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Solubility: Solubility: the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution. The solubility of a substance depends on the specific solvent as well as the temperature and pressure

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To predict the solubility of ionic compounds only we use a solubility table. The most up-to-date version of the solubility table is on page two of your data-booklet.

Things that are Things that are ““solublesoluble”” will dissolve and form will dissolve and form a solution. Things that are a solution. Things that are ““slightly solubleslightly soluble”” will will NOT dissolve but form a precipitate (chunks NOT dissolve but form a precipitate (chunks that float viable within the water)that float viable within the water)

Li2SO4

CaSO4

NH4FLiFRb2OCs3AsAgCl

Chemical RxnsChemical RxnsThere are 5 types of Chemical reactions:

Formation: creating a compound from two elements◦element + element → compound◦Na(s) + Cl(g) →NaCl(s)

Simple decomposition: this is when a compounds breaks into its components◦compound → element +

element/polyatomic ion◦H2SO4(aq) → H+ (aq) + SO4 2-

(aq)

Single replacement: (one element replaces an element in the compound to make a new element/compound combo)◦ element + compound → new element +

new compound◦ H2SO4 (aq) Zn(s) → H2(g) + ZnSO4(s)

Double replacement: (all the ions switch partners)◦ compound + compound→ new compound

+ new compound ◦ HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(s) + HOH(aq)

Combustion: (the burning of a hydrocarbon in the presence of O2)◦hydrocarbon + O2 → CO2 + H2O

◦C6H12(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Rules:Rules:

1. In all chemical reactions: atoms, mass and energy are conserved (There is the same amount of each on either side of the arrow)

2. Balance the chemical reaction by:a. Write the correct chemical formulas for

the reactants and productsb. Identify all the atoms on the reactant side and identify all the similar atoms on the

product side.c. Compare the numbers of atoms on each

side and try to balance them by adding coefficients on each side.

Lets Practice!Lets Practice!Na (s) + Br2 (l)→

Mg (s) + F2 (g) →

Calcium and oxygen produces?

Magnesium phosphide →

Fe(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) →

Zinc and iron (II) chloride →

CaO(s) →

Copper (II) nitrate + potassium bromide →

C6H12O6(s) + O2(g) →

BalancingBalancing

Molar MassMolar MassTo calculate the molar mass of a

compound, add the individual atomic molar masses of all the atoms in the compound together.

LetLet’’s Practice!s Practice!Calculate the molar masses of

the following compounds:◦Water:

◦Glucose (C6H12O6):

MH2O = (2 x MH) + (1 x MO)

= 2(1.01g/mol) + (16.00g/mol)= 18.02g/mol

M C6H12O6

= (6 x MC)+(12 x MH)+(6 x Mo)

= 6 (12.01g/mol) + 12(1.01g/mol) + 6 (16.00g/mol) =180.18 g/mol

Molar Mass CalculationsMolar Mass Calculations

Manipulate the formula to solve for mass

n = m M

n x M = m

(x M)(x M)

How many moles are in 88.02g of carbon dioxide?

m = 88.02gn = ?Mc = 12.01g/molMo = 16.00 g/mol

Mco2 = (12.01g/mol) +

2(16.00g/mol) = 44.01g/mol

n = m Mn = 88.02 g

44.01g/moln = 2.000 mol

What is the mass of 4.38 moles of What is the mass of 4.38 moles of carbon dioxide?carbon dioxide?

m = ?n = 4.38 moles

Mc = 12.01g/molMo = 16.00 g/mol

Mco2 = (12.01g/mol) +

2(16.00g/mol) = 44.01g/mol

n x M = m 4.38 mol x

44.01g/mol

m = 192.7◦ m = 193 g

Physics Review

What is Physics? The branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy.

ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsThe First law of thermodynamics a re-

statement of the Law of Conservation of Energy ◦Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can

only be converted from one form to another

◦EXCEPT in the Law of Thermo-dynamics one of the forms of energy is always heat.

Second Law of Thermodynamics piggy- backs on the 1st Law agreeing that the quantity of energy remains the same in a system…

HOWEVER the usable quality of the energy deteriorates over time.

• Each time energy is converted from one form to another, some of the useful energy is always “lost” (reduced to a lower-quality, less useful form).

• The 2nd Law expresses reality: no system can convert energy from one form to another with 100% efficiency.• Most often, this “lost” less

useful energy in in the form of thermal energy; heat as a result of friction and movement within the system.

The amount of “useful output” relative to the amount of energy input is referred to as the machines efficiency.

Can be found using the formula:total work outputpercent efficiency = 100%

total work input

REARRANGE THE FORMULA FOR PERCENT REARRANGE THE FORMULA FOR PERCENT

EFFICIENCY TO SOLVE FOR:EFFICIENCY TO SOLVE FOR:

total work outputpercent efficiency = 100%

total work input

• total work output • total work input

A Bunsen burner supplies 4.00 x 10A Bunsen burner supplies 4.00 x 1033 J of J of heat to a small beaker of water. Only heat to a small beaker of water. Only 125 J of heat is gained by the beaker 125 J of heat is gained by the beaker and water. Calculate the percent and water. Calculate the percent efficiency of the burner.efficiency of the burner.

percent efficiency = 125 J x 100% 4.00 x 103 J

percent efficiency = 0.03125 x 100%percent efficiency = 3.125

percent efficiency = 3.13% (with sig digs)

total work outputpercent efficiency = 100%

total work input

A small electric motor has an efficiency A small electric motor has an efficiency of 85%. In lifting a small load, it of 85%. In lifting a small load, it produces 15 J of mechanical energy produces 15 J of mechanical energy input. Calculate the useful mechanical input. Calculate the useful mechanical energy output of the motor.energy output of the motor.

percent efficiency x total work input = total work output

100% 85% x 15 J = total work

output

100% 12.75 = total work output

13 J = total work output (with sig digs)

SystemsSystemsRecall the three different

conditions that energy transfers can occur in:

Open system: a system that exchanges matter as well as energy with the surroundings.

Closed system: A system that can exchange energy but NOT matter with its surroundings.

Isolated system: A system that can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings. Truly isolated physical systems do not exist in reality.

Significant Figures/ DigitsSignificant Figures/ DigitsThe number of

significant digits in an answer to a calculation will depend on the number of significant digits in the given data:

When are Digits Significant? ◦ Non-zero digits are

always significant. 22 has two significant

digits (2 and 2). 22.3 has three significant

digits (2, 2 and 3).

Preceding Preceding

Significant Figures/ DigitsSignificant Figures/ DigitsWith zeroes, the situation is

more complicated: ◦ Zeroes placed before other

digits are not significant; 0.046 has two significant digits (4 and 6, b/c the preceding zeros DO NOT count).

◦ Zeroes placed between other digits are always significant; 4009 kg has four significant digits (4, 0,0 and 9).

◦ Zeroes placed after other digits but behind a decimal point are significant; 7.90 has three significant digits (7, 9 and 0).

Why?Why? Values to the right of a decimal place

can be rounded as necessary, values to the left of a decimal CAN NOT.

So that we can round appropriately to give an answer with the correct number of digits, scientific notation is used.

If the answer comes to 8219.10 8.219 x 103 has four significant digits 8.22 x 103 has three significant digits 8.2 x 103 has two significant digits

Sig DigSig Dig’’s for Multiplication s for Multiplication & Division Functions& Division Functions

The number of significant digits in an answer should equal the least number of significant digits in any one of the numbers in the question

Ex. What is the speed of a jet plane that travels 528 meters in 4.0 seconds?

v = ∆d ∆tv = 528m

4.0 s v = 132v = 1.3 x 10 2 m/s

*528 has 3 sig digs (5, 2 and 8), 4.0 has two (4 and the trailing 0). So your answer can have only 2 digits *

Sig DigSig Dig’’s for Addition & s for Addition & SubtractionSubtraction When adding and subtracting, your

answer must have the same number of decimals places as the least number of decimal places (not total number of digits) in the in the question

Example: 5.67 J

1.1 J + 0.9378 J 7.7078

*5.67 J has two decimal places, 1.1 J has one decimal place, 0.9378 J has four decimal places

Your answer can have only one decimal place* Ans = 7.7 J

Intermediate AnswersIntermediate Answers ALWAYS Keep AT LEAST One Extra

Digit in Intermediate Answers ◦ When doing multi-step calculations, keep

at least one more significant digit in intermediate results than needed in your final answer. If the final answer requires two significant

digits, carry at least three significant digits in calculations (or just keep them in your calculator).

Terminology Terminology

Scalar Vector◦To posses only

magnitude, (numerical value only)

◦Ex. It is 10 meters to the neighbors.

◦To have both magnitude, (numerical value) AND direction.

◦A vector symbol (v ) is used above the value.

◦Ex. It is 10 meters EAST to the neighbors.

10 m 10 m [E]

Terminology Terminology

Scalar Vector

Distance

◦The amount of space between two things.

◦Ex. It is 389 km from Edmonton to Jasper

Displacement◦The amount of

space between two things IN A GIVEN DIRECTION.

◦Ex. It is 389 km[West] from Edmonton to Jasper

Terminology Terminology

Scalar Vectorspeed

◦The rate of travel.

◦Ex. We travelled at 110km/h to get from Edmonton to Jasper.

velocity◦The rate of travel IN

A GIVEN DIRECTION.◦Ex. We travelled at

110km/h [West] to get from Edmonton to Jasper

100 km/h

100 km/h [W]

Other Terms Other Terms

Scalar Vectortime

◦The method of measuring the passage of time.

◦ Ex. Science class is 60 min long.

◦ Ex. It takes 3 ½ hours to get to Jasper

Acceleration◦The act of

increasing in speed (or velocity) over a period of time.

◦ Ex. You accelerate from 60km/h to 100km/h to merge onto the highway

Formula ManipulationFormula Manipulation

Solve for Δd Solve for Δt

x ΔtΔt x

vΔt = Δd

x ΔtΔt x

vΔt = Δd v v

Δt = Δd v

Formula ManipulationFormula Manipulation

Solve for Δv Solve for Δt

x ΔtΔt x

aΔt = Δv

x ΔtΔt x

aΔt = Δv a a

Δt = Δv a

Formula ManipulationFormula Manipulation

Solve for vfSolve for vi

aΔt = vf - vi

aΔt = vf - vi

Vi +

+ vi

[aΔt] + vi = vf

aΔt = vf - vi

- vf

vf -

[aΔt] - vf = -vi

x -1

-1x

- [aΔt] + vf = vi

Formula ManipulationFormula Manipulation

Solve for Δt

vi + vf

2

vi + vf

2

Δd = Δtvi + vf

2

Formula ManipulationFormula Manipulation

Solve for viSolve for vf

Formula ManipulationFormula Manipulation

Solve for viSolve for a

Biology Review

What is Biology? The branch of science concerned with the science of living matter in all its forms especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.

BiosphereBiosphereEarth's zone of air, soil, and Earth's zone of air, soil, and

water that is water that is capable of capable of supporting life, supporting life, traditionally traditionally thought of as a zone reaching thought of as a zone reaching about 10 km into the about 10 km into the atmosphere and down to the atmosphere and down to the deepest ocean floor.deepest ocean floor.

the envelope of gases surrounding

the Earth

The solid outer layer of the Earth; includes both land

area and the crust beneath the oceans and other water

bodies.

The part of the Earth composed of water including clouds, oceans, seas, ice caps, glaciers, lakes, rivers, underground water supplies, and atmospheric water vapor.

BIOMESBIOMESA biome is a

large geographical region with a specific climate that the plants and animals that inhabit it are adapted to.

Cells and biomes are open systems that exchange matter and energy with their surroundings.

Biomes can be broken down into specific ecosystems.◦ a system

formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment.

Ecosystems consist of biotic & Ecosystems consist of biotic & biotic factorsbiotic factors

Biotic Factors◦living

organisms in the environment

◦examples: animals plants

Abiotic factors◦physical, non-

living parts of the environment

◦examples: water supply light soil quality climate /

temperature

Must eat other things in order to meet their nutrition needs.◦ Some animals eat only

plants (herbivores)

◦ Some animals eat other animals (carnivores)

◦ Some eat both (omnivores)

Life ProcessesLife Processes’’

Animals PlantsPlant can produce

their own food from the sun.

Life ProcessesLife Processes’’

When animals ingest nutrients it must first be broken down physically (by chewing and digesting) and chemically (by the acids/ enzymes) in the stomach and digestive tract.

Animals

Once food has been broken down into small enough particles, it is taken into the blood and distributed to each cell.

At the cellular level digestion is referred to as cellular respiration

The series of reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert food into energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + O + EnergyEnergy

Cellular respiration is a process that requires oxygen and nutrients and gives off carbon dioxide and water and energy for the organism.

Cellular Respiration

Life ProcessesLife Processes’’PlantsInstead of

ingesting nutrients, plants are able to combine elements in it’s environment to produce food.

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + light energy O + light energy C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O+ 6O22

PhotosynthesisThe process of converting

light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar.

Plants only need light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar.

The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis.