REFERENCE Environmental studiesfor undergraduate courses Unknown author Wikipedia

waste tires septage scrap metal latex paints furniture and toys garbage appliances and vehicles oil and anti-freeze empty aerosol cans

EXAMPLES

septagegarbage

vehicles

Scrap metals

appliances

Waste tires

IMPACTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELYo Affects our healtho Affects our socio-economic

conditionso Affects our coastal and marine

environmento Affects our climateo Rise in global temperatureso Leads to water pollution and air

pollution

CLASSIFIED IN TO

•HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTE•NON –HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTE / MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)

HAZARDOUS WASTESWaste produced by chemical manufacturingcompanies, petroleum refineries, paper mills, smelters and other industries.They cause harm to human and environment.

Characteristics• Toxicity• Reactivity• Ignitability• Corrosivity

Toxic WasteSubstances that are poisonous even for atrace amount. They can be carcinogenic or mutagenic.Examples: pesticides, heavy metals.

Reactive wasteThose have a tendency to react vigorously with air or water are unstable to shock or heat, Generate toxic gases or explode during routine management.Examples: nitroglycerine,Gun powder

INFECTIOUS WASTES

Includes human tissue from surgery, used Bandages and hypodermic needles.

RADIOACTIVE WASTES

It is basically the output from nuclear power plants and can persist in the environment .

IGNITABLE WASTES Those burn at relatively low temperature(<60°C) and are capable of spontaneous combustion during Storage ,transport or disposal.Examples: Gasoline, alcohol

CORROSIVE WASTES

Those destroy materials and living tissuesBy chemical reactions.Examples: acids and bases

NON –HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTEMunicipal solid wastes are the solid wastesfrom a city ,Town or village that requires routine collection and transport to a processing or disposal sites.SOURCES• Private homes• Commercial establishments• Industrial facilities

WASTE MANAGEMENT INCLUDES

• REDUCTION• REUSE• RECYCLING• DISPOSAL

REDUCTIONWaste Reduction refers to reducing the amount of waste produced. An example of waste reduction is to use china and silverware instead of disposal paper plates and plastic flatware.

ADVANTAGESo Cleaner environmento Save electricity, money, watero Fresher airo More landfill space and less

money spent on landfill

DISADVANTAGESoLess convenientoIt can cost more

REUSEReusing is using a product or item in its original form more than once. e.g: reusing a mug instead of using a disposable cup.

ADVANTAGESoReduces the number that need to be manufactured

oReduced disposal needs and costs.oSome older items were better handcrafted and appreciate in value

disadvantageso Requires cleaning or transport,

which have environmental costs

RECYCLING

Recycling is nothing but process of using old or waste products into new products.This morning's newspaper can be recycled for another morning's news or other paper products.

ADVANTAGESo Protects environment.o Reduces energy consumption.o Reduces pollution.o Reduces Global warming.

DISADVANTAGESo Not always cost effective.o Recycled products may not

last for long.o High initial cost.

DISPOSALDisposal of MSW is done commonly through

• SANITARY LANDFILL

• INCINERATION

SANITARY LANDFILL• Most traditional method of waste disposal.

• Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.

• Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil.

• Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burned to generate power.

• It is generally used for domestic waste.

PROBLEMS • Ground water pollution

• Production of methane gas which is toxic and highly explosive

• It can cause infectious diseases

• Difficult to find landfilling sites

• Air pollution

• Sites might not be able to be reused

INCINERATIONWaste treatment process that involves theCombustion of solid waste at 1000°C.

Waste materials are converted into bottom ash, flue gas,And heat.

The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituentsof the waste and gases due to organic waste.

The heat generated by incineration is used toGenerate electric power.

ADVANTAGES• Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal method.

• The weight of the waste is reduced to 25%.

• No risk of pollution to local streams and ground water as in landfills.

• Can be located close to residential areas.

• Gases are used to generate power.

DISADVANTAGES• Expensive

• Require skilled labour

• The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants and may destroy Ozone layer.

• High energy requirement