOR SONS
Example: farming families wanting a son to help on the farm
Consequently:
** Some couples have an extra child despite the penalties
** Some abort female fetuses
** Others kill their female babies
- Estimated that 300 000 more boys than girls are born in China each year.
- Government Response to this problem- Some rural areas: Couples who have female babies, may be allowed
to try for a son four years after the first child is born.- Cash bonuses for abiding by the policy are slightly higher for families
with girls- Old-age pension increased for couples complying with the policy- Jobs and possessions can now be handed down to daughters
India
- Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd
-mandatory sterilization for anyone with 3 children or more
www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html
large country, huge population, federation system with many different culturaland political variations throughout the country – difficult for federal governmentto impose its will on the States
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Are there demographic problems here ?
What type of population policies might be appropriate ?
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Annapolis Royal, N.S. Fort McMurray, Alb.
Are there demographic problems here ?
What type of population policies might be appropriate ?