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Transcript of Solomon WiMAX
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DECLARATION
I Ddumba Solomon John hereby declare to the best of my knowledge that the work presented in
this report is original and has not been presented in any institution anywhere for any degree,
diploma or any award.
Signed
DDUMBA SOLOMON JOHN
DATE ..
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APPROVAL
This project proposal has been submitted with the approval of my supervisor
Signed..... Date
Mr. Kigozi John
Signed Date
Mr. Odong Steven
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ABBREVIATIONS
WiMAX - Wide Area Interoperability of Microwave Access
UTL - Uganda Telecom
BS -Base Station
FM -Frequency Modulation
VoIP -Voice over Internet Protocol
VPN - Virtual Private Networks.
BER - Bit Error Rate
ASN -Access Service Network
CSN -Connectivity Service Network
LOS -Line of sight
NLOS - Non Line of Sight
RF -Radio Frequency
3G - Third Generation
4G -Fourth Generation.
HARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
ODFM -Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
MIMO -Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
QoS -Quality of Service
AMC -Adaptive Modulation and Coding
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. ii
.................................................................................................................................. ii
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................ iii
ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................ 1
1.3 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Main Objective ............................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives ...................................................................................... 2
Significance ............................................................................................................. 2
Justification .............................................................................................................. 2
1.6 Scope ............................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 3
2.1 Related projects ................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1. The Uganda Telecom 3G Project. ............................................................. 4
2.3 The Proposed Project ......................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 WiMAX 802.16 ............................................................................................. 4
2.3.2 The WiMAX IEEE 802.16 Architecture ......................................................... 5
2.4 Interference in Wimax Networks ....................................................................... 6
2.6 Line Of Sight Communication (LOS) .................................................................. 7
2.7 Non Line of Sight Communication (NLOS) ......................................................... 7
2.8 WiMAX Frequencies ........................................................................................... 8
2.9 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) ........................................................ 8
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3.0 More on Wimax ................................................................................................ 9
3.1 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Technology ........................................9
3.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) ......................................................... 9
3.3 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Model Layers ................................................................ 9
3.4 Quality of Service (QOS) .................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 11
3.1 Procedures ...................................................................................................... 11
Reviewing of the existing literature on WiMAX IEEE 802.16, this is going to be done
through detailed research and in-depth analysis of the data that has been collected
from various sources which include: the internet, books, similar projects and
documentation related to WiMAX ............................................................................. 11
3.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................... 11
3.2 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 12
3.3 System Design and Simulation ........................................................................ 12
3.3.1 The WiMAX Base Station ........................................................................... 13
3.3.2 The WiMAX Access Service Network (ASN) ................................................ 13
3.3.3 WiMAX Customer Premise Equipment ...................................................... 13
3.3.4 Proposed Optimization tools and mechanisms .......................................... 13
3.4 Expected Results ............................................................................................. 14
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 14
WiMax.com Broadband Solutions (2011) ............................................................. 15
Does WiMAX have quality of service (QOS)? Retrieved October 13 2011 from
http://www.WiMAX .com/ quality-of-service.htm, 2011 ......................................... 15
Appendix 1 TIME FRAME ........................................................................................... 15
Appendix 2 BUDGET ................................................................................................ 16
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Uganda Telecom LTD (UTL) is the Leading Telecommunication Service provider in Uganda
offering voice and data communication services to its customers and subscribers country wide.
Uganda Telecom has deployed Huawei WiMAX equipment on over 50 base stations
countrywide ensuring broadband connectivity to subscribers countrywide offering services like
High-speed Internet, Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP), Virtual Private Networks.
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) stands for World Wide Interoperability of Microwave Access and it is a
leading technology that is used in providing last mile broadband connectivity by radio link.
WiMAX is a packet based wireless technology that provides fixed and mobile high speedconnection to end users, IEEE 802.16d for fixed WiMAX and IEEE 802.16e which has support
for mobility and hence referred to as Mobile WiMAX. WiMAX is preferred because of its High
data rates, low cost of deployment, wide coverage which makes it the most suitable option for
support of business critical services and applications.
1.2 Problem statement
The performance of WiMAX in the Uganda Telecoms Network is not at its optimum level in
comparison to the expected standards of IEEE 802.16 quality of service (QoS) requirements. The
optimum performance of WiMAX networks as specified by the Institution of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) is to provide connectivity to customers with data rates of up to
70mbps to a range of 50 km for fixed stations (IEEE 802.16d) and up to 15km for mobile
stations (IEEE 802.16e) which is not the case for the existing UTL WiMAX network. There exist
a number of factors that limit that overall system capacity of the WiMAX radio channel for
example attenuation over the air interface due to fading effects, interference and obstruction,
high bit error rates(BER) and congestion at the R6 interface (Between the WiMAX base station
and the Access Service Network. (Iwan A, Rosario G & Garroppo S, 2009) These cause delay in
the access of business critical services like high speed Internet, Voice Over Internet protocol
(VoIP), Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and other multimedia applications by UTL customers.
This reduces on the quality of service of the Network and in turn it reduces on the income that is
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generated by the Company (Low returns on investment) and also pauses a threat of loss of
customers who are always looking out for better services.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 Main Objective
To optimize the system capacity and application delay in Uganda Telecoms WiMAX network
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
To review the existing literature on WiMAX Technology.
To survey the existing system of the Uganda Telecoms WiMAX Network in order to
enable me to clearly identify the impairments to communication over the WiMAX Air
Interface (Interface between the WiMAX Base Station and the User equipment) and the
R6 interface (Interface between the Base station and the ASN)
To establish measures that should be taken to mitigate the identified problems.
To design an optimized WiMAX System for UTL using OPNET simulation software.
Significance
The Uganda Telecom WiMAX Network will be optimized after the implementation of my
project. The system capacity of the WiMAX communication channel is going to be optimumly
utilized and delays are going to be greatly reduced when the optimization mechanisms specified
in this project are put into consideration.
Justification
WiMAX technology is designed to provide data rates of up to 70mbps to ranges of up to 50km
for fixed WiMAX and 15 km for mobile users and my projects is going to conform the existing
UTL Network to the ideal WiMAX communication system. My project should be carried out
because it is going to ensure increased data rates and improved network performance for the
UTL WiMAX network which is necessary to ensure the support of the increasing demand of
business critical applications and services that are accessed by WiMAX subscribers. Some of
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these services include high speed internet connectivity, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP),
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and Video Streaming.
1.6 Scope
This study is going to be done with Uganda Telecom LTD. It will involve identifying current
problems with the current WiMAX communication over the AIR interface and the R6 Interface.
Some of these problems include: attenuation caused by fading effects, interference, obstruction,
traffic congestion and high bit error rate (BER) among others. The project will also involve
establishing measures to mitigate the above mentioned problems and coming up with a design of
the optimized WiMAX network using OPNET simulation software.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, I am going to review the existing work that has been done as far as WiMAX
Optimization is concerned. It will review existing literature and related projects and identify any
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issues that could have been left out in the previous work. It is also going to clearly elaborate the
proposed project and how it covers the gaps that are existent in some of the current work that has
been done on WiMAX.
2.1 Related projects
2.1.1. The Uganda Telecom 3G Project.
According to Edris Kisambira, (June 2011), Uganda Telecom has deployed Third Generation
(3G) broadband wireless technology in the capital city Kampala and several other districts. The
porpoise was to offer mobile broadband services to users which included high speed internet
access, video and audio streaming among others.
Farouk Kiwala (2008), The Uganda Telecoms Business Solutions Manager further emphasizesthe need for people to maintain connectivity and data access even when they are out of their
formal office environment which usually have fixed data connections. He also specifies Third
Generation Technology (3G) that has just been deployed by Uganda Telecom as the best option
for providing such services.
Contrary to that WiMAX IEEE 802.16 stands to be the optimum technology in the delivery of
high speed connectivity and data access with data rates of up to 70Mbps.
2.2 The Need For Optimization
Wireless operators are increasingly pressured to enhance their networks and service capabilities
in order to keep pace with the accelerating growth in wireless utilization and increasing demand
for high performing connections. As bandwidth intensive, rich media applications are introduced,
larger volumes of subscribers consume ever-growing quantities of data packets while continuing
to utilize more minutes of voice. Simply acquiring more spectrum channels and deploying more
sites to resolve capacity issues can be decidedly inefficient and costly, (Mukherjee, S. July 2010)
2.3 The Proposed Project
2.3.1 WiMAX 802.16
WiMAX stands for World Wide Interoperability of microwave access and it is a leading
technology that is used in the provision of last mile wireless broadband connectivity by radio
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link to subscribers. The name WIMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum in June 2001 and the
major purpose was to promote conformity and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard.
WiMAX provides both Fixed and mobile connectivity to subscribers with the capability of
providing data rates of 70mbps over a distance of around 50 km fixed stations. IEEE 802.16d
standard was published in 2001 as a technology that was used for providing fixed WiMAX
access to customers. IEEE 802.16e is has support for mobility and it is thus referred to as Mobile
WiMAX. It offers Broadband connectivity to mobile users to a range of up to 15km. The IEEE
802.16 technology is a leading technology in the provision of Wireless broadband access because
of its advantages which include high data rates, wide coverage, improved mobile performance,
wide coverage and low costs of deployment for both line of sight (LOS) and non line of sight
communication (NLOS). WiMAX technology is very efficient in supporting high speed business
critical services to users for example Voice over internet protocol (VoIP), high speed Internet
connectivity, Virtual Private Networks (VPN), audio and Video streaming
2.3.2 The WiMAX IEEE 802.16 Architecture
The WiMAX network comprises of a number of components and Interfaces which include:
The Air Interface (R1) This is the interface between the WiMAX Base station and the
Mobile Station
The R2 interface. this is the interface between the Mobile Station and the Connectivity
Service Network (CSN)
The R6 Interface This is the Interface between the WiMAX base station and the Access
Service Network (ASN)
The R3 Interface This is the Interface between the Access Service Network (ASN) and
the Connectivity Service Network (CSN)
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Figure 1 Showing the main interfaces and module in the WiMAX Architecture
2.4 Interference in Wimax Networks
In short, the degree to which WiMAX succeeds will depend in large part on the ability to
minimize channel interference. This positions the base station antenna system as critical to
WiMAX long term success. Going forward, antenna pattern shaping and interference control will
play a significant role in successful WiMAX deployments. (Andrew. 2008)
2.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (ODFM)
WiMAX Technology applies Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing technique which is a
special multicarrier transmission mode where a single data stream is transmitted over a number
of lower rate orthogonal sub carriers. It is a technique that is used to increase the robustness of
the transmission link against frequency selective fading. In single carrier radio transmission,
channel fading affects the entire transmission link and this is solved by using multicarrier
transmission techniques like orthogonal frequency division Modulation where only a few
subcarriers will be affected. Error correction mechanisms and coding can be applied to only the
few subcarriers that have encountered transmission errors.
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ODFM subcarriers are individually modulated by Phase shift Keying (PSK) or Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM). Some of the advantages of using Orthogonal Frequency Division
Modulation include:
ODFM as a modulation scheme is divides the transmission channel into smaller
narrowband sub channels and this makes the transmission link more resistant to
frequency selective fading as compared to single carrier transmission systems.
Channel equalization in OFDM schemes is much simpler as compared to using adaptive
equalization techniques which is the case for single carrier
ODFM modulation scheme also provides good protection against co channel interference
and parasitic noise
Orthogonal Frequency division Modulation scheme also makes efficient use of the
spectrum by allowing overlap
OFDM is less sensitive to sample timing offsets as compared single carrier systems
2.6 Line Of Sight Communication (LOS)
Line of sight communication refers to communication in which the transmitting and receiving
antenna have visual contact with each other in the absence of any obstacles like buildings, trees,or hills that could impair signal transmission over the radio link.
In WiMAX communication this usually involves a receiving antenna at the customer premises
that is appropriately oriented towards the transmitting antenna at the WiMAX Base station. This
mode of signal transmission usually encounters attenuation on the Air interface due to
atmospheric weather conditions, fading effects and interference.
2.7 Non Line of Sight Communication (NLOS)
Non Line of sight communication refers to the transmission of radio signals over a path that is
partially obstructed. In this mode of communication, the radio signals have to penetrate physical
objects which usually include Buildings, trees, and hills among others. Theses obstructions
usually impair the transmission of signals over the radio channel especially when it is being done
at low transmission power.
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2.8 WiMAX Frequencies
The most recent versions of WiMAX standards in 802.16 operate in frequencies ranging from
2GHz to 66GHz which is a wide spectrum range. However the practical market considerations of
the WiMAX forum members dictated that the first product profiles focus on spectrum ranges that
offered Forum vendors the most utility and sales potential. The International standard of 3.5GHz
spectrum was the first to enjoy WiMAX products. (WiMax.com Broadband Solutions, 2011)
The US license free spectrum at 5.8GHz has a few WiMAX vendors building products. The
physics of radio signals typically place two primary constrictions on spectrum. To generalize, the
higher the spectrum frequency the greater the amount of bandwidth that can be transported;
lower frequencies transport less bandwidth. Secondly, the lower the frequency the greater the
carry range and penetration of a signal. For example: A 900 MHz license free radio will travelfarther and penetrate some tree cover fairly easily at ranges up to one to two miles. But it can
carry much less bandwidth than a 2.4 GHz signal which cannot penetrate any tree cover
whatsoever, but can deliver a lot more data. The caveat that can somewhat alter this equation is
power. Licensed band spectrum such as 2.5 GHz by virtue of being dedicated to one user is
allotted significantly higher power levels which aids in tree and building wall penetration.
2.9 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is a combination of high-rate forward error correcting
coding and ARQ error-control for detectable-but-uncorrectable errors. In standard ARQ,
redundant bits are added to data to be transmitted using an error-detecting code such as cyclic
redundancy check (CRC). In hybrid ARQ, a code is used that can perform both forward error
correction(FEC) in addition to error detection (ED)(Such as Reed-Solomon, convolutional code
or Turbo code), to correct a subset of errors while relying on ARQ to correct that are
uncorrectable using only the redundancy sent in the initial transmission. As a result Hybrid ARQ
performs better than ordinary ARQ in poor signal conditions, but in its simplest form this comes
at the expense of significantly lower throughput in good signal conditions. There is typically a
signal quality cross-over point below which simple Hybrid ARQ is better, and above which basic
ARQ is better.
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3.0 More on Wimax
3.1 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Technology
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is the foundation of the next generation of
4G mobile products like WiMAX, LTE, UMB and 802.16m. By leveraging multiple transmit
and receive antennas to employ spatial multiplexing, adaptive antenna processing, and space
time coding, MIMO products deliver greater wireless throughput and range enabling ubiquitous
high-speed voice, video and data services. Channel emulation is required to accurately
characterize the effect of multi-channel RF interactions on the conformance, performance and
interoperability of MIMO systems. The ACE 400WB is a fully featured channel emulator
designed for ease of test that can accurately create complex fading channels to test the most
advanced MIMO technology (MIMO Channel Emulator for WiMAX Testing.mht)
3.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
The adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique is used in order to compensate for
variations in radio transmission conditions, while the transmission power remains constant.
(Ajay, R. 2007).
3.3 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Model Layers
WiMAX operates on two layers which are the Physical Layer (PHY) and the Media Access
Layer (MAC).Some of the services of the WiMAX MAC layer include: Automatic Repeat
request Enhanced Version, Connection established Channel Quality Indicator Channel
(CQICH), Idle mode, sleep mode alterations, Multicasting and Broadcasting Services (MBS) and
Mobility services (Hand off and Mobile IP).
The WiMAX physical layer also carries out a number of services which include orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing, Power Control and Hybrid automatic Repeat Request (HARQ),
Multiple input Multiple Output (MIMO) operations and Exponential Effective SIR mapping
(EESM) among others.
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3.4 Quality of Service (QOS)
Quality of Service is what determines if a wireless technology can successfully deliver high
value services such as voice and video. The chief detractors from good QoS are latency, jitter
and packet loss. Solve these issue and you have a carrier-grade service. (WiMax.com Broadband
Solutions, 2011)
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CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
This Chapter is going to specify the methods and procedures that I will undertake in order to
achieve the objectives of my project.
3.1 Procedures
Reviewing of the existing literature on WiMAX IEEE 802.16, this is going to be done through
detailed research and in-depth analysis of the data that has been collected from various
sources which include: the internet, books, similar projects and documentation related to
WiMAX
Surveying the existing WiMAX communication system of Uganda Telecom.
Clearly specifying the impairments to communication over the WiMAX Air Interface
(Interface between the WiMAX Base Station and the User equipment) and the R6
interface (Between the Base Station and the Radio Access Network)
Identifying the measures that should be taken to mitigate the specified problems.
Designing of an optimized WiMAX Network for Uganda Telecom using OPNET
simulation software.
3.2 Data Collection
The data and information resource to be used in my project is going to be collected in the
following ways:
Interviewing of Uganda telecoms WiMAX customers and finding out what exact
problems they face in the access of high speed data services and applications over the
WiMAX Network.
Interacting and consulting Uganda Telecom and Huawei WiMAX Optimization
Engineers on the challenges that are experienced in the use of WiMAX Technology from
a technical perspective.
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Surveying and analyzing of the existing WiMAX technology and equipment that has
been deployed in various parts of the country by UTL.
Technically analyzing the physical environmental characteristics and terrain features in
which the UTL WiMAX technology is operating.
Clearly identifying and analyzing the operation parameters that are currently being
implemented in Uganda Telecoms WiMAX Network for example Carrier frequencies,
transmit power, bandwidth allocation mechanisms and modulation schemes.
3.2 Data Analysis
Data that will be collected from the above mentioned sources will be analyzed in various ways
which include the following:
From the problems experienced by the WiMAX customers, deductions will be made as to
what exactly is the cause of the problems.
From the technical perspectives of the WiMAX Engineers, I will establish the appropriate
mechanisms and tools that are necessary for the Optimization work
The different network and equipment parameters are going to be adjusted so as to
establish their effect on the WiMAX Network performance
The performance of the proposed WiMAX network is also going to be analyzed by
simulation after the necessary adjustments have been done.
3.3 System Design and Simulation
The proposed Optimized WiMAX communication system is going to be designed and simulated
using OPNET simulation software and it is going to clearly elaborate the different major
components of the WiMAX Network Architecture along with the optimization mechanism thathas been applied on each module.
Some of the WiMAX Network equipment and modules on which optimization will be carried out
include:
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3.4 Expected Results
After my project has been carried out the, the expected results are:
A detailed review of the existing literature on WiMAX will have been done.
A thorough system study of Uganda Telecoms WiMAX network architecture.
A clear identification of the impairments to communication over the WiMAX Air
Interface (Interface between the WiMAX Base Station and the user equipment) and the
Rs interface (Interface between the WiMAX Base station and the Access Service
Network).
Measures to mitigate the identified problems will be identified and implemented.
An Optimized WiMAX Network will be designed for UTL with enhanced system
capacity and reduced application delay
REFERENCES
Ajay, R. (2007), Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimization, Nokia
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Networks, 468)
Andrew. (2008). Patterns of Success, Antenna Patterns to Play a Key Role in
WiMAX Success, 1-4.
Kisambira Edris (June 2008)
Uganda Telecom Deploys 3G Data service Retrieved 3 October from
http://www.cio.com/article/418013/Uganda_Telecom_Deploys_3G_Data_Service
Mukherjee, S. (10 July 2010 18:30). WiMAX Antennas Primer, A guide to
MIMO and Beamforming, 3.
Wikipedia (2011)
WiMAX. Retrieved 2 November 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX
WiMax.com Broadband Solutions (2011)
Does WiMAX have quality of service (QOS)? Retrieved October 13 2011 from
http://www.WiMAX .com/ quality-of-service.htm, 2011
WiMax.com Broadband Solutions (2011)
What RF Frequencies does WiMAX work in? Retrieved September 18 2011 from
http://www.WiMAX.com/WiMAX FAQ rangee.freguencies.html.
Appendix 1 TIME FRAME
No Activity
2011 2012
SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY
15
http://www.cio.com/article/418013/Uganda_Telecom_Deploys_3G_Data_Servicehttp://www.wimax/http://www.wimax.com/WiMax%20FAQ%20rangee.freguencies.htmhttp://www.cio.com/article/418013/Uganda_Telecom_Deploys_3G_Data_Servicehttp://www.wimax/http://www.wimax.com/WiMax%20FAQ%20rangee.freguencies.htm -
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1 Identifying
Project Title
2 Proposal Writing
3 Seeing supervisors
4 Proposal
Presentation
5 Collecting
Information
6 Field Study
7 System Design
and Simulation
8 Final Report
Writing
9 Final Presentation
10 Submission of
Report
Appendix 2 BUDGET
S/N ITEM QUANTITY PRICE / UNIT
(USH)
TOTAL COST
(USH)
1. USB Modem 1 100,000 100,000
2. TRANSPORT AND AIR
TIME
10 trips 50,000 500,000
3. OPNET Simulation Software 1 License 650,000 650,000
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4. SECTRETARIAL
SERVICES
Reams of paper
Pens and Pencils
Printing for Report and
Presentation slides
2 Reams
3 copies
200,000 200,000
5. LAPTOP 1 1,300,000 1,300,000
TOTAL 2,750,000
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