Solutions Chapter 12 Modern Chemistry
description
Transcript of Solutions Chapter 12 Modern Chemistry
Chapter 8 Section 1 Describing Chemical Reactions p. 261-275
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SolutionsSolutionsChapter 12 Modern Chapter 12 Modern ChemistryChemistry
Sections 1-3Sections 1-3
Types of MixturesTypes of Mixtures
The Solution ProcessThe Solution Process
Concentrations of Concentrations of SolutionSolution
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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The Solution The Solution ProcessProcess
Section 12.2Section 12.2
Chapter 12 Section 1 Types of Mixtures p. 401-406
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SolubilityFactors affecting
rate of dissolutionSaturatedUnsaturatedSupersaturatedSolubility equilibriumSolubility values
VocabularyVocabularyDissociation HydrationInsolubleImmiscibleMiscibleHenry’s LawEffervescence
Chapter 12 Section 1 Types of Mixtures p. 401-406
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FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DISSOLUTIONFACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DISSOLUTION
Concept Map 12.2Concept Map 12.2
UNSATURATEDUNSATURATED SATURATEDSATURATED SUPERSATURATEDSUPERSATURATED
LIQUID SOLUTELIQUID SOLUTE
SOLUBILITYEQUILIBRIUMSOLUBILITY
EQUILIBRIUM
GAS SOLUTEGAS SOLUTE
DIS
SO
CIA
TIO
ND
ISSO
CIA
TIO
N
IONIC SOLUTEIONIC SOLUTE
SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY SOLUBILITYVALUES
SOLUBILITYVALUES
HYD
RA
TIO
NH
YD
RA
TIO
N
SOLUBLESOLUBLE
LIKES DISSOLVE
LIKES
LIKES DISSOLVE
LIKES
PRESSUREPRESSURE
TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE
HEN
RY’S
LA
WH
EN
RY’S
LA
W
EFF
ER
VE
SC
EN
CE
EFF
ER
VE
SC
EN
CE
IMM
ISC
IBLE
IM
MIS
CIB
LE
MIS
CIB
LE
MIS
CIB
LE
INSOLUBLEINSOLUBLE
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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How would you make a solute dissolve faster?
• Stir.
• Break it up.
• Heat it.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Factors Affecting the Rate of DissolutionDissolution
Agitate the solution
Heat the solvent
Increase the surface area of the solute
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
6Facto
rs A
ffecti
ng
Dis
solu
tion
Rate
Facto
rs A
ffecti
ng
Dis
solu
tion
Rate
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• Solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance required to form a saturated solutions with a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature
• Look at the chart on page 410• Dependant on
the nature of the solvent and the solute and the temperature of the solute
• The maximum amount that can be dissolved is not dependant on the rate it dissolves
SolubilitySolubility
in grams
100 g H2O20° C
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Solubility & TemperatureSolubility & Temperature
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
9p. 414*Solu
bilit
y a
nd
Tem
pera
ture
Solu
bilit
y a
nd
Tem
pera
ture
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
10Solu
bilit
y o
f S
olid
s in
Liq
uid
sS
olu
bilit
y o
f S
olid
s in
Liq
uid
s
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• There is a limit to the amount of solute that can be dissolved. Why?
• Solubility Equilibrium – the physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates.
• In other words… the same amount of solute is dissolving and “undissolving” at the same time.
SolubilitySolubility
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
12Solu
bilit
y &
Solu
tion
Eq
uilib
riu
mS
olu
bilit
y &
Solu
tion
Eq
uilib
riu
m
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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bilit
y E
qu
ilib
riu
mS
olu
bilit
y E
qu
ilib
riu
m
Insert Holt Disc 2Insert Holt Disc 2
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• Saturated – A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute.
• You can tell that it is saturated because no more solute will dissolve and fall to the bottom of the container.
• Unsaturated – A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions.
Saturated & Unsaturated Saturated & Unsaturated SolnsSolns
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Mass of Solute Added vs Mass of Solute Mass of Solute Added vs Mass of Solute DissolvedDissolved
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions.
• HOW? Saturate a solution. Heat the solution so that more solute can be added. When the solution is cooled undisturbed it will be saturated.
Supersaturated SolutionsSupersaturated Solutions
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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UnsaturatedUnsaturated
SaturatedSaturated
SupersaturatSupersaturateded
LESS than 35.9g NaCl in 100g H2O at 20°C
EXACTLY 35.9g NaCl in 100g H2O at 20°C
MORE than 35.9g NaCl MORE than 35.9g NaCl
in 100g Hin 100g H22O at 20O at 20°C°C
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
18NaC
NaC
22HH
33OO
22 T
ow
er
Tow
er
Insert Holt Disc 2Insert Holt Disc 2
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
19Solu
bilit
y o
f C
om
pou
nd
sS
olu
bilit
y o
f C
om
pou
nd
s
notes
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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bilit
y o
f C
om
pou
nd
sS
olu
bilit
y o
f C
om
pou
nd
s
notes
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• What is the molecule polarity of H2O? CCl4?
• How do we determine this?
Molecule Polarity REVIEW!!Molecule Polarity REVIEW!!
Insert Holt Disc 2Insert Holt Disc 2
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• Ionic solids that dissolve are soluble.• Ionic solids will dissolve in polar solvents
but not nonpolar solvents• Water molecules break the crystal lattice
into separate ions. This is dissociation.• Then the water molecules surround the
ions. This is hydration. • Ionic solids that do not dissolve are
insoluble.
Ionic Solute-Solvent Ionic Solute-Solvent InteractionInteraction
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Ion
ic S
olu
te-S
olv
en
t In
tera
cti
on
Ion
ic S
olu
te-S
olv
en
t In
tera
cti
on
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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socia
tion
An
imati
on
sD
issocia
tion
An
imati
on
s
Insert Holt Disc 2Insert Holt Disc 2
Insert Glencoe Disk 2Insert Glencoe Disk 2
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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rate
d N
aH
yd
rate
d N
a++
Insert Holt Disc 2Insert Holt Disc 2
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• Miscible – Liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion.
• Immiscible – Liquids that are not soluble in each other.
• “Likes dissolve likes”Polar solutes dissolve in polar
solvents.Nonpolar solutes dissolve in
nonpolar solvents.• Alcohols are slightly polar.
Liquid Solute-Solvent Liquid Solute-Solvent InteractionInteraction
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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cib
le a
nd
Im
mis
cib
leM
iscib
le a
nd
Im
mis
cib
le
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Immiscible & MiscibleImmiscible & Miscible
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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How Soap How Soap WorksWorks
Insert Holt Disc 2Insert Holt Disc 2
Iodine Iodine SolubilitySolubility
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• Effect of pressure on gas solubility• Pressure changes have little effect on
liquid or solid solutes.• Gases dissolved in a liquid are in an
equilibrium• This means that some of the gas
molecules are going into the solvent and some are going out of the solvent at equal rates.
Gas Solute-Solvent Gas Solute-Solvent InteractionsInteractions
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
31Solu
bilit
y o
f a G
as in
a L
iqu
idS
olu
bilit
y o
f a G
as in
a L
iqu
id
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• Henry’s Law– The solubility
of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid.
Gas Solute-Solvent Gas Solute-Solvent InteractionsInteractions
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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After being underwater for a long time, a diver will have more gases dissolved in the blood. The diver must pause during the ascent to allow the dissolved gas to come out of solution (the blood) slowly and to be exhaled. If the ascent is too fast the gas can come out of solution while flowing through blood vessels and block essential blood vessels, causing extreme pain, paralysis, or even death.
Gas Solute-Solvent Gas Solute-Solvent InteractionsInteractions
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
34Efe
rvescen
ce
Efe
rvescen
ce
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Keep the fizz in your Keep the fizz in your soda!soda!
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Mentos and Coke?Mentos and Coke?
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• Effect of temperature on gas solubility• Increasing temperature decreases the
solubility of a gas• An increased temperature increases the
kinetic energy so that gas molecules can escape from the solvent
Gas Solute-Solvent Gas Solute-Solvent InteractionsInteractions
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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• The net amount of energy absorbed as heat by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent.
• If heat is given off when the solute dissolves, it is exothermic and the enthalpy is negative.
• If heat is taken in when the solute dissolves, it is endothermic and the enthalpy is positive.
• Look at the table of enthalpies on page 416.
Enthalpy of SolutionEnthalpy of Solution
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Enthalpies of SolutionsEnthalpies of Solutions
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
40Han
dh
eld
Heate
rH
an
dh
eld
Heate
r
Insert Holt Disc 2Insert Holt Disc 2
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Enthalpies of SolutionsEnthalpies of Solutions
Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417
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Ch 12 Sec 2 HomeworkCh 12 Sec 2 Homework
Section Review Page 416 # 1-7