Solution Colligative Properites_E

8/12/2019 Solution Colligative Properites_E

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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" 2

CFN@ESTZU

SMG^TEMH & CMGGEOBTEYN QZMQNZTENS

Cmhcnhtrbtemh Tnr`s < % Cmhcnhtrbtemh

% w/w 0)o(smgutemhmiwneoft

)o(smgutnmiwneoft 211

Et dmns hmt cfbhon mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.Nx . 21% w/w urnb smgutemh 0 21 o` mi urnb es prnsnht eh 211 o` mi smgutemh.

0 21 o` mi urnb es prnsnht eh 51 o` mi wbtnr.

% wt/vmg. (w/v)% w/v 0 wt. mi smgutn/211 `G mi smgutemh

% w/v 0 211`Gehsmgutemhmivmgu`n

smgutnsmiorb`

Et cfbhons mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.Nx . 21% (w/v) urnb smgutemh. 0 21 o` mi urnb es prnsnht eh 211 `G mi smgutemh.

Jut hmt 21 o` mi urnb prnsnht eh 51 `g mi wbtnrimr degutn smgutemh < vmgu`n smgutemh 0 vmgu`n smgvnht.

% v/vEi jmtf smgutn & smgvnht brn gequeds 0 vmgu`n eh (`G) mi smgutn pnr 211 `G mi smgutemh.

Nx . 21% v/v bgcmfmg ntfbhmg bq smgutemh 0 21 `g mi ntfbhmg eh 211 `g mi smgutemh.

21 `g mi C:F>MF eh 51 `g mi F:M

Strnhotf mi smgutemh eh o/G

_neoft mi smgutn (eh orb`) pnr getrn (2111 `G) mi smgutemh.

Nx . 21% (w/v) sucrmsn smgutemh, tfnh spnceiy ets cmhcnhtrbtemh eh o/G211 `G .......... 21 o

2111 `G ........ 2111211

21 0 211 o/G

Nx-2 Ei wn fbvn 9% w/w urnb smgutemh wetf dnhsety 2.191 o/`G, tfnh cbgcugbtn ets strnhotf eh o/G =

Smgu t emh 9 o urnb es prnsnht eh 211 o` smgutemh.

9 o eh191.2

211`G

191.2

211`G 9 o`.

2111 `G 0211

9 2.191 2111 0 21.9 9 0 93.9

@mgbrety0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgutn pnr getrn mi smgutemh.

Gnt h 0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgutnH 0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgvnhtY 0 vmgu`n mi smgutemh

@ 0 )Geh(Y

h0

@

_x

)`Geh(Y

2111

hm. mi `mgns mi smgutn 0 `mgbrety x vmgu`n ( eh G)hm. mi `. `mgns mi smgutn 0 `mgbrety x vmgu`n ( eh `G)

Ei Y2`G mi C2`mgbrety smgutemh es `exnd wetf Y:`G mi C:`mgbrety smgutemh (sb`n sujstbhcn mr smgutn)

Ci(Y2+Y:) 0 C2Y2 + C:Y:

Ci0

:2

::22

YY

YCYC0

vmgu`nTmtbg`mgnsTmtbg

Et cfbhons mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.


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"`bhesfku`brpfysecs.eh" :

CFN@ESTZU

@mgbgety0 Hm. mi `mgns mi smgutn pnr ko(2111 o) mi smgvnht.

Gnt w orb` mi smgutn (@mgbr `bss 0 @o/`mgn) es dessmgvnd eh '_' orb` mi smgvnht.

`mgbgety 0

@

wx

)o(_

2111

`mgbgety 0smgvnhtmi)o(_

2111`mgns

Et dmns hmt cfbhon mh cfbhoeho tn`pnrbturn.

Nx-: Ei :1 `g mi 1.> @ Hb:SM4 es `exnd wetf >1 `g mi 1.: @ F :SM4 & 31 `g mi 1.4 @ Bg:(SM 4)3smgutemh. Cbgcugbtn [Hb+P, [F+P, [SM4

:P, [Bg3+P. [Bssu`eho 211% dessmcebtemhP

Smgu t emh @mgbrety 0vmgu`n

`mgns0 21 `. `mgns mi Hb:SM4

:1 `. `mgns mi Hb+

(e) [Hb+P 0211

:10 1.: @

(ee) [F+P 0 =

21 `. `mgns F:SM4:1 `. `mgns F+

[F+P 0211

:10 1.: @

(eee) [SM4:P 0

211

392121 0

211

>90 1.>9 @

(ev) [Bg3+P 0211

:40 1.:4 @

Dnrevn b rngbtemhsfep jntwnnh `mgbgety & `mgbrety mi b smgutemh eh wfecf w o` mi smgutn mi `mgbr`bss @ o/`mg es dessmgvnd eh _ o smgvnht & dnhsety mi rnsugteho smgutemh 0 'd' o/`g.sby 2 G smgutemh tbknh,

`bss mi 2 get smgutemh 0 (2111 d) o

`mgns mi smgutn 0 (`mgbrety)

`bss mi smgutn 0 (`mgbrety) x `

`bss mi smgvnht 0 _

0 2111 d (`mgbrety) `

`mgbgety 0 _t.@`mgbretyd21112111)`mgbrety(

[_fnrn hm.mi `mgns mi smgutn 0 `mgbretyP

Nx-3 Cbgcugbtn `mgbgety mi 2.: @ F:SM4smgutemh = Ei ets 0 2.4 o/`G

Smgu e tmh @mgbgety 0 56:.24.22111

2111:.2

0 1.539

Hmr`bgety

Hm. mi nquevbgnhts pnr getrn mi smgutemh 0)Geh(smgutemhmivmgu`n

smgutnmisnquevbgnhtmi.hm

Hm. mi nquevbgnhts 0 hmr`bgety vmgu`n (eh G)(Hmr`bgety 0 h-ibctmr `mgbrety)

Nquevbgnht `bss 0ibctmrh

`bss@mgbr

Hm. mi nquevbgnht 0`bssnquevbgnht

spncenstfnmi@bss0

ibctmrh

`bss@mgbr

spncenstfnmi@bss


3/29


CFN@ESTZU

'h' - ibctmr(e) Imr mxedezeho/rnduceho bonhts n + 6F+ + @hM4 @h:+ + F:M h- ibctmr 0 >

(ee)Imr bced/ jbsn rnbctemhs

210 1.2>:9

% w/w wneoft mi urnb 021119121

9121

x 211 0 3?.>%


4/29


CFN@ESTZU

* Hmtn < Imr deg. bq. smgutemh `mgbgety `mgbrety

`mgbgety 0``mgbretyd2111

2111`mgbrety

(2 o/`g)

Nx-> Cbgcugbtn `mgbrety mi CbCM3(bq.) smgutemh wfecf fbs cmhcnhtrbtemh mi CbCM30 :11 pp`.

Smgu t emh :11 o mi CbCM3eh 219 o mi wbtnr.

:211

:11 `mgns mi CbCM3eh 213 getnrs mi wbtnr. (dnhsety 02o/`G)

Sm `mgbrety 0 321

:0 : 213 @.

Cmggeobtevn prmpnrtens & cmhstetutemhbg prmpnrtens 11K fbs M.Q. 0 :.1> bt`. & ogucmsn smgutemh bt 311 K fbs MQ 0 2.:3bt`. Ei :11 `g mi E st smgutemhs & 411 `g mi :hd smgh brn `exnd bt 411 K tfnh cbg. M.Q. mi r nsugtehosmgutemh bs 411 K (bssu`n `mgbrety es hmt dnpnhdnht mh tn`p.)

Smgu t emh Curnb 0 >11Z

1>.:

0 1.1> Yurnb0 :11 `G

Cogucmsn0 311Z

:3.2

0 1.1> Yogucmsn 0 411 `G

Ctmtbg0

:2

::22

YY

YCYC

0

911

4111>.1:111>.1 0 1.1>

0 CZT 0 1.1> 1.16: 411 0 2.94 bt`

Bjhmr`bg Cmggeobtevn Qrmpnrtens CMMF 211% de`nresn eh jnhznhn, e 0 :

2


9/29


CFN@ESTZU

(2) _fnh rnbctemh es hmt tbkeho pgbcn @FB.(Oevnh < _nbk bced es :1% dessmcebtnd bt 311 K).

Smgu e tmh 0HbCg +Hb:SM4+FB

0 1.2 ZT : + 1.: ZT 3 + 1.> ZT 2.:0 1.16:2 311 (1.: + 1.9 + 1.9)

0 34.46: bt`.Nx-24 E i 1.14 @ Hb:SM4 smgutemhs bt 311 K es imuhd tm jn esmtmhec wetf 1.1> @ HbCg (211 %

desscmcebtemh) smgutemhs. Cbgcugbtn dnornn mi desscmcebtemh mi smdeu` sugpfbtn =

Smgu e tmh e2

C 2ZT 0 e: C: ZTe2

C 2 0 e: C :1.14 (2 + :) 0 1.1> :0 1.?>

0 ?>%.

Nx-2> Ei 9 o` mi CF3 CMMF es dessmgvnd eh jnhznhn tm `bkn 2 getrn bt 311 K. Ms`mtec prnssurn mismgutemhs es imuhd tm jn 2.94 bt`. Ei et es khmwh tfbt CF 3CMMF eh jnhznhn imr`s b de`nr.Cbgcugbtn dnornn mi bssmcebtemh mi bcntec bced eh jnhznhn =

Smgu e tmh

e 0 2 +

2

h

2.

2.94 0 1.16:2 311 [ 2 +

2

h

2

P 1.2

2.94 0 1.16:2 311 [2 :

P 1.2

3111.6:2

94.2

0

:

-:

:.49

94.20

:

-: 4 0 9 3

30 :

03

:

(:) _fnh rnbctemh es tbkeho pgbcn 11 `g mi 1.2 @ Hb

:SM

4smgutemh. Cbgcugbtn ms`mtec

prnssurn mi rnsugteho smgutemhs =

Smgutemh JbCg:

+ Hb:SM

4 JbSM

4+ : HbCg

1.14 mgns 1.1> 1 11 1.12 Hmt niinct 1.16

?.1

12.1Hmt niinct

?.1

16.1

0 (e2C

2+ e

:C

:) ZT.

0 (3 ?.112.1 + : ?.116.1 ) 1.16: 311. 09.96> bt`.


10/29


CFN@ESTZU

Nx-2? Ei :11 `g mi 1.: @ FoCg:smgutemh es bddnd tm 611 `g mi 1.> @ KE (211% dessmcebtnd) smgutemh.

Bssu`eho tfbt tfn imggmweho cm`pgnx imr`btemh tbknh pgbcn tm 211% nxtnht.

Fo :++ 4 [FoE4P : (Cm`pgnxns brn bgwbys smgujgn)

1.14 1.4Cbgcugbtn ms`mtec prnssurn mi rnsugteho ehetebggy smgutemh bt 311K =

Smgutemh FoCg:

+ 4KE K[FoE4P + :KCg.

41 411 1 11 411 291 41 61

2111:41

211141

211161

0 (e2C

2+ e

:C

:+ e

3C

3) ZT.

0 (1.:4 : + 3 1.14 + 1.16 :) 1.16: 311. 0 26.95 bt`.

Zngbtevn gmwnreho eh vbpmur prnssurn ( ZGYQ) < Ybpmur Qrnssurn o` gequed gnit bt t

nq

Bt nq. < tfn rbtn mi nvbpmrbtemh 0 rbtn mi cmhdnhsn

F:M () F

:M (o)

Kp0 )o(MF:Q nq.

iehbggy

Ieourn

Bgtfmuof ehdevedubg `mgncugns brn cmhstbhtgy pbsseho jbck irm` mhn pfbsn tm tfn mtfnr, tfn tmtbghu`jnr mi `mgncugns eh jmtf gequed vbpmur pfbsns rn`beh cmhstbht.

Tfn prnssurn nxnrtnd jy vbpmurs mi tfn gequed wfnh nquegejreu` es nstbjgesfnd jntwnnh vbpmurs & etsgequed. es khmwh bs vbpmur prnssurn.

Ybpmur prnssurn es bh nquegejreu` cmhstbht (KQ

) mi tfn rnbctemh.

gequed vbpmurs.

Sehcn vbpmur prnssurn es bh nquegejreu` cmhstbht sm ets vbgun es dnpnhdnht mhgy mh tn`pnrbturn imrb pbrtecugbr gequed

Et dmns hmt dnpnhds mh tfn b`muht mi gequed tbknh mr suribcn brnb mi tfn gequed mr mh vmgu`n mr sfbpnmi tfn cmhtbehnr. Et es b cfbrbctnrestec cmhstbht imr b oevnh gequed.

Tfn hu`nrecbg vbgun mi b gequed's vbpmur prnssurn dnpnhds mh tfn `bohetudn mi tfn ehtnr`mgncugbrimrcns prnsnht bhd mh tfn tn`pnrbturn. Tfn s`bggnr tfn ehtnr`mgncugbr imrcns, tfn feofnr vbpmurprnssurn jncbusn gmmsngy fngd `mgncugns nscbpn `mrn nbsegy.

Tfn feofnr tfn tn`pnrbturn, tfn feofnr tfn vbpmur prnssurn jncbusn b gbronr irbctemh mi `mgncugnsfbvn suiiecenht kehntec nhnroy tm nscbpn.

gh Qvbp

0 CT

2

Z

Fvbp

Cgbuseus-Cgbpnyrmh Nqubtemh

wfnrn

Fvbp 0 tfn fnbt mi vbpmurezbtemh mi tfn gequed

Z 0 obs cmhstbht

C 0 b cfbrbctnrestec cmhstbht mi b gequed


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CFN@ESTZU

Nx-26 Tfn vbpmr prnssurn mi wbtnr bt 61C es 3>> tmrr. B 211 `g vnssng cmhtbehnd wbtnrsbturbtnd mxyonhbt 61 C, tfn tmtbg obs prnssurn jneho ?91 tmrr. Tfn cmhtnhts mi tfn vnssng wnrn pu`pnd ehtm b >1.1

`g, vnssng bt tfn sb`n tn`pnrbturn. _fbt wnrn tfn pbrtebg prnssurns mi mxyonh bhd mi wbtnr vbpmr,

wfbt wbs tfn tmtbg prnssurn eh tfn iehbg nquegejrbtnd stbtn = Hnognct tfn vmgu`n mi bhy wbtnr wfecf

`eoft cmhdnhsn.

Bhs.:M

Q 0 621`` Fo, MF:Q 0 3>> `` Fo , Qtmtbgbg0 229> `` Fo

Smgutemh 211 `g vmgu`n vnssng,

MF:Q 0 3>> Q

Tmtbg0 ?91

:MQ 0 ?91 3>> 0 41>

>1 `g vmgu`n vnssng,

MF:Q 0 3>> :MQ 0 >1

21141>

:MQ 0 621

QTmtbg

0 3>> + 621 0 229>.

Ybpmur Qrnssurn mi b smgutemhYbpmur Qrnssurn mi b smgutemhs mi b hmh vmgbtegn smgutn ( smged smgutn ) es bgwbys imuhd tm jn gnss tfbh

tfn vbpmur prnssurn mi purn smgvnht .

Znbsmh hHmw T

0 K'

`mgbgety vbh't Fmii ibctmr

1.11>4 0 2.69 1.112 (> h) h 0 :.2 : (ehtnonr vbgun)Tfus cm`pgnx bhd ets emhesbtemh es

Solution Colligative Properites_E

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