SOLUTION MODEL SPECIMEN PAPER–3 · 2019-04-15 · The Rajya Sabha has power of investigation on...

Part I

Answer 1.(a) Apersonshallbedisqualifiedfrombeingchosenas thememberofLokSabha ifhe/she is

holdinganyofficeofprofitundertheGovernmentofIndiaoranystate.Atthesametime,he/sheshouldbeacitizenofIndiaotherwise,he/shewillbedisqualified.

(b) TheAdjournmentmotionisbasicallyaformalproposaltolayasidealltheotherbusinessinthehouseandtakeupadefinitematterofurgentimportance.

(c) TheCabinetisasmallbutimportantbodyofseniorministersofthepartywhoareincludedintheCouncilofMinisters.Theyholdimportantportfoliosandcontemplateuponmajorpoliciesofthegovernment.

(d) TwoeffectsoftheimpositionofPresidentRuleinanystateare:Firstly,thestateadministrationis directly placed under the President. Secondly, he may suspend the provision of theConstitutionrelatedtoanyauthorityofthestate,exceptthoserelatedtotheHighCourts.

(e) TheChiefJusticeofIndiaadministersoathofofficetothePresident.(f) Inordertobeappointedasaminister,apersonshouldbeamemberofParliamentandan

Indiancitizen.(g) ThejudgesoftheSupremeCourtcanholdofficetilltheageof65years.(h) TheSupremeCourtortheHighCourtissueswritswheneverthereisaviolationoffundamental

rights.(i) DistrictJudgesareappointedbytheGovernorinconsultationwiththeChiefJusticeoftheHighCourtsoftherespectivestates.

(j) Civilcourtsexercisesjurisdictioninthecasesrelatedtolandpropertyandmoneytransactions.Answer 2.

(a) Theintroductionofmoderninnovationssuchasrailwaysandtelegraphswasmisunderstoodby thepeople of India. Therewere rumors that the telegraphpoleswere erected to hangpeoplewhowereagainsttheBritishrule.Indiansnotedthatintherailwaycompartments,thehighercastesandthelowercastesweremadetositsidebyside.TheybelievedthattheBritishhadintroducedsuchpracticestodefytheircasteandreligion.

(b) ThemainobjectiveoftheIlbertBill(1883)wastoabolishjudicialdisqualificationbasedonracedistinctions.ThisbillprovokedcounteragitationbyeducatedIndians.Thegovernmentultimatelywithdrewthebill.

(c) DadabhaiNaorojicametotheconclusionthattherootcausefortheeconomicillsofIndiawastheexploitationofIndiabytheBritish.HealsoexplainedhowIndia’swealthwasbeingdrainedtoEnglandthroughvariousways.

(d) Japan,anAsiancountrydefeatedRussia.TheItalianforcesweredefeatedbytheAbyssiniansin Ethiopia. Thesewere the international events that shattered themyth of the Europeansuperiority.TheIndiansfeltthattheunitedforcecouldthrowouttheBritishyoke.

(e) ThetermsoftheGandhi-Irwinpactare-(a) withdrawalofallordinancesandprosecutions.(b) Releaseofallpoliticalprisoners,exceptingthoseguiltyofviolence.

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3SOLUTION

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(f) FrancegainedcontroloverSaarbasin fornext15years.At thesametime,FrancealsogotAlsaceandLorrainefromGermany.

(g) MussoliniembarkeduponanaggressiveforeignpolicytorevivethepastgloriesoftheRomanEmpire.Healsoviolated theTreatyofVersaillesof 1919and signedpactswithPopeandHitlertofollowthepolicyofaggressiveimperialism.

(h) Fascismmeans autocracywhere power of the states is vested in oneman only and it isobligatoryforalltheotherstoobeyhisorders.

(i) TheUnited States, which had played an important part in the setting up of the League,ultimately decided not to join. The rise of dictatorship in Italy and Germany led to theweakeningoftheLeagueofNationsanditfailedinitsbasicobjectiveofmaintainingpeace.

(j) AftertheaerialattackonthePearlHarborin1941,Japanrefusedtosurrender.Subsequently,USAdroppedatomicbombsonHiroshimaandNagasaki in1945, leading to thedefeatofJapanandvirtualcloseoftheWorldWar-II.

Part IISection : A

Answer 3.(a) TheRajyaSabhacomprisesnotmorethan250members.Themembersfallintotwocategories:

nominatedandelected.Thenominatedmembersaretwelveinnumber.Theyarenominatedby thePresident,andpeoplehavingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperience inmatters,suchasliterature,socialservice,scienceandarts.

(b) Representatives of states in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of theLegislativeAssemblyofeachstate.Thisisdoneinaccordancewiththesystemofproportionalrepresentation by means of Single Transferable Vote. The representatives of the UnionTerritories shall be chosen in such amanner as the Parliamentmay prescribe. The threerepresentativesfromDelhiareelectedbythemembersoftheLegislativeAssemblyofDelhi.

(c) In order to be selected as the member of the Rajya Sabha, a person :(i) mustbeacitizenofIndia(ii) mustbenotlessthan30yearsofage,and(iii) mustpossesssuchadditionalqualificationsasmaybeprescribedbylawfromtimeto

time.Answer 4.

(a) AsthePrimeMinisteristheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliament,heissaidtobetheleaderofthehouse.HeisthechiefspokesmanofthegovernmentintheParliament.Hetakesallimportantannouncementsonnationalpoliciestothefloorofthehouse.Ifsomecontroversialissuesprevail,likelanguageissueorifanuglysituationarisesinanyofthehouses,thenthemattergenerallyendswiththeinterventionofthePrimeMinister.HedefendsthegovernmentintheParliament.

(b) Allthepowersvestedinthename/postofthePresidentareexercisedbythePrimeMinister.He is theprincipal advisor of thePresident. It is at the behest of thePrimeMinister thatthe President summons and prorogues the Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha. ThePresidentappointstheministersontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.HeadvisesthePresidentonvariousappointments to importantpostssuchas the judgesof theSupremeCourt, theGovernorsoftheState.HeisthelinkbetweenthePresidentandtheCouncilofMinisters.HecommunicatesallthedecisionsoftheCabinettothePresident.

(c) ThePrimeMinisteristheheadoftheCabinet.NoprovisionismadeintheConstitutionfortheappointmentofdifferentcategoriesofministerssuchasMinistersof theCabinetrank,MinistersofStateandDeputyMinisters.ThePrimeMinisterhasthelibertytodecideonthesematters.PositionandpowersofthePrimeMinisterinrelationtothecabinetareasfollows:

(i) Power to allocate Portfolios and to reshuffle the Council of Ministers :ItisthePrimeMinisterwhoallocatesdepartmentsorportfoliostotheMinisters.HecanreshufflehisCouncilofMinisterswheneverhepleases.

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(ii) Power to select and dismiss a Minister :ThePrimeMinisterchoosestheMinistersandhasthepowertodismissthemtoo.Hecanaskanerringministertoresign.

(iii) Power to direct and co-ordinate Policy :ThePrimeMinisterco-ordinatestheworkingofvariousdepartmentssothatadministrationiscarriedonsmoothly.Incriticalmatterssuchas,foreign,defense,economicandtechnologicalaffairs,heco-ordinatesthepolicyoftheGovernment.

(iv) Resignation of the Prime Minister : The Prime Minister’s resignation implies theresignationofthewholeCabinet.

Answer 5.(a) TheSupremeCourthastheoriginaljurisdictioninalldisputesbetweentheUnionandthe

States.TheSupremeCourtalsohasthepowerofAppellateJurisdiction.Itmeansthatithasthepowertograntspecialleavetoappealagainstthejudgmentdeliveredbyanylowercourtinthecountry.Functions :

(i) TheSupremeCourthearsappealsinrespecttoitsoriginalandappellatejurisdictions. (ii) ThePresidentofIndiamayrefertotheSupremeCourt,foranyquestionoflaworfactof

sufficientimportanceforitsopinion.(b) The advantages of the Lok Adalats are :

(i) TheLokAdalatsworkinthespiritofcompromiseandunderstanding.Asaresult,boththepartiesfeelsatisfied.

(ii) Theydeliverfastandinexpensivejustice. (iii) Theyalso reduce theworkloadof theother courts, enabling them todealwithmore

seriousmatters.(c) Composition :

EachHighCourt consists of aChief Justice andmany other judges as thePresidentmayappointfromtimetotime.UnliketheSupremeCourt,thereisnofixedminimumnumberofjudgesfortheHighCourts.Itvariesfromcourttocourtandfromstatetostate.TheChiefJusticeofaHighCourtisappointedbythePresidentinconsultationwiththeChiefJusticeof Indiaand theGovernorof theState.Whileappointingother judgesof theHighCourts,thePresidentconsultstheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourt,theGovernoroftheStateandtheChiefJusticeoftheHighCourtoftherespectivestate.Theadditionaljudgesareoftenappointedinordertodisposeofthearrearscases.Suchappointmentsaretemporaryandareterminableafterthedisposalofarrearscases.InordertobeeligiblefortheappointmentasjudgesoftheHighcourts,apersonshouldhavethefollowingqualifications:(i) He/shemustbeacitizenofIndia,

(ii) He/shemusthaveheldajudicialofficeofIndiafor10years,or (iii) He/shemusthavetheexperienceofanadvocateofaHighCourtfor10yearsinsuccession.

Section : BAnswer 6.

(a) TheincidentisJallianwalaBaghMassacreandthisincidenttookplaceinAmritsar.ItoccurredduringthetimewhenpeopleprotestedthearrestofleaderslikeDr.SaifuddinKitchluandDr.SatyaPal.

(b) TheincidenttookplacewhenthepeopleassembledatJallianwalaBaghtoattendBaisakhiFestival.TheBritishGeneralO’DyersurroundedtheBaghwithhissoldiers.Afterclosingtheexitwithhistroops,heorderedthemtofireatthecrowd.Aboutonethousandinnocentdemonstratorswerekilledandmanymorewerewounded.Thewholenation condemnedtheincidentanddemandedanapologyfromtheBritishofficial,whichherefusedtodo.It


shatteredthefaithoftheIndianpeopleintheBritishruleandtheconscienceofthenationwasshakenatthemassacreofinnocentpeople.

(c) GeneralDyerwasresponsiblefortheincident.GandhilosthisfaithintheBritishruleanddecidedtolaunchtheNon-CooperationMovementanddemandedthattheBritishgovernmentshouldexpressitsregretrelatedtotheeventsinAmritsar.

Answer 7.(a) The four proposals of the Cabinet Mission were as follow :

(i) TherewouldbeafederalunionoftheBritishprovincesandtheprincelystates. (ii) Theunionwouldhaveitsownexecutiveandlegislaturecomposedofmemberselected

byallprovinces. (iii) AConstituentAssemblywouldbesetuptoframethenewConstitutionoftheIndian

Union. (iv) SeparaterepresentationwastobegiventoMuslimsandSikhs.

(b) TheLeagueacceptedtheCabinetMissionPlan(1946)entirelybecauseitfeltthatthegroupingof Muslims majority provinces in a way indicated the formation of Pakistan. Howeversubsequently, Jinnah and the Muslim League rejected the proposals. When the Viceroystatednegotiations foran InterimGovernment, Jinnahbecame jitteryas theCongresshadanoverwhelmingmajority in theConstituentAssembly.He feared that theLeaguewouldbeoutvotedintheAssembly.TheLeaguealsofearedthattheBritishwithdrawalfromIndiaindicatedtransferofpowertotheHinduswhowereamajorityinIndia.TheMuslimLeaguepasseda resolutionon29th July, 1946,withdrawing itsacceptanceof theCabinetMissionPlan.ItdecidedtoresorttoDirectAction.

(c) TheCongressaskedforanassurancethattheConstituentAssemblywouldbeasovereignbodyandthattheprovincescouldoptoutofagroupwhichtheydidnotwishtobelongto.TheCabinetMissionacceptedthecompletefreedomoftheConstituentAssemblytoframetheConstitution;although,theyinsistedoncompulsorygroupingoftheprovinces.TheCongressacceptedtheplanbecauseitpreservedtheunityofIndiaandagreedtojointheConstituentAssembly.However,itrefusedtojoinanInterimGovernmentontwogrounds:

(i) ItwasopposedtotheclaimoftheLeaguethattheyalonehadtherighttonominatealltheMuslimmembers.

(ii) TheydidnotacceptparitywiththeMuslimLeague.Answer 8.

(a) TheBritishIndiangovernmentsoughtsomesettlementwiththeCongresstogainthesupportofIndiansintheSecondWorldWar(1939-45).ItbecamenecessaryfortheBritishtobreakthedeadlockinIndia.ThepresenceofBritishinIndiagaveaninvitationtoJapantoinvadeIndiaandthattheirwithdrawalwouldremovethebait.Therefore,GandhidecidedtolaunchtheQuitIndiaMovement.

(b) SubhashChandraBosefoundedtheForwardBlocin1939.ItwasestablishedtoliberateIndiawiththehelpofworkers,peasant’syouthandotherorganisations.Italsoaimedtoreorganiseagricultureandindustriesalongsocialistlines.

(c) TheproposalsmadebyLordMountbattentosettletheindependenceissueofIndiawere: (i) Thecountrywouldbedividedintotwodominions,IndiaandPakistan. (ii) ItwasforthetwodominionstodecidewhatrelationstheywouldhavewiththeBritish

Commonwealthandwitheachother. (iii) ThePrincelystateswouldbefreetoassociatethemselveswitheitherofthedominionsor

toremainindependent. (iv) ThelegislativeassemblyofSindhwastotakeitsowndecisioninaspecialmeeting.


Answer 9.(a) The similarities between the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism are :

(i) FaithintheTotalitarianrule. (ii) Hatredtowardsdemocraticpoliticalsystem. (iii) Beliefthatthestateissupremeanditcouldsuppressthefundamentalrightsandfreedom

ofindividuals. (iv) Beliefinone-partyandoneLeader. (v) Beliefinaggressivenationalismandimperialism.

(b) The impacts of Nazism on Germany were :(i) Establishment of a totalitarian state : Hitler concentrated all power into his hands,

suppressed all opposition and propagated the ideology of Nazism. He changed thefederalgovernmentintoaunitarygovernment.Variouspoliticalpartieswereabolished.Abanwasimposedonthepress,publicspeechesandwritingofarticles.Asecretpoliceknown as theGestapo, kept a check on the activities of citizens. Those suspected ofdisloyaltytothestatewerearrestedorexecutedwithouttrial.

(ii) Economic reforms :Hitler introducedfirstfiveyearplan tohavegreaterproduction.He had set up factories to providework to the laborers. Industrial and agriculturalproduction and tradewere encouraged. Price controlswere introduced, imports andexportswere controlled.Theproductionofheavyarmamentswasaugmentedby theNaziregime.Heundertooktheprojectsofpublicworks,buildinggovernmentoffices,etc.;thetradeunionsweredissolvedandheassuredtheworkersofsafeguardingtheirinterestsandrights.

(iii) Militarism and compulsory military training : Militarytrainingwasmadecompulsory,resultinginthecreationofmoreemploymentopportunities.Hitlerbelievedthatnationscouldbecomegreatonlybydefeatingothernationsinwars.Consequently,hestartedtheprocessofrearmament.

(iv) Repudiation of peace treaties :HitleraimedtorejecttheTreatyofVersaillesof1919.HerefusedtopaythewarindemnityandresortedtothepolicyofterritorialexpansionandfortificationofGermany.Inthisway,hecompletelyviolatedthepeacetreaty.

(v) Acquisition of territories :Hitlertriedtoacquiremoreterritoriesthatwouldprovidespace to growingGerman population.He entered into a non-aggression treatywithPolandforaperiodoftenyearsin1934forthesafetyofhiseasternfrontiers.HereclaimedtheterritoriesofSaarBasinandRhinelandfromFrance.In1938,heannexedAustriabyforce.Heconcludedanon-aggressionpactwithRussia.

(c) Three factors that led to the rise of Fascism were :(i) Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles :ItalyjoinedtheAlliesintheFirstWorld

WartogainterritoriesofTurkeyandGermany.ButbytheTreatyofVersailles,shecouldgetonlySouthernTyrolandTrentino,andtheCoastalregionsofDalmatia.ItalycouldgetnopartoftheGermanandTurkishcolonialempire.

(ii) Economic Crisis : ItalysufferedheavylossesintermsoflifeandpropertyintheFirstWorldWar.After theWar,manysoldiersbecameunemployed.TradeandCommercewereruinedleadingtolarge-scaleunemployment.Therewasashortageoffoodgrains.

(iii) Failure of the Leagues of Nations : AftertheFirstWorldWar,theLeagueofNationswasestablishedtomaintainpeaceintheworldandtopreventwars.Butitprovedtobeweakandfailedtoachieveitsaims.Itfailedtochecktheriseofdictatorships.Haditactedwellintime,theambitiousplansofMussoliniandHitlerwouldnothavematerialized.


Answer 10.(a) The main features of Non-Alignment movement were :

(i) Thecountriesalignedtothismovementarenotalignedtoanyofthepowerblocs. (ii) Themovementisopposedtoanykindofmilitaryalliances. (iii) Itretainsitsfreedomtoundertakeindependentforeignpolicydecisions. (iv) Itdoesnotremainalooffrominternationalproblems. (v) Itactivelyparticipatesinthepoliticsamongnations. (vi) Alargenumberofpeopleobjectthatthismovementsupportspassivitybutthatisnotthe

case,non-alignmentstandsforactionratherthanpassivism,sinceithashelpedalotofcountriesfightforitsrights,butusingnon-violentmethods.

(b) The main objectives of Non-Alignment movement were : (i) Toeliminatethosecauseswhichcouldleadtowar. (ii) ToprotectthenascentfreedomofthenewbornindependentcountriesofAsiaandAfrica

fromcolonialdomination. (iii) Toopposecolonialism,imperialismandracialdiscrimination. (iv) Toadvocatesovereignequalityofallstates.

(c) Nehru played a significant role in the establishment of NAM. Under Nehru's guidance,IndiabecamethefirstcountrytobeginapolicythatwasnewinthehistoryofinternationalrelationsthepolicyofNon-Alignment,whichwasfoundedin1961inBelgradeandwasablysupportedbyGamalAbdelNasserofEgypt,PresidentSukarnoofIndonesiaandJosephBrozTitoofYugoslavia.Nehruwasagainstalignmentwithanyofthetwopowerblocs,heopposedmilitarypacts,armaments,policyofracialdiscrimination,colonialismetc.NehruadvocatedthePanchsheelprincipleswhichlaterbecameguidelinesfortheNon-Alignedmovement.Thepolicyofnon-alignmentmeanttheacceptanceoftheinevitabilityofwarbutontheconvictionthatitcouldbeavoided.Itentailedapositiontojudgeeachissuewithoutbiasorprejudice.


6SOLUTION

Part I

Answer 1.(a) TheParliamentisthebodyofpeople’srepresentativeswhichhassupremepowerofgovernance

inademocraticcountry.(b) Themaximumperiodofgapbetweentwosessionsoftheparliamentisofsixmonths.(c) ThequalificationsthatapersonseekingelectiontotheofficeofthePresident,mustpossess

arethat,heshouldbethecitizenofIndiaandhe/sheshouldnotholdofficeofprofit,etc.(d) TheElectoralCollege consists of the electedmembers of both thehouses, LokSabha and

RajyaSabha,alongwiththeelectedmembersofthestatelegislatureswhoindirectlyelectsthePresident.TheyelectPresidentthroughaproportionalrepresentation,insecretballotwithsingletransferablevote.

(e) Normally,theMPsaremadeministersbutsometimesnon-membersarealsoappointed.Inthiscase,theministermustbenominatedorelectedtotheParliamentwithinsixmonthsofappointmentorhe/shewillhavetoquitasaminister.

(f) PresidentappointstheleaderofthemajoritypartyasthePrimeMinisterofthecountry.(g) TheSupremeCourthasthepowertoreviewlawspassedbytheunionorthestatelegislatures

andcandeclarealawultra vires ornullandvoid,ifitisagainstthespiritoftheConstitution.(h) TheHighCourthasthepowertoreviewitsownjudgmentororderwithaviewtocorrectany

mistakeorerrorthatmighthavecreptintothejudgmentororder.(i) TheoriginaljurisdictionoftheHighCourtgivesittheauthoritytohearregardingadmiralityandcontemptofcourt.

(j) The second classmagistrates dealwith comparatively less serious criminal cases and cansentenceapersontoimprisonmentfornotmorethantwoyearsorimposeafineof`1000orboth.

Answer 2.(a) RajaRammohanRoyandJyotibaPhulewerethetwoIndiansocialreformerswhopromoted

thecauseoftheIndiannationalism.(b) Themain aim of the associations was to voice out the grievance of Indians and suggest

remedialmeasures.ItalsoaimedtoplacethetruestateofaffairsinIndiabeforethepeopleofEnglandsothattheproblemofthecountrymencouldbesolved.

(c) TheSwadeshi andBoycottmovements laid emphasis on self–reliance. It gave stimulus tocottageindustriesandalsotolarge-scaleenterprises.ItincreasedthedemandforSwadeshigoods (indigenousgoods)and led to the increase inproductionandconsumptionof suchgoods.

(d) SirSyedAhmadKhanbelievedthattheHindusformedthemajorityoftheIndianpopulation.TheywoulddominatetheMuslimsandadvisededucatedMuslimstosupportBritishbecausetheywouldrewardthemwithgovernmentjobsandotherspecialfavours.

(e) TheRowlattActwaspassedin1919.ThepurposeoftheActwastocurbthegrowingupsurgeinthecountry.


(f) The Congress rejected the viceroy’s offer to form an interim government because of itslimitedstatusandpowersandalsobecausetheprincipleofparitywithMuslimLeaguewasnotacceptabletoit.Itwasalsoopposedtotheleague’sclaimthatitalonehadtherighttonominatealltheMuslimmemberstotheexecutivecouncil.

(g) The two aims of UNO are to establish world peace through mutual cooperation and topromoterespectforhumanrights.

(h) AfterthedefeatofGermany,theAlliedPowerturnedtheirattentiontowardsJapan.InSouthEastAsia,JapanhadwonvictoriesoveranumberofcountriesandhadoccupiedHongKong,Philippines,Malaya,Singapore,Myanmar,partsofNewGuineaandIndonesia.TheBritishforces liberatedMyanmar,Malaya,PhilippinesandSingapore. In thePotsdamConferenceheldonJuly26,1945,theAlliedPowersaskedJapantosurrender,butJapanturnedadeafear. Consequently,America dropped the first atomic bombs onHiroshima andNagasakionAugust6,1945andAugust9,1945respectively. JapanofferedtosurrenderontermsofPotsdamdeclarationonAugust10andeventually,thewarcametoanend.

(i) Nehruwasagainsttheratraceforarmamentsandcalledfordisarmamentandabolitionofstockpilesofnuclearweapons.ItwasbecauseofthepursuanceofhispolicyofdisarmamentthatIndiasignedatreatyin1963forbanningatomictests.

(j) MalariaandtuberculosisarethetwopreventablediseasesagainstwhichUNICEForganisesitsprogrammes.

Part II

Section : AAnswer 3.

(a) The legislative powers of the Parliament are as follows : (i) TheParliamenthastheexclusivepowerstomakelawsonallthe97subjectsmentioned

intheUnionList. (ii) Alongwith theStateLegislativeAssemblies, theParliamentcanmake lawson the47

subjectslistedintheconcurrentlist.IfthereisaconflictbetweentheUnionParliamentandtheStateLegislatureonanylawmentionedinthislist,theunionlawwillprevail.

(iii) TheParliamentpossessesresiduarypowers.Itmeansthatitcanmakelawswithrespecttoallthosematters,whicharenotmentionedinanyofthethreelists.

(iv) The parliament can legislate on the subjects included in the state list. During theproclamation of an emergency, the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirdmajorityrelatedtoasubjectinthestatelistthathasassumednationalimportance.ThetwoormorestatesareoftheopinionthattheParliamentshouldlegislateonasubjectgiveninthestatelist.

(v) ThePresidentisempoweredtopromulgateanordinanceatatimewhentheParliamentisnotinsession.IthasthesameeffectasanAct.

(b) The Financial Powers of Parliament are as follows : (i) The Budget : TheParliamentpassestheannualUnionBudget,containingtheestimatesof

receiptsandexpenditureoftheGovernmentforafinancialyear.TheBudgetispresentedintwoparts,namely,theRailwayBudgetandtheGeneralBudget.

(ii) Supplementary Grant : If theamountauthorized for thecurrentfinancialyear isnotsufficient, theGovernmentmaymakea freshdemandknownas the ‘SupplementaryGrant’.ItisalsopassedinthesamemannerastheannualBudgetispassed.

(iii) Votes on Account :IftheUnionBudgetisnotpassedbeforethebeginningofthenewfinancial year, i.e.,April 1, there would be nomoney for the government to spend.Therefore, a device known as ‘Vote on Account’, which authorises the governmenttodrawfundsfromtheConsolidatedFundofIndiauntiltheBudgetispassedbytheParliament.


(iv) Fixation of Salaries :ThesalariesandallowancesofMPsandministersaredeterminedbytheParliament.

(v) Permission for Taxes : No tax canbe imposedonmoney spentby theGovernmentwithouttheapprovaloftheParliament.

(c ) Rajya Sabha : TheRajya Sabha is composedof 238members representing the States andtheUnionTerritories.ThePresidentnominates12memberswhohavespecialknowledgeorexpertiseinthefieldsofScience,Literature,SocialServiceandArt.Lok Sabha : Themaximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 552, out ofwhich 530membersrepresenttheStates,20membersrepresenttheUnionTerritoriesand2membersarenominatedbythePresident fromtheAnglo-IndianCommunity.ThemembersrepresentingtheStatesand theUnionTerritoriesaredirectlyelectedby thepeople throughAdultFranchise.ThestrengthoftheLokSabhaisnotfixedasmembersmayresignormaybesuspended.

Answer 4.(a) IfthePresidentisconvincedthatasituationhasarisenwherebythefinancialstabilityorcredit

ofthenationisthreatened,hecandeclareafinancialemergency.Suchproclamationhastobebroughtbeforeboththehousesofparliamentandboththehousesmustpassthebillwithamajority.IftheLokSabhaisdissolvedwhensuchaproclamationismade,thenaresolutionsupportingthatwillbepassedbytheRajyaSabha.TheproclamationwillceasetoexistattheexpiryofthirtydaysfromthedateonwhichtheLokSabhafirstsitsafteritsreconstitution.ItisvalidfortwomonthsfromtheapprovaloftheLokSabha.

(b) The effects of a financial emergency are :(i) ThePresidentmayappointafinancecommissiontosuggestmethodstogetoutofthefinancialcrisis.

(ii) ThePresidentcanreducethesalariesandallowancesofanyclassofpeople.(iii) All money bills passed by the Lok Sabha are to be submitted to the President for his

consideration.(iv) ThePresidentcanissueinstructionstothestatesinregardtotheutilizationoffundsinthe

mannerhethinksfit.(v) ThePresidentmayorderthestatetosubmitmoneybillstohimforhisassent.(c) The three kinds of emergencies envisaged in the Indian Constitution are as follows :

(i) EmergenciesarisingoutofathreattothesecurityofIndiaorofanypartofitbecauseofwar,externalaggressionorbecauseofarmedrebellion.

(ii) Emergencyarisingoutof failureof theConstitutionalmachinery inaparticular statebecauseofpoliticaluncertaintiesorotherwise.

(iii) Emergencyarisingoutofadangertothefinancialstabilityandeconomyofthecountry.Answer 5.

(a) The importance of judicial reviewof the SupremeCourt is that, if theUnionor the Stategovernmentgoesbeyondtheirlimits,theSupremeCourtcansettlethedisputes.InawrittenConstitution,alawarmyisambiguouslyworkedout.ThequestionofinterpretationoftheIndianConstitutionisboundtoariseandtheSupremeCourtonlyhasthepoweroforiginaljurisdiction.Thelegislaturemaynotpossessthewisdom,experienceandimpartiality,whichareneededtoexplain themeaningof the law.This functioncanbebestperformedbytheSupremeCourt.

(b) The two implications are : (i) Itsjudgmentsandordersarepreservedasrecord. (ii) Thesecanbeproducedinanycourtasprecedents.


(c) The cases that come under the original jurisdiction of the High Court are : (i) IthastheOriginalJurisdictionovermattersrelatingtostaterevenueanditscollection. (ii) Casesregardingwill,divorce,marriage,companylawandcontemptofcourtarehandled. (iii) EveryHighCourthasthepowertointerprettheConstitution. (iv) Itenjoysthepowertoenforcefundamentalrightsbyissuingwrits. (v) TheHighCourthasOriginalJurisdictionincasessuchas,electionpetitions.

Section : B

Answer 6.(a) HeavydutiesonIndiansilkandCottontextilesinBritaindestroyedIndianindustries.Export

ofcottonandsilkgoodsfromIndiapracticallyceasedtheartofspinningandweaving,whichforageshadgivenemploymenttothousandsofartisans,becameextinct.Artisanslosttheirtraditionalpatronsandbuyers-theprinces,chieftainsandzamindars.

(b) ThetransferofwealthfromIndiatoEngland,forwhichIndiagotnoproportionateeconomicreturn, iscalled thedrainofwealth.Thedrain included thesalaries, incomesandsavingsof Englishmen, the British expenditure in India on the purchase ofmilitary goods, officeestablishment, interest on debts, and unnecessary expenditure on the army. When thenative stateswere annexed to theBritishdominion, thousands of soldiers and officials inadministrative, military and judicial posts became unemployed because British policiesexcludedIndiansfromhighposts.AllthesepeoplebecamebitterenemiesoftheBritishruleinIndia.DadabhaiNaorojihadalsomadeanestimateofdrain,whichwasaround`8million.Lateron,thevolumeofdrainestimatedbyNaorojiwas̀ 12millionin1870,̀ 25crorein1893.In1897,Naorojimadeanotherestimateofdrainforthetenyearperiodof1883-92andfoundthetotaldrainat`359crore.In1905,totalamountofdraincalculatedbyNaorojiwas`51.5crore.

(c) Thehereditarylandlordsweredeprivedoftheirestates.AccordingtotheprovisionsoftheImamCommission, 20,000 estateswere confiscatedwhen the landlords failed to produceevidenceliketitledeedsbywhichtheyheldbypublicauctiontothehighestbidders.Estateswerepurchasedbymoneylenderswhodidnotunderstandthetenantsandfullyexploitedthem.Thisdrove the landedaristocracy topovertywithout benefiting thepeasantrywhosufferedundertheweightofexorbitantlandrevenue.

Answer 7.(a) PictureA:LalaLajpatRai

PictureB:BipinChandraPal(b) ThecontributionofLalaLajpatRaitowardsIndia’sfreedomstrugglemovementwascolossus.

LalaLajpatRaistartedamonthlymagazine‘YoungIndia’tospreadthemessageoftherightsof Indians to attain the Swaraj of self-rule.He also founded the ‘UrduDaily’, the ‘VandeMataram’andstartedanewspaper‘Punjabi’withthemotto‘selfhelpatanycost’.HewroteabookonNationalEducationthataimedtoreformtheprevalenteducationalsystem.Healsowentabroadtomobiliseopinioninfavorof India’sstrugglefor freedom,andinspiredtheIndianyouthandkindledthefireofpatriotisminthem.

(c) BipinChandraPalimmenselycontributedinthesphereofsocialandeconomicreforms,andopposedthepracticeofcastesystemaswellasotherrigidrulesrelatedtointer-diningandinter-mixing.Headvocatedwidowremarriageandeducationforwomen.Thesewerethetwomosteffectivewaysofelevatingtheirposition.Toestablishequalityinsociety,heaimedtotaxtherichmoreheavilythanthepoor.Healsodemandedforty-eighthoursofworkinaweekandanincreaseinthewages.


Answer 8.(a) ThereasonsthatmadeGandhijitobegintheDandiMarchare:

The movement was aimed openly at resisting British laws. The monopoly of the BritishGovernmentdidnotallowanybodytomakesalt.Gandhiji,protestedagainstthegovernmenton6thApril1930,fromDandiVillagewithsomeofthefollowersbymakingsaltandthrowingupachallengetotheBritishGovernment.

(b) UndertheleadershipofGandhitheCivilDisobedienceMovementwaslaunchedintheyear1930.Aspecialfeatureofthismovementwastheparticipationofwomeninlargenumbers.Besides thebreakingof thesalt law, theypicketedshopsselling foreigngoodsand liquor,bonfireofforeignclothes,refusalofpayingtaxesandavoidanceofofficesbythepublicofficersandschoolsbythestudents.Saltbecamethesymbolofpeople'sdefianceofthegovernment.Congress workers attacked the government salt depots. It resulted in mass strikes anddemonstrations.

(c) TheCivilDisobedienceMovementhadthefollowingimpactonthenationalmovement: (i) The movement spawned a patriotic fervor in the country that would not leave the

governmentinpeace. (ii) Itwidenedthebaseof the freedomstruggleand largegroupsweremobilisedfor the

nationalmovement. (iii) Itmade people understand the significance of the principles of non-violence. People

triedtoresistviolencewithtoleranceandcourage. (iv) Themovementpopularizedthenewmethodsofpropaganda. (v) Themovementrevivedthewilltofighttheelections.

Answer 9.(a) The Treaty of Versailles of 1919, declared Germany guilty of aggression. Germany was

requiredtopayforthelossanddamagessufferedbytheAlliedpowers.Reparationwasfixedat33billiondollarsascompensationhadtosupplyhugequantitiesofcoaltoFrance,ItalyandBelgiumfor10years.TheRhinevalleywasdemilitarisedandtheGermanterritorywestofRhinehadtobeoccupiedbytheAlliedtroopsfor15years.GermanylostAlsaceandLorrainetoFranceandSchleswigtoDenmark.Germanyhadtocedepartsofherpre-warterritoriestoDenmark,BelgiumandCzechoslovakia.

(b) The First World War (1914-19) doubtless, transformed the political map of the world,particularlyofEurope.

(i) ThewarledtothecollapseofseveralempiresinEurope,namelytheOttomanEmpire,theRussian,theGermanandAustrianhegemonies.OntheruinsofthoseempiresnewnationstatswerebuiltsuchasPoland,Czechoslovakia,Finland,LatviaandLithuaniawerecreatedkeepinginview,theprinciplesofnationalityandnationalism.

(ii) ThewargaveablowtotheautocraticmonarchialsystemandledtothedevelopmentofdemocracyinEurope.

(iii) Empireshavingdifferentculturesweredissolvedandindependentstateshavingdistinctculturesemergedafterthewar.

(c) Aims of League of Nations are as follows : (i) All thestatesof theworldwereprohibited fromentering intoanysecret treatiesand

alliance. (ii) Thememberstateswerenotsupposedtomaintainhugearmies,warshipsanddestructive

armaments. (iii) Allstateshadtorespecteachother’sindependence.


Answer 10.(a) ThefullformofUNESCOisUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganisation.

ItwasfoundedonNovember4,1946.(b) TheheadquarterofUNESCOisinParis,France.(c) The purpose and functions of UNESCO are as follow :

(i) Provides advice and expert assistance in matters like, schools construction andpreparationofcoursesofstudyandtextbooks.

(ii) Provides fellowships and study grants to teachers and scholars. It has set up anInternationalInstituteofEducationalPlanningatParisinEurope.Thisinstitutepreparesspecialistsinthetheoriesandmethodsofeducation.

(iii) Organisesbookfairsandfestivalsatinternationalandnationallevels. (iv) Develops library system as an important component of continuing education. Delhi

PublicLibrarywasdevelopedin1951withfinancialaidfromUNESCO.Today;ithasdevelopedintoabigmetropolitanpubliclibrarysystem.


9SOLUTION

Part I

Answer 1.(a) ThePresidentcannominate2AngloIndianstotheLokSabhaincasethecommunityisnot

representedintheHouseand12famousIndianstotheRajyaSabhaespeciallyamongtalentedcitizensinthefieldsofarts,science,etc.

(b) ThetermUniversalAdultFranchisemeansthateverycitizenofIndia,whois18yearsofageorabove,iseligibletocasthis/hervoteirrespectiveofcaste,creedandsex.

(c) ThePresidentcandismissanddissolveLokSabhaifthepossibilityofforminganalternativegovernmentafterthecurrentgovernmenthaslostconfidenceinthehousefails.HecanfollowtheadviceofthePMandthisdissolvethehouse.

(d) If incase of the ‘hung Parliament’ or due to the sudden death of the PrimeMinister, thePresidentcanusehisdiscretionaryPowertoappointthePrimeMinister.

(e) TheVicePresidentofIndiaiselectedbythemembersoftheParliamentaccordingtoasystemofproportionalrepresentation,byasingletransferablevotethroughasecretballot.

(f) TheleaderoftheoppositionhasbeengrantedthesamestatusasthatofaCabinetMinister.(g) Thesessioncourtsolvesthecasesconcerningmoreseriousofferssuchasrobbery,dacoityand

murder.(h) ThetwostatesareDelhiandGujaratthathaveformedLokAdalats.(i) HighCourtisthehighestjudicialbodyofthestate.(j) TheWritofProhibitionispassedtostopalowercourtfromoversteppingitsjurisdiction.

Answer 2.(a) TheBritishdeclaredthatafterthedeathofBahadurShah,hissuccessorshadtoleavetheRed

Fort.TheyalsodeclaredthatBahadurShah’ssuccessorswouldnotbeallowedtousetheroyaltitles.

(b) The‘Maratha’andthe‘Kesari’werethenewspapersusedbyTilaktospreadhisideas.(c) TheleaderoftheMuslimdelegationwasSirSultanMuhammadShahandAgaKhanII.The

ViceroywasLordMinto.(d) Annie Besant and Balangadhar Tilakwere the two leaderswho played important role in

bringingtheCongressandtheMuslimleaguetogether.(e) The proposals made by the Cripps Mission were :

(i) SettingupaConstituentAssemblytodrafttheconstitutionafterthewar. (ii) GivingtheprincelystateschoicestoremainintheIndianunionoractfreely.

(f) OneoftheGermanU-boatshadsunktheAtlanticlinerLusitaniacarryingmanyEuropeanandAmericanpassengers.AmericahadalsolenthugeloanstoBritainandFrance.IfGermanyhadwonthewar,AmericawouldhavelostitsmarketsintheEurope.So,AmericadecidedtojointheFirstWorldWar.

(g) VetopowerreferstothepowerofthepermanentmembersoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil(China,France,Russia,UnitedKingdom,andUnitedStates)torejectany“substantive”resolutionpresentedbeforetheCouncil.


(h) ThespecificcausetowhichWHOisdevotedistheattainmentofthehighestpossiblelevelofhealthforallthepeopleoftheworld.

(i) Non-AlignedMovementstillhasrelevance,butwiththechangingworld,theyhavechangedtheiremphasis.Itisnowstressingonhumanrights,democracyandeconomicdevelopment.

(j) HagueintheNetherlandsisthepermanentseatoftheInternationalCourtofJustice.Itaimstosettlemutualdisputesamongdifferentnationsbypeacefulmethods.

Part II

Section : AAnswer 3.

(a) ThemaximumstrengthoftheLokSabha,asprovidedbytheconstitutionis552,notmorethan530membersshallrepresentthestatesandnotmorethan20membersshallrepresenttheUnionTerritories;twomembersoftheAnglocommunitymaybenominatedbythePresidenttotheLokSabha.ThepresentstrengthoftheLokSabhais545andamongthat543areelectedand2arenominated.

(b) TheSpeakeristheex-officiochairmanofsomeofthecommitteesofthehouse,suchasthebusinessadvisorycommitteeandtherulescommittee.HeappointstheChairmanofallthecommitteesofthehouse.HeissuesdirectionstotheChairmaninallmattersrelatingtotheirworkingandtheproceduretobefollowed.

(c) TheParliamentof Indiaalongwith thestate legislatureselects thePresidentof India.TheVice-PresidentofIndiaiselectedbyboththehousesoftheParliament.TheLokSabhaelectsitsownSpeaker andDeputySpeaker fromamongst itsownmembers,whileRajyaSabhaelectsitsdeputychairman.

Answer 4.(a) The executive powers of the President are :

(i) AlltheexecutiveordersareissuedinthenameofthePresident. (ii) The President makes appointments to key posts to run the administration of the

government. (iii) During the rule of the President the control of the UnionGovernment over State is

complete. (iv) TheadministrationoftheUnionTerritoriesandtheborderareasistheresponsibilityof

thePresident.(b) The diplomatic powers of the President are :

(i) ThePresidenthasthepowerofappointingIndianambassadorstoothercountries. (ii) He receives ambassadors, high commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign

nations. (iii) AlltreatiesandinternationalagreementsareconcludedinthenameofthePresident. (iv) ThePresidentrepresentsIndiaininternationalconferences.

(c) AnelectoralcollegeconsistingofthemembersofbothhousesofParliamentelectstheVicePresident.Theelectionisheldinaccordancewiththesystemofproportionalrepresentationbymeansofsingletransferablevote.

Answer 5.(a) Originaljurisdictionindicatesthepowerthatisrequiredtohearanddetermineadisputein

thefirstinstance.ThefollowingarethecasesunderOriginalJurisdiction. (i) CasesbetweenGovernmentofIndiaandoneormorestates. (ii) CasesbetweenGovernmentofIndiaandanystateorstatesononesideandoneormore

states.


(iii) Courtcanissueseveralwritsfortheenforcementofthefundamentalrights. (iv) ItalsohasthepowertointerprettheConstitutionofIndia.

(b) Appellate Jurisdiction indicates the powers that grant special leave to appeal against thejudgmentdeliveredbyanycourtinthecountry.The following cases come under Appellate Jurisdiction :

(i) AcertificateisissuedbytheHighCourtthatitinvolvesanimportantpointoflawandneeds interpretation of theConstitution, on such cases the SupremeCourt can grantspecialleaveofappeal.

(ii) AppealsincivilmatterslietotheSupremeCourt. (iii) CaseswithorwithoutthecertificateoftheHighCourt.

(c) Every judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President after consultationwiththeCabinetaswellasthesenior-mostjudgesofSupremeCourtandHighCourt,sointhisway,bothJudiciaryandtheExecutiveareinvolvedintheappointmentofjudges.Thejudgescannotberemovedfromofficebyanyauthority,exceptbythepresidentonlyonthegroundsofprovenmisbehaviorandincapacity.Whichisaveryrigidandlongprocedure.Thisgivesfreedomtothejudiciarytoactindependently.

Section : BAnswer 6.

(a) The influence of Western Education : TheintroductionofwesterneducationbytheBritishwhowererulingIndia,providedopportunitiesforassimilationofmodernwesternideasofdemocracyandnationalism.This in turngaveanewdirection to Indianpolitical thinkingandtonationalawakening.TheEnglishsystemofeducationopenedtothenewlyeducatedIndiansthefloodgatesofliberalEuropeanthought.ThroughthestudyofEuropeanhistory,politicalthoughtandeconomicideas,educatedIndianshadanaccesstotheidealsofliberty,nationality,equality,ruleoflawandself-government.ThespreadofEnglishlanguageinIndiabecamefamiliartotheeducatedclassofthepeople,inwhich theycouldconverse toeachother. In theabsenceof suchacommon language itwouldhavebeenverydifficultfortheIndiansspeakingdifferentregionallanguagestocomeonacommonplatformandtoorganiseamovementofanall-Indiacharacter.

(b) Three contributions of Raja Rammohan Roy : (i) In 1828, he founded theBrahmo Sabha,whichwas later renamed,Brahmo Samaj. The

BrahmoSamajbelievedinMonotheismorworshipofoneGod.Itcondemnedidolworshipandlaidemphasisonprayer,meditation,charity,moralityandstrengtheningthebondsofunitybetweenmenofallreligionsandcreeds.

(ii) Hewasagainsttherigidityofthecastesystem.Hestartedacampaignfortheabolitionof Sati and Purdah system, condemned polygamy, discouraged child marriages andadvocatedtherightofwidowstoremarry.

(iii) It was because of the efforts made by Rammohan Roy that William Bentinck, theGovernor-GeneralofIndia,passedalawin1821makingthepracticeofSati illegalandpunishablebylaw.Healsoprotestedagainstrestrictionsonthefreedomofpress.

(c) Two Contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji : (i) Role in the Congress : Dadabhai’s role in the Congress was praiseworthy. He took

anactivepart inthefoundationof theIndiaNationalistCongressandwaselecteditsPresident,thrice,in1886,1893and1906.FourresolutionsonSelf-government,Boycott,SwadeshiandNationalEducation werepassedbytheCongressunderhisPresidentship.Thecredit fordemandingSwaraj fromtheCongressplatformfor thefirst time(1906)goestohim.InhisPresidentialaddress,hesaidthatCongresswantedself-governmentorSwarajlikethatoftheUnitedKingdomortheColonies.


(ii) Exposed the Economic Ills in front of Indians : Asaneconomic thinker,hecame totheconclusionthattherootcausefortheeconomicillsofIndiawastheexploitationofIndiabytheBritish.Dadabhai’sviewsonIndianeconomyaregiveninhisworkentitled‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’. Hisfamous‘DrainTheory’explainedhowIndia'swealthwasbeing‘drained’toEnglandthroughvariousways.Dadabhaipassedawayin1917leavingbehindalessonofselflessservicetothenation.C.Y.Chintaminihadrightlysaid,“The public life of India had been adorned by a galaxy ofbrilliant intellects and selfless patriots, but there has been in our time none comparable withDadabhai Naoroji.”

Answer 7.(a) Differences between the early and assertive nationalists are :

Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists 1. The Early Nationalists wanted to

achieve self government and theystroveforautonomywithintheempireandnotforabsoluteindependence.

1. AssertiveNationalistsaimedatSwarajasitexistedintheUnitedKingdom.

2. Early Nationalist believed inconstitutional methods and workedwithintheframework.

2. AssertiveNationalistsbelievedindirectaction against the British governmentandtheytargetedat‘poornaswaraj’.

3. They had faith in the British sense ofjusticeandfairplay.Theyrejectedruleandheld it responsible forpovertyoftheIndianpeople.

3. They received their support from theintelligence. They drew their supportfromthemasses.

(b) The achievements of Assertive Nationalists are as follows : (i) These leaderswereabletoinculcatenationalpridebyextollingIndia’spast. (ii) TheygavenewsloganstotheIndiannationalistmovementlikenon-cooperation,passive

resistance,massagitationandself-reliance. (iii) Theyspoke,wroteandeditednewspapersinvernacularlanguagesandthus,succeeded

inconveyingtheirmessagetoalargenumberofpeople. (iv) Itwastheireffortsthatproducedaclassofrevolutionarieswillingtosacrificetheirlives

andpropertyforthesakeoftheircountry. (v) Self-reliancewaspromotedbysettingupSwadeshistoresthatsoldgoodsmadeinIndia.

(c) Boycottof foreigngoods,particularly clothand theuseof Swadeshiorhomemadegoodswas aimed at encouraging the growth of indigenous industry. Itwas aimed at providingemploymenttotheruralpopulation.LalaLajpatRaipointedoutthereasonfortheboycottofforeigngoods.ItaimedtostrikeattherootsofBritisheconomy.Italsoincludedboycottofgovernmentservices,honoursandtitles.Anyonefoundbuyingorsellingforeigngoodswassubjectedtosocialboycott.ItprovedtobeaneffectiveweaponforhittingoutatBritishinterestsinIndia.ThisalsomeantastogiveanopportunitytotheIndianindustrialclasstodevelop.LalaLajpatRaiexplainedthepurposeoftheboycottbysayingthat“We desire to turnour faces away from Government House and turn them to huts of the people. This is the psychology,this is the ethics, and this is the spiritual significance of the boycott movement.”

Answer 8.(a) Reasons behind failure of the Cripps Mission : Japan declaredwar against Britain and

America on December 7th, 1941. Its sensational victories in the openingmonths of 1942obligedtheBritishgovernmenttoresolvethepoliticaldeadlockinIndia.CrippsmissionwassenttobreakthedeadlockandseekIndia’ssupportinthewar.TheCrippsmissionproposedIndiawouldbegivenadominionstatus.Itdidnotproposeanyimmediatetransferofpower,soCongressrejectedtheproposals.Theleagueopposedthecreatingofasingleunion,andrejectionofPakistan.ThefailureoftheCrippsmissionleftnofurthermeetinggroundbetweentheBritishgovernmentandtheCongress.


(b) The main objectives of the Quit India Movement are as follow : (i) BritishruleinIndiamustendimmediately.

(ii) TheCongresswouldstartanon-violentmassstruggleunderGandhiji’sleadershipifthisdemandofimmediateandcompleteindependencewasnotconcededbytheBritish.

(c) TheQuitIndiaMovementwasinfactshortlived.Itdemonstratedthedepththatnationalismhasdiveddeepinthecountryandthegreatcapacityforstruggleandsacrificethatthepeoplehaddeveloped.TheBritishwouldnolongerfinditpossibletoruleIndiaagainstthewishesof thepeople. Itwasthemassuprisingbeforeattaining independence. ItstrengthenedtheCongressSocialistPartybecauseofitsheroicroleinthemovement.AfterthesuppressionoftheQuitIndiaMovement,theconstitutionalquestionremaineddormantuntiltheendofthewarin1945.

Answer 9. (a) Japan’sambitionsroseanditdeterminedtodominatetheFarEast.In1931,Japanintervened

inManchuriaandoccupieditdespitetheoppositionoftheLeagueofNations.Itstartedanundeclaredwar againstChina andChina appealed to the League ofNations. Britain andFrance, the leadingmembersof the leaguedidnotpayanyattention to theappeal. JapanjoinedtheBerlin-RomeaxistoformtheBerlin-Rome-Tokyoaxisandfurthereditspolicyofexpansion and conquest. In 1933, Japan left theLeagueofNations and startedoccupyingthe British andAmerican territories in China. Britain and France followed the policy ofappeasement,thinkingthattheJapanesecouldbeusedtoweakenChina.

(b) LeagueofNationswascreatedaftertheFirstWorldWartopreventfuturewars.Earlyblowcamewhen theUSAdid not join the league. Even thosewho joined the leaguewere notinterestedintheprincipleofcollectivesecurity.TheLeagueofNationssucceededinallayingthethreatofwarmainlywhenthepartiesweresmallnations.Themembernationswerenotwilling to implement economic sanctions as it affected their economyaswell.The leaguefailedtomaintaininternationalpeaceandthecountriesofEuropelostfaithinitsusefulness.Thereafter,theythemselvesenteredintomutualpoliticalandmilitaryalliances.

(c) Initially,theaxispowerswereremarkablysuccessfulbutweredefeatedbythealliedpowers.ThedestructionofthewarforcedworldleaderstoformtheUnitedNationsOrganisationtopreventthefuturewarandestablishpeaceintheworld.AftertheSecondWorldWar,theUSAandtheUSSRemergedastwogreatpowersandtheworldwasdividedintotworivalBlocs,leadingtoColdWar.

Answer 10.(a) ThelogoisofUnitedNationsOrganisation,Whichwasestablishedon24thOctober,1945.(b) Three aims and objectives of the United Nations Organisation are :

(i) Tomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity;totakecollectivemeasuresforthepreventionandremovalofthreatstopeace,tosuppressactsofaggressionofotherbreachesofpeace.

(ii) Todevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationsbasedonrespectfortheprincipleofequalrightsandself-determinationofpeople.

(iii) Toachieveinternationalcooperationinsolvinginternationaleconomic,social,culturaland humanitarian problems and encouraging respect for human rights and forfundamentalfreedoms.

(c) Two main functions of the General Assembly are enumerated as follows :(i) Deliberative Functions : Theassemblydiscussesquestionsrelatedtopeaceandsecurity.

Ithasthepowertorecommendthepurposeofpropagatinginternationalcooperationinpoliticalfieldaswellasintheeconomic,social,culturalandhealthfields.

(ii) Financial Functions : TheGeneralAssemblyconsidersandapprovesthebudgetoftheUnitedNations.



12SOLUTION

Part I

Answer 1.

(a) OrdinanceisanorderissuedbythePresidentwhentheParliamentisnotinsession.(b) ThePresidentcanberemovedfromofficebypassinganimpeachmentbillifheviolatesthe

provisionsoftheConstitutionofIndia.(c) TheCouncilofMinistersiscollectivelyresponsibletotheLokSabhaattheCentre.Thismeans

thattheCouncilofMinisterssinksandswimscollectively.Ifavoteofnoconfidenceispassedagainstoneminister,thewholeCouncilofMinistershastoresign.Theycollectivelysharetheblameandthepraise.

(d) TheSpeakeroftheLokSabhadecideswhetherabillisamoneybillornot.(e) WhentheRajyaSabhapassesaresolutionbytwo-thirdmajoritytoempowertheParliament

tomakelawswithrespecttomattersintheStateList.(f) Normally MPs are made ministers but sometimes, non-members are also appointed. In

thiscase,theministermustbenominatedorelectedtotheParliamentwithinsixmonthsofappointmentorhewillhavetoquitasaMinister.

(g) The advisory jurisdiction gives the Supreme Court the power to advise the President,wheneverasked.However,thisadviceisnotbindingonthePresident.

(h) Civilcourtsandcriminalcourtsarethetwotypesofsubordinatecourts.(i) HabeasCorpusisawritissuedbytheHighCourtwhichprovidesremedytoapersonwhohasbeenunlawfullydetainedinprison.

(j) TheSupremeCourthasthefinalpowertointerprettheConstitutionandcanpasswritstoenforcethefundamentalrights.

Answer 2.(a) TheIndianNationalCongresswasfoundedin1885byAnnieBesant.(b) TheEarlyNationalistswantedtoachieveself-government,whereas,theAssertiveNationalists

targeted at achieving ‘Poorna Swaraj’ on 26th January, 1930. Early Nationalists believedinConstitutionalmethods.On theotherhand, theAssertiveNationalists followed radicalmethods.

(c) TwoobjectivesoftheMuslimLeagueare: (i) ProtectingthepoliticalandotherrightsoftheMuslimcommunitysothattheycouldput

forththeneedsandsentimentsoftheIndianMuslimsbeforetheBritishGovernment. (ii) ToPreventtherise,ofanyfeelingofhostilitybetweentheMuslimsofIndiaandother

communities.(d) TheBengalatthattimewasconsideredtobe'nerve-centre'ofIndiannationalism.TheBritish

usedtheirdivideandrulepolicywithgreatforce.LordCurzonputforwardthecausebehindthe partition was the province of Bengal was too large to be administered by the singleprovincial government.The realpurposeof thepartitionofBengal (1905)was to create awedgebetweentheHindusandMuslimsandtochecktherisingtideofNationalism.


(e) ThetwoeffectsofCivilDisobedienceMovementwere:(i) Firstly,itshatteredpeople’sfaithintheBritishgovernment,and(ii) Secondly,itrevivedthewilltofighttheelections.

(f) The two important reasons that made the Congress accept the Mountbatten Plan (1947)were :

(i) thelargescalecommunalriotsthatengulfedthewholecountryconvincedallthattheonlysolutiontothecommunalproblemlayinthepartitionofIndia,

(ii) experienceofworkingwith theLeaguehadconvinced theCongress that it couldnothaveajointadministrationwiththeLeague.

(g) The two causes that led to the rise of Fascism in Italy were : (i) DiscontentmentwiththeTreatyofVersaillesof1919and (ii) Theeconomiccrisisthatledtounemployment.

(h) TheForwardBlocwasformedonMay3,1939.TheimmediateobjectivewastheliberationofIndiawiththesupportofworkers,peasants,youthandotherorganizations.

(i) TheBritishImperialistsaimedtocutdowntheinfluenceofCongressandweakentheNationalMovement. They dubbed the National Movement as a movement for establishing theHinduKingdominIndiaandencouragedtheMuslimstosetuptheirownseparatepoliticalorganisation,soastodividethepoliticaluprisingbyitshalf.

(j) The objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement 1961 are : (i) Firstly,itwasopposedtomilitaryalliances;and (ii) Secondly, it gives themember nations an opportunity tomake independent foreign

policydecisions.

Part IISection : A

Answer 3.(a) Both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are parts of the Indian Parliament. However, the

Lok Sabha enjoys greater powers than the Rajya Sabha because : (i) TheLokSabhaconsistsofdirectlyelectedrepresentativesofthepeopleandhence,itis

indirectlinkwiththepeople. (ii) AllmoneybillscanbepresentedonlyintheLokSabha.TheRajyaSabhahasnoauthority

topresentamoneybill. (iii) Incaseofanordinarylaw,ifthereisadifferenceofopinionbetweenthetwohouses,then

ajointsittingtakesplaceandowingtothegreaterstrengthoftheLokSabha,theopinionoftheLokSabhagenerallyprevails.

(iv) TheLokSabhacontrolsthegovernment.OnlythegovernmentthatenjoysthesupportoftheLokSabhasurvives.TheRajyaSabhahasnosayinthismatter.

(b) The Lok Sabha exercises control over the Council of Ministers in the following ways :(i) Interpellation : TheQuestionHour,callingattentionnoticesandhalfanhourdiscussions

aresomeofthedevicestoseekinformationfromthegovernmentaboutitspoliciesandperformance.

(ii) Vote of No Confidence :IfagovernmentactsagainsttheConstitutionalprovisions,itcanbevotedoutofofficebypassingavoteofno-confidenceagainstthePrimeMinister.Insuchcase,thewholeministryhastoresign.

(iii) Adjournment Motion : ThisistargetedatcensuringtheactsofomissionandcommissionoftheMinisters.


(iv) Monetary Controls : During the budget sessions, a cut motion may be moved toensuretheproperdisbursementofpublicmoneyinaccordancewiththedecisionoftheParliament.

(c) Three supervisory powers of the Speaker are : (i) AnumberofParliamentarycommitteesworkundertheSpeaker’schairmanship. (ii) He or she appoints the chairman of various committees of the house and issues

instructionsfortheirguidance. (iii) Heorshemayexpelamemberfromthehouseforthedayorthewholesession,ifheor

shefindsthatthelatterisspoilingthedecorumofthehouse.Answer 4.

(a) WhenaPresidentistobeimpeachedforviolationoftheconstitution,eitherofthehousehastomovearesolutionwithfourteendaysnoticeperiodanditshouldbesignedbynotlessthanonefourthofthetotalnumberofmembersofthehouse.Theresolutionispassedbymajorityofnotlessthantwothirdsofthetotalmembershipofthehouse.Thehousewillinvestigate,andthePresidenthastherighttoappearandtoberepresentedatsuchaninvestigation.Iffoundguilty,theimpeachmentresolutionwillhavetheeffectofremovingthepresidentfromhisoffice.

(b) Administrative Functions : TheCabinetformulatesbothexternalanddomesticpoliciesofthegovernment.Itmakesdecisionsonmattersrelatedtodefenseandeconomicpolicy.OncetheCabinetassumesapolicydecisiononanysubject,itisconveyedtotheMinisterofstateandtheDeputyMinisteroftheconcernedministry.TheCabinetcoordinatestheworkingofvariousdepartmentsforaneffectiveimplementationof government policies. Any government policy requires the involvement of severaldepartmentsforitsformulationandimplementation.Allmajorappointments,thoughmadebythePresident,aredecideduponbytheCabinet.

(c) DuringtheFinancialEmergency,thePresidentisallowedtoreducethesalariesandallowancesofpersonsemployedbytheUniongovernment,includingtheJudgesoftheSupremeCourtandHighCourt.HemayasktheGovernorofthestatestoreducesalariesandallowancesofallpublicservantsconnectedwiththeaffairsofthestate.HemayappointaFinanceCommissiontosuggestmethodstogetoutoftheFinancialCrisis.AllthemoneybillspassedbytheLokSabhaaretobesubmittedtothePresidentforhisconsideration.

Answer 5.(a) TheSupremecourtisthefinalcourtofappeal.Ithasthepowertograntspecialleavetoappeal

againstthejudgmentdeliveredbyacourtinthecountry.The two types of cases over which the Supreme Court has Appellate Jurisdiction are :Civil Cases : Civilcasesinvolveconflictsbetweenpeopleorinstitutionssuchasbusinesses,typicallyovermoney.Acivilcaseusuallybeginswhenonepersonorbusiness(the"plaintiff")claimstohavebeenharmedbytheactionsofanotherpersonorbusiness(the"defendant")andasksthecourtforreliefbyfilinga"complaint"andstartingacourtcase.Constitutional Cases : AnappealliestotheSupremeCourtagainstthedecisionoftheHighCourt,ifthelattercertifiesthatthecaseinvolvesaninterpretationoftheConstitution.

(b) The cases over which the High Court has Original Jurisdiction are : (i) Inregardtothestaterevenueanditscollection. (ii) Inregardtoadmiralty,wills,marriagelaws,companylawsandContemptofCourt. (iii) Inregardtothefundamentalrights.IthasOriginalJurisdictionwiththeSupremeCourt

fortheenforcementofthefundamentalrightsguaranteedbytheConstitution.


(iv) TheHighCourtsinKolkata,MumbaiandChennaihaveOriginalJurisdictionsinalmostallcivilandcriminalcaseswithintheirterritories.

(c) Administration of justice at the district level is entrusted to three types of courts :Civil Courts : TheCivilCourts are thosewhichdealwith cases related to land,property,monetarytransactions,etc.Criminal Courts : TheCriminalCourtsdealwithcriminalcasessuchasmurder,theft,etc.Revenue Courts :Thecourtdealswithcasesrelatedtothemaintenanceoflandrecordsandtheassessmentandcollectionoflandrevenue.

Section : B

Answer 6.(a) (i) Policy of Expansion : AftertheBattleofPlasseyin1757,theBritishbegantoconquerIndian

territories rapidly. They conquered Indian territories by fightingwars, implementingtheDoctrineofLapse,forcingkingdomstosigntheSubsidiaryAllianceSystemonthepretextofallegedmismanagementofthestatesbytheIndiankings,etc.By1856,almostallkingdomscameundertheBritishruledirectlyorindirectlyandtheIndianprincesbecamepuppetrulers.Thiscreatedresentmentamongthekingsandtheirsubjects.

(ii) Doctrine of Lapse : AccordingtotheDoctrineofLapse,introducedbyLordDalhousieinthemid19thcentury,ifanyIndianrulerdiedwithoutleavingamaleheir,thenhiskingdomwouldpassovertotheBritish.DuetotheimplementationoftheDoctrineofLapse,manystatessuchasJhansi,SamaraandNagpurwereannexedbythecompany.Thus,therulersofthesekingdomslikeRaniLaxmibairoseinrevoltagainsttheBritish.

(iii) Annexation of Awadh : Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh on the pretext of allegedmismanagement. Thiswas an arbitrary decision as the Indian kings seemed to havebroken theirpromisesmade to theBritish chiefs.This causedanguishamong IndianrulersandtheBritish.

(iv) Disrespect shown towards Bahadur Shah Zafar : MuhammadBahadurShahZafar,theMughalruler,wasapensioneroftheBritish.LordDalhousieannouncedthatheandhisfamilywouldnotbeabletoresideintheRedFort.ThenameoftheMughalkingwasremoved fromthecoinswhichweremintedby thecompany.LordCanningdeclaredBahadurShahZafarasthelastkingoftheMughaldynasty.Heannouncedthatnoneofhisdescendantswouldberecognizedaskings;rather,theywouldonlybecalledprinces.

(v) Harsh treatment towards Nana Sahib and Rani Laxmibai : NanaSahib, theadoptedson of Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa,was refused pension by the British. This createdindignationintheMarathacommunity.RaniLaxmibaialsobecameafierceenemyoftheBritishafterherkingdomofJhansiwasannexedbytheBritishbasedontheprincipleoftheDoctrineofLapse.

(b) Indiabecametheexporterofrawmaterialsandimporteroffinishedgoods.Therewasadrainofwealthintheformofsalariesandallowances.PeasantswereimpoverishedundertheBritishrule.Smallscaleandcottageindustriescollapsed.TheIndianshadtopayheavyinterestsanddividendsontheBritishcapitalinvestedinIndia.

(c) NanaSahibwastheadoptedsonofBajiRaoII,thelastPeshwa.TheBritishrefusedtogranthimpension.HewasforcedtoliveatKanpur,farawayfromhisfamily.ThiswasresentedintheMaratharegion;heusedhisinheritedwealthtofightagainsttheBritish.RaniLakshmiBaibecamethevictimofdoctrineoflapseandherkingdomwasannexedbythecompany.ShebecamethebitterenemyoftheBritish.


Answer 7.(a) Impact or Significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement :Apparently the repressive

measuresofLordWillingdonhadsucceeded.ButthesuspensionoftheMovementdidnotmeanthatpeoplehadgivenuptheirstruggleforfreedom.TheimpactoftheMovementcanbesummedupasfollows:(i) People were not silent and subdued :TheMovementcausedatideofpatrioticfervour

inthecountry.Itresultedin“massstrikesandthesettingupofparallelgovernmentsinseveralplaces”People’spatriotismwouldnotleavetheGovernmentinpeace.

(ii) The Government was convinced that bold Constitutional reforms were now essential :TheGovernmentofIndiaAct,1935introducedtheFederalprincipleandtheprincipleofProvincialAutonomy,i.e.,ResponsibleGovernmentintheprovinces.

(iii) The struggle had a healthy effect upon the life of the exploited, the poor, and theoppressed : Theanti-untouchabilitycampaignproducedthedesiredeffect.Thedepressedclassesweregivenentryintotheschools,templesandwellswhichhadbeendeniedtothemuntilnow.

(iv) The Movement brought women in large numbers out of their homes : Theypreventedpeoplefrombuyingforeignclothandliquor.InNagaland,RaniGaidilieuledananti-colonial revolt. Boycott of foreign cloth and British goods also had a good effect oncountry’seconomy.

(v) ViolenceasapoliticalweaponceasedtohavemuchimpactontheyouthofIndiabecauseof Gandhi’s preachings of non-violence : However, revolutionarymovement did notcompletelydieout.

(b) RowlattactpassedbyImperialLegislativecouncilempoweredthecounciltoarrestpeoplewithoutanywarrantortrail,Itallowedcasestobetriedwithoutjuries.ThismadeIndiansangryandtheybegantoreactviolentyagainstthisinjustice.

(c) TheCongress,atitsGayaSessionheldinDecember1922,rejectedtheCouncil-entryproposal.ImmediatelyaftertheSession,somedistinguishedCongressmenestablishedaSwarajPartywithintheCongress.C.R.DaswasitsPresidentandMotilalNehru,itsSecretary.TheSwarajParty aimed at entering the legislatures and using them as a political platform to exposethe evil designs of the government. Their immediate objectivewas the attainment of full‘DominionStatus.’

Answer 8.(a) ThecontributionsofSubhashChandraBosetothenationalmovementsare:

(i) SubhashChandraBosejoinedtheCongressandwasunanimouslyelectedasthePresidentattheHaripuraSessionoftheCongressin1938andwasre-electedforthesecondtermattheTripuriCongressSession.

(ii) HefoundedtheAllIndiaForwardBlocon22ndJune,1939,andthemainobjectiveoftheForwardBlocwastheliberationofIndiawiththesupportoftheworkingclasspeople.

(iii) TheINAhoistedtheTricolorflagforthefirsttimeontheliberatedIndianSoilonMarch19,1944.

(b) Proposals made by Lord Mountbatten to settle the independence issue for India are : (i) Division of British India into the two new and fully sovereign dominions

ofIndiaandPakistan,witheffectfrom15thAugust,1947; (ii) PartitionoftheprovincesofBengalandPunjabbetweenthetwonewcountries; (iii) Establishmentof theofficeofGovernor-General in eachof the twonewcountries, as

representativesoftheCrown; (iv) ConferralofcompletelegislativeauthorityupontherespectiveConstituentAssembliesof

thetwonewcountries;


(v) TerminationofBritishsuzeraintyovertheprincelystates,witheffectfrom15th,August,1947, and recognized the right of states to remain independent or accede to eitherdominion.

(vi) Abolition of theuse of the title "Emperor of India" by theBritishmonarch (thiswassubsequentlyexecutedbyKingGeorgeVIbyroyalproclamationon22ndJune,1948).

(vii) TheActalsomadeprovisionforthedivisionofjointproperty,etc.,betweenthetwonewcountries,includinginparticularthedivisionofthearmedforces

(c) LordMountbattenbecamethefirstGovernorGeneralofIndiaandDr.RajendraPrasadtookoverasthefirstPresidentoftheIndianRepublic.

Answer 9.(a) Hitler Invaded Poland for two reasons :

(i) To defend the Germans in Poland :HitlerwantedDanzigtobecomeGermanterritoryashefelt thatthepopulationofDanzig,amajorityofwhichwereGermans,couldbetakenbettercareofbyGermany.Thus,theGermanmajorityofpopulationwasthefirstreason,asheaccusedthePolishofcommittingatrocitiesagainstthem.

(ii) Danzig Corridor to East Prussia : Thegeo-politicallocationofDanzigwasthesecondreasonfor theGerman invasion of Poland as the occupation of theDanzig Corridorwould linkGermanytoEastPrussia.The three similarities between the causes of Fascism and Nazism are :

(i) BothMussoliniandHitlertargetedatrestoringthedignityoftheirnationsamongstthecommunityofnationsbymakingthemstrongpowers.

(ii) Bothaimedtoprovidestrong,stableandefficientgovernments. (iii) Bothupheldtheruleofonepartyandoneman.Theybelievedinaggression,glorified

warandanti-democracy.(b) Therewere twokindsof states inEurope in the early 20thCentury. Some countrieswere

unitedbasedoncommonlanguageandtraditions.Thecountriesenteredintoanalliancesanddevelopedfriendlyrelationships.Tripleententeandtriplealliancearetwosuchalliances.ThedivisionofEuropeintotwohostilegroupscreatedfear,suspicionamongthecountries.Thecountriesstartedarmsracetosafeguardthemselves.

(c) A Cold War is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct militaryaction but is pursuedprimarily through economic andpolitical actions, propaganda, actsofespionageorproxywarswagedbysurrogates.TheColdWar(1945–91)followedWorldWarIIastheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion(USSR)competedtoinstall,respectively,capitalistdemocraciesorcommunistclientstatesinpost-warEuropeandeventuallyworldwide.Bothcountries' nuclear arsenals made direct conflict suicidal, so the struggle was carried outthroughcontrolof"satellite"nations(especiallyEasternEuropeunderSovietinfluence)andanearlycontinuousseriesofproxywarsfoughtbetweenclientstates.TheUSSRbenefitedfromAmerica'sallianceswithcolonialpowers,likeFrance,whichtheUnitedStatessupportedinstrugglesagainstpost-colonialnationalliberationmovements,asinVietnam,whichturnedtocommunistnationsforsupport.Overextension,corruption,andbankruptcyledtheUSSRtoloseitsEuropeansatellitesby1989andtoitsterritorialfragmentationin1991.

Answer 10.(a) The functions of the General Assembly are :

(i) To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation, in themaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.

(ii) Todiscussanyquestionrelatingtointernationalpeaceandsecurity. (iii) Toinitiatestudiesandmakerecommendationstopromoteinternationalpolitical,social

andeconomiccooperation.


(b) The functions of the Security Council to maintain peace are : (i) To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and

purposesoftheUnitedNations. (ii) Torecommendmethodsofresolvingdisputesoradjustingthetermsofsettlement. (iii) Toformulateplansfortheestablishmentofasystemandtoregulatearmaments.

(c) ThislogorepresentstheInternationalCourtofJustice.TheInternationalCourtofJusticesolvesthecasesrelatedtomemberstates.Thecourtdecidescasesinaccordancewithinternationaltreaties. The court has compulsory ju87risdiction pertaining to the interpretation ofinternationallawandcompensationtobemadeforthebranchofaninternationalobligation.

Part I

Answer 1.(a) Quorum indicates the minimum number of members required to be present in the

legislature—LokSabhaandRajyaSabhatoconductdaytodayactivities.Thisis10%ofthetotalmembership.

(b) AnadultIndiancitizenholdinganofficeofprofitundertheStateortheCentralgovernmentcannotcontestforelectiontotheLokSabhaastheConstitutionmakesitclearthatanypersonholdinganofficeofprofitunderthegovernmentisnoteligibletocontestforelectiontotheLokSabha.

(c) DeputyMinistersassistseniorministersanddonotattendCabinetMeetings.(d) ThePrimeMinisterissupposedtoinformthePresidentaboutthedecisionoftheCabinet.(e) Aftertheelection,thePresidentappointstheleaderofthemajorityparty,intheLokSabha,as

thePrimeMinister.ItisthenonhisadvicethatthePresidentappointstherestoftheministers.(f) TheSupremeCourtsettlesanydisputeregardingtheelectionofthePresidentofIndia.(g) ImpeachmentistheofficialprocessbywhichthePresidentmayberemovedfromoffice.(h) HabeasCorpusisawritissuedbytheHighCourt,whichprovidesremedytoapersonwho

hasbeenunlawfullydetainedinprison.(i) TheStateGovernoradministerstheOathofOfficetotheHighCourtJudges.(j) DistrictJudgeisthehighestJudicialofficeatthedistrictlevel.

Answer 2.(a) TheDoctrineofLapsewastheexpansionistpolicyadoptedbyLordDalhousie,theGovernor-

General of India before 1858.According to this policy, heirs adoptedwithout the consentof thecompany,could inheritonly theprivatepropertyof thedeceasedruler,andnothisterritory,whichwouldthenbetransferredtothecompany’srule.

(b) AllIndiaMuslimLeaguewasestablishedonDecember30,1906,atDhaka;itwaslatershiftedtoLucknowin1916afterthesigningoftheLucknowpact.

(c) SurendranathBanerjeeandKrishnaKumarMitraweretheprominentleadersofthemovement.(d) Anti-PartitionMovementacceleratedthenationalistmovement;thepeoplelosttheirfaithin

thefairplayandjusticeoftheBritish.(e) DuetoGandhi-Irwinpact(5thMarch,1931),theBritishagreedtowithdrawallordinances

andreleasedallpoliticalprisonerswhowerenotconvictedforthemurderofBritishpeople.GandhiagreedtoparticipateintheSecondRoundTableConference.

(f) TreatyofVersailleswassignedattheendoftheFirstWorldWar.ItwassignedonJune28th,1919.

(g) Britain,FranceandtheUSAwerethesignatoriesofAlliedPowersintheSecondWorldWar(1939-45).

(h) TheaimofUNESCOistocontributetoworldpeaceandsecuritybypromotingcollaborationamongthenationsthrougheducation,science,cultureandcommunication.


14SOLUTION


(i) TheTrusteeshipCouncilof theUnitedNations consistsof thepermanentmembersof theSecurityCouncil,territoriesandothermemberswhoareelectedintheGeneralAssemblyforaperiodofthreeyears.

(j) The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally alignedwithoragainstanymajorpowerbloc.TheNon-AlignedMovementarose fromthedesireofJawaharlalNehruandotherleadersofthenewlyindependentcountriesofthethirdworldtoguard their independence“in the faceofacomplex internationalsituationsdemandingallegiancetoeitherofthetwowarringsuperpowers.”

Part IISection : A

Answer 3.(a) The ways through which the Lok Sabha exercises control over the Council of Ministers are :

(i) Interpellation :TheQuestionHour,callingattentionnoticesandhalfanhourdiscussionaresomeofthedevicesusedtoseekinformationfromthegovernmentaboutitspoliciesandperformance.

(ii) Vote of No Confidence :IfthegovernmentactsagainsttheConstitutionalprovisions,itcanbevotedoutof theofficebypassingavoteofno-confidenceagainst thePrimeMinister.Insuchacase,thewholeministryhastoresign.

(iii) Adjournment Motion :Thismotion is targetedatcensuringtheactsofomissionandcommissionoftheministers.

(iv) Monetary Controls : Duringthebudgetsession,acutmotionmaybemovedtoensuretheproperdisbursementofpublicmoneyinaccordancewiththedecisionoftheParliament.

(b) SumitraMahajanisthepresentspeakeroftheLokSabha.During the session, the speaker performs the following functions :

(i) TheSpeakerpresidesoverthemembersofthemeetingsofthehouse.ThespeechesandremarksareaddressedtotheSpeaker.

(ii) TheSpeakerinterpretstherulesofprocedureofthehouse.HisdecisionrelatedtotheParliamentarymattersisfinal.

(iii) AllthebillspassedbythehousearesignedbytheSpeakerbeforetheyaresenttotheRajyaSabhaforitsconsideration.

(c) The Judicial Powers of the Parliament are as follow :(i) ItinitiatestheimpeachmentbilltoremovethePresidentfromofficeincaseofviolation

oftheConstitution.(ii) TheParliamentcanremovethejudgesoftheSupremeCourtandHighCourt,theChief

Election Commissioner, etc., if they are found guilty of violating provisions of theConstitution.

Answer 4.(a) ThePresidentmustbesatisfiedthatcircumstancesmakeitnecessaryforhimtotakeimmediate

action.Itcanbeissuedwhenbothhehousesarenotinsession.ItshouldbelaidbeforeboththeHousesoftheParliamentwhentheyreassembleandhastobepassedwithingsixweeksfromthedateoftheparliamentre-assembles.

(b) Thecabinetiscomposedofasmallbutimportantbodyofseniorleadersoftheparty,whoare included in theCouncilofMinisters.Theyhold importantportfolioanddecidemajorpoliciesoftheGovernment.Theyformthenucleusoftheadministrationandtakeimportantdecisions.


(c) DuringaGeneralEmergency,thefundamentalrightsarepartiallyorwholly suspended. TheUnionParliamentacquiresthepowerstogivedirectionstoastateonanymatter,sothattheStategovernmentwillbeunderthecompletecontroloftheUnionExecutive.TheCentreisempoweredtosuspendthefinancialprovisionsoftheConstitution.ThesalariesoftheMPsmaybealtered.

Answer 5.(a) The Supreme Court has Advisory Jurisdiction on any question of law or fact of public

importanceasmaybereferredtoitforconsiderationbythePresident.AnyquestionoflawmaybereferredtotheSupremeCourt,ifthePresidentconsidersthatthequestionisofpublicimportance and it is necessary. Such opinion of the SupremeCourt is not binding on thePresident.

(b) EveryJudgeoftheSupremeCourtisappointedbythePresidentofIndiainconsultationwiththeJudgesofSupremeCourtandHighCourt,besidestheCouncilofMinisters.

(c) TheSupremeCourthasthepowertoreviewallnationalandstatelawsandexecutiveorders.Itshoulddeclarethemnullandvoid,iftheygoagainsttheprovisionsoftheConstitution.Theminimumnumberof Judges tohearanddecideacase involving interpretationof theConstitutionshouldbefive.

Section : B

Answer 6.(a) Western education provided opportunities to imbibe modern ideas of democracy and

nationalism. It gave newdirection to Indian political thinking. The spread of the Englishlanguagein all partsof India gave educatedIndiansacommonlanguagetoorganisepan-Indianmovements.

(b) Duringthecolonialrule,theimportanceofthePresswascolossal.(i) Itwas through thepress that themessageofpatriotismandmodern ideasof liberty,

freedom,equality,homeruleandindependencepermeatedtheIndianlandscape.PressexposedthetruenatureofBritishruleinIndia.

(ii) Itacceleratedtheprocessoftheswappingofviewsamongdifferentsocialgroupsfromdifferentpartsofthecountry.

(iii) Ithelpedinorganisingpoliticalmovementsthroughoutthecountry.(iv) ItmadeIndiansawareofwhatwashappeningintheworldandhelpedthemunderstand

thepoliticaldevelopmentsaroundtheworld.(c) DevelopmentoftransportandcommunicationinIndiawasveryimportantasitlinkedone

provincetoanother.Developmentoftelegraphandpostalsystemwaskeyintheprocessofunitingthecountry.Thisbroughtaboutarevolutioninthespeedytransmissionofmessagesandcommunications.IthelpedtheIndianstocomeincontactwithoneanotheranddiscusstheproblemsfacedbythecountry.

Answer 7.(a) TheabovepictureisofBalGangadharTilak.Tilakwasconvincedthatpoliticalrightscould

beachievedbymakinganaggressivedemand.Hewasthefirstnationalistleaderwhosoughtclosecontactwiththegeneralmassesasawhole.

(b) Tilak’sideaofSwarajwasakintoMahatmaGandhi’sideaofcompleteindependence.Asamatteroffact,heishailedastheharbingerofMahatmaGandhi.Tilaksoughtclosecontactwith the commonmassesasMahatmaGandhidid.Tilakpreached the ideasofSwadeshi,boycottandprohibition.Subsequently,theseideaswerepreachedandfollowedbyGandhi.Tilakhadtosufferseveraltermsofimprisonmentforthesakeofthecountry.TheseexampleswerefollowedbyMahatmaGandhiandothernationalistleaders.


(c) Asfarasthenationalmovementisconcerned,theroleofTilakisunprecedented.Heorganisedmany ‘Akharas’ and ‘lathi clubs’where sessions onphysical trainingwere conducted. Hestarted the concept of celebrating the traditional religious Ganapati festivals to propagatenationalist ideas.He started newspapers and used them to preach nationalism and teachpeopletobecourageousandselfreliant.TilakhadsetuptheHomeRuleLeagueinApril,1916,toattainself-government.

Answer 8.(a) The factors that led to the formation of Muslim League are :

(i) Partition of Bengal, 1905 : AtthebehestofLordCurzon,thePartitionofBengal(1905)was finalised. It was done in such away so that East Bengal could accommodate amajorityofMuslims.Thiswasdone todriveawedgebetweenHindusandMuslims;andtochecktherisingtideofnationalism.BritishwonthesupportoftheMuslims.ThisworsenedthecommunaltensionwhenMuslimleaderswelcomedthedivision.

(ii) Rise of Assertive Nationalism : TilakorganisedShivajiandGaneshfestivalstoinstillnationalism among the youth and neglected theMuslim role in Indian history.As aresult,largenumberofeducatedMuslimsremainedalooforturnedhostiletothenationalmovements conductedby theextremists’wingof INC.EducatedMuslimsconductedmovementsalongcommunallines.

(iii) Relative backwardness of the Muslim community in education, trade and industry :TheMuslimswereconservativeandhostiletomoderneducation,sowesterneducatedMuslimsweresmallinnumber.TheBritishdiscriminatedagainstMuslimsrelatedtotherecruitmentincivilandmilitaryservices.Theywerenotmuchinvolvedinthegrowthofanyorganisedindustry.ThisbackwardnessineducationandtradeledtothecommunalandseparatisttrendofthinkingamongtheMuslims.TheBritishofficialstookadvantageofthistoencouragecommunaltendenciesamongtheMuslims.

(b) The main reasons for the Surat split were as follows : TheassertivenationalistswantedtoextendswadeshiandboycotttotherestofIndiaandmakeitavehicleforafullfledgedpoliticalmassstruggle.Howevertheearlynationalistsdidnotapproveit.Therewasalsodisagreementoverthecandidatureofthenextpresident.TheassertivenationalistsproposedthenameoflalalajpatraiaspresidentoftheSuratsessionwhereasearlynationalistsproposedthenameofRashbehariGhosh.Theyalsohadthedifferencesoverswarajandnationaleducation,thesedifferencesledtotheSuratsplit.

(c) The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements had the following impact : (i) Thesetwoalliedmovementsintroducednewclassesofpeople. (ii) Theyencouragedthepresstobecomeoutspokenandurgedstudentstorebel, (iii) Duetothesealliedmovements,HindusandMuslimsactedcooperatively. (iv) These allied movements encouraged the development and expansion of indigenous

industries. (v) Theyprovidedemploymenttocraftsmeninindigenousindustries. (vi) Theygaveimpetustonationalistpoetry,proseandjournalism, (vii) Thesealliedmovementshelpedincreatingself-confidence,courageandpatrioticspirit.

Answer 9.(a) The causes of the First World War were :

(i) Inthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury,militantnationalismemergedinEurope.Militantnationalismincludedtwomainfeatures ; thedangerousandburdensomemechanismofkeepinggreatstandingarmiesandlargenavies.Thiswasaccompaniedbytheevilsofespionage,suspicion,fearandhatred.Therewastheprevalenceofpowerfulclassofmilitaryandnavalofficersoverthecivilianauthorities.Militantnationalismwascausedbyaggressivenationalism,economiccompetitionandinternationaltension.


(ii) Every major power began stockpiling armaments in the name of self-defense andpreservation of peace. It filled the atmosphere with fear, apprehension and mutualhatred.Germany started buildingpowerful navywith a view to achieveparitywithBritain.ThisledtothegrowthoffiercecompetitionamongtheEuropeancountriesandgaverisetotheraceforarmaments.

(iii) ThereweretwokindsofstatesinEurope.Single-nationstateslikeFrance,HollandandGermany composed their national identities on the basis of common language andtraditions. Imperialstates liketheAustria-HungarianEmpireandtheRussianempirewere their counterparts. They spoke different languages and had different culturaltraditions.GermanyenteredintoanalliancewithAustria-Hungary,in1882.ItalyjoinedtheallianceanditcametobeknownastheTripleAlliance.Francewasabletoestablishfriendly relations with Russia and England. Three countries entered into the TripleEntentein1907tocountertheTripleAlliance.Thetwogroupswerehostiletoeachother.

(b) The objectives of the League of Nations were : (i) All thestatesof theworldwereprohibited fromentering intoanysecret treatiesand

alliances. (ii) Allstateshadtorespecteachother’sindependence. (iii) ThememberstateshadtotakenecessaryactionasdirectedbytheLeagueagainstany

state,ifittriedtodisturbworldpeaceandorder.(c) DefeatintheFirstWorldWar(1919)andtheconditionsimposedbytheTreatyofVersailles

of1919madetheGermansfeelhumiliatedandhelpless.GermanywasforcedtocedelargechunksofitsterritorytoFrance,Belgium,PolandandDenmark.Germanarmywasfixedatonelakh.GermansaimedtograbanopportunitytogetrevengeandthesesentimentswereexploitedbyHitler.HeencouragedGermanstoconsigntheTreatyofVersaillesintothewaste-paperbasket,torebuildtheempireofGermanyandtorecapturethelostcolonies.

Answer 10.(a) TheheadquartersofUNOarelocatedinNewYork,USA.TheofficiallanguagesofUNare

Arabic,Chinese,English,French,RussianandSpanish.(b) The main principles of UNO are :

(i) Torespectthesovereignequalityofallitsmembers. (ii) Allmembersshouldfulfilltheobligationsassumedbythembefittingly. (iii) Theyshouldrefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstanystate. (iv) TheyshouldassisttheUnitedNationsindealingwithproblems.

(c) The functions of WHO are : (i) WHO(WorldHealthOrganization)helpscountriestoimprovetheirhealthsystemby

buildingupinfrastructure,especiallymanpower. (ii) Itdevelopsimportantdrugsthataresuitableforpropermedicalcare. (iii) Itpromotesresearchtocureandpreventdiseases. (iv) Itworkstowardstheprovisionofsafedrinkingwaterandadequatewastedisposal.

SOLUTION MODEL SPECIMEN PAPER–3 · 2019-04-15 · The Rajya Sabha has power of investigation on...

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