Solutions Old x
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Transcript of Solutions Old x
How many types of matter is it made of?
1Pure Substance
2+Mixtures
Is it on the periodic table? Does it have spots that look different?
YesElement
NoCompound
YesMixture
NoSolution
Bell ringer Sugar is in the
beaker with water. How do I get it to mix together?
Insoluble- not able to dissolve
Soluble- able to dissolve in water
Solution Rate 1. Heat it 2. Stir it (agitation) 3. Crush it (increase surface
area)
Questions 1. Why does soda go flat in the
summer? 2. Why does soda go flat even
in the winter? 3. Why do we need to use hot
water to dissolve Jello? 4. Knowing what you know
about solution rate, what is the fastest way to make Koolaid?
Heat of Solution When solutions form, energy is
exchanged when particles are solvated. 1. Endothermic (+ heat of
solution)Energy needs to be added to get the
substances to mix, beaker feels cold2. Exothermic (- heat of solution)
Energy is released when the substances mix, beaker feels warm
Solution Rate Particle Size:
1. Solution- smallest, completely solvated, invisible to eyes
2. Suspension- largest particles, not able to be solvated, settles into layers
3. Colloid- a suspension that is partially solvated, can see with the aid of a light (Tyndall effect)
Concentration of Solutions Percent by Mass
Grams solute x 100%Total grams of solution
Concentration of Solutions Molarity
M = molesLiters
Concentration of Solutions Molality
m = moleskilogram
OH- hydroxideH3O+ hydronium
OH- H3O+
2H2O OH- + H3O+
Naming Bases, Salts Bases and Salts
Name the same as regular ionic compounds
Ex. NaCl Ba(OH)2
Naming Acids Binary Acids 2 elements, H and
something else
hydro _____ ic
Word in middle is name of element
Oxyacids More than 2 elements H, something else, O
per _____ ic 1 more O _____ ic normal _____ ous 1 less
O hypo ___ ous 2 less O
Formula Writing Bases and Salts
Write formulas the same as ionic compounds.
Ex. Iron (III) bromide Zinc hydroxide
Formula Writing Acids Binary
Hydro becomes H, other element symbol
Cross charge #sEx. Hydronitric acid hydroiodic acid
Formula Writing Acids Oxyacids
Identify the polyatomic ionDetermine how many O Need H in front, + 1 (ion has same
charge regardless of # of O)Cross charge #sEx. Hypophosphorous acid Perchloric acid
Acid Base Theories Traditional (Arrhenius)
Acid- H in frontBase- OH at endSalt- everything else
Problem: Salt is largest category
Acid Base Theories Bronsted-Lowry
Acid- proton donorBase- proton acceptorConjugate acid- base that has received a
protonConjugate base- acid that has donated a
proton
Conjugate pairs
Acid Base Theories Bronsted-Lowry
Ex. HCl + H2O <==> H3O+ + Cl¯
NH3 + H2O <==> NH4+ + OH¯
Problem: some substances can be both- amphoteric, like water
Acid Base Theories Lewis
Acid- electron pair acceptorBase- electron pair donor
Key is to find substance that has lots of electrons to give, that’s the base
Ex. BF3 + F− → BF4−
H+ + NH3 → NH4+
Concentration of Acids/Bases
Normality
N = equivalents x molesLiters