Solubility. SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves...
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Transcript of Solubility. SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves...
Solubility
Solubility
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute
dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
increasing concentration
Solubility Table
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 517
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Solubility vs. Temperature for Solids
Sol
ubili
ty (
gram
s of
sol
ute/
100
g H
2O)
KI
KCl
20
10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
110
120
130
140
100
NaNO3
KNO3
HCl NH4Cl
NH3
NaCl KClO3
SO2
shows the dependence
of solubility on temperature
gases
solids
Solubility
SolubilitySolubility
maximum grams of solute that will dissolve
in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature
varies with temp
based on a saturated solution
SolubilitySolubility
Solids are more soluble at...Solids are more soluble at...• high temperatures.
Gases are more soluble at...Gases are more soluble at...• low temperatures &• high pressures (Henry’s Law).• EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” soda
Temp. (oC)
Solubility(g/100 g H2O)
KNO3 (s)
KCl (s)
HCl (g)
SOLUBILITYCURVE
Solubility how much solute dissolves in a given amt.
of solvent at a given temp.
unsaturated: solution could hold more solute; belowbelow line
saturated: solution has “just right” amt. of solute; onon line
supersaturated: solution has “too much” solute dissolved in it;
above the line
To
Sol.
To
Sol.
Solids dissolved in liquids Gases dissolved in liquids
As To , solubility As To , solubility
per100 gH2O
Classify as unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated.
80 g NaNO3 @ 30oC unsaturated
45 g KCl @ 60oC saturated
50 g NH3 @ 10oC unsaturated
70 g NH4Cl @ 70oC supersaturated
So sat. pt. @ 40oC for 500 g H2O = 5 x 66 g = 330 g
120 g < 330 g unsaturated
saturation point @ 40oC for 100 g H2O = 66 g KNO3
Per 500 g H2O, 120 g KNO3 @ 40oC
(A) Per 100 g H2O, 100 g Unsaturated; all
soluteNaNO3 @ 50oC. dissolves; clear
solution.
(B) Cool solution (A) very Supersaturated; extraslowly to 10oC. solute remains in solution;
still clear.
Describe each situation below.
(C) Quench solution (A) in Saturated; extra solute an ice bath to 10oC. (20 g) can’t remain in
solution, becomes visible.
Hotpack / Coldpack
http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm
Hot and Cold Packs Article
KeysKeysKeysKeys
Article "Hot and Cold Packs"
ChemMatters Feb. 1987 Questions
Article "Hot and Cold Packs"
ChemMatters Feb. 1987 Questions
Solubility of Sodium Acetate
Temperature (oC)
025 50 75 100
Sol
ubili
ty(g
/100
g H
2O)
50
100
150Supersaturated
solution
Unsaturated solution
Saturated
Charles H.Corwin, Introductory Chemistry 2005, page 378
A single crystal of sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2, is dropped into a
supersaturated solution
The small crystal causes extensivecrystallization, and eventually
the solute forms a solid mass of NaC2H3O2.
video clip
Solubility Equilibrium
Vitamins
• Multi Vitamin– Provides many essential
vitamins– “Expensive urine”
• Water Soluble– Vitamin C– Must be replenished regularly
• Fat Soluble– Can overdose – Vitamin A– Can be ingested periodically,
stored in body fat
http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm
Steroids
KeysKeysKeysKeys
Bob Hazelton Article - Steroids
Bob Hazelton Article - Steroids
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 267
Net flow of solvent
Net Solvent Flow
Dilutesolution Concentrated
solution
Solute particle Solvent particle
Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 430
semipermeable membrane
Net flow of solvent
Gas, Liquid, and Solid
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 441
Classes of Reactions
Chemical reactionsChemical reactions
Precipitation reactions
Precipitation reactions
Acid-BaseReactionsAcid-BaseReactions
Oxidation-ReductionReactions
Oxidation-ReductionReactions
Combustion Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 240
Summary of Classes of Reactions
Chemical reactionsChemical reactions
Precipitation reactions
Precipitation reactions
Acid-BaseReactionsAcid-BaseReactions
Oxidation-ReductionReactions
Oxidation-ReductionReactions
Combustion Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Decomposition reactions
(Products are elements.)
Decomposition reactions
(Products are elements.)
Synthesis reactions
(Reactants are elements.)
Synthesis reactions
(Reactants are elements.)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 242
Dissociate in Water
Hydrogen Bonding
• Intermolecular forces
of attraction between
molecules
• Bonds exist within
molecules
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 442
K+
K+
K+NO3-
NO3-
NO3-
AgCl precipitate
K+
K+
K+NO3-
NO3-
NO3-
AgCl precipitate
Dissolving of NaCl
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 287
Solutions
http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm
Liquid Nitrogen Demonstrations
KeysKeysKeysKeys
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Nitrogen
http://www.unit5.org/christjs/tempT27dFields-Jeff/Solutions1.htm
Titration of Vitamin C with Iodine
KeysKeysKeysKeys
Titration of Vitamin C with Iodine
Titration of Vitamin C with Iodine
DefinitionsDefinitions
Solute Solute - KMnO4 Solvent Solvent - H2O