Solid Waste Management Report, Bhaktapur,Ministry of Local Development, Solid Waste Management...

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Report of Solid Waste Management Baseline Study in Bhaktapur

Municipality, 2012

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Local Development

Solid Waste Management Technical Support Center (SWMTSC)

Shreemahal, Lalitpur

Technical Assistant: Asian Development Bank (ADB)

June 2012

Report prepared by:

Upama K.C. (Kathmandu University),

Sharmila Karmacharya (Tribhuvan University)

Solid Waste Management Baseline Study, Bhaktapur Municipality

Ms Upama K C and Sharmila Karmacharya 2

©Ms Upama K.C. and Sharmila Karmacharya

Citation: KC, U. and Karmacharya, S. (2012) Report of Solid Waste Management Baseline

Study in Bhaktapur Municipality. Solid Waste Management Technical Support Center

(SWMTSC), Ministry of Local Development.

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would not have been possible to gear this project without the opportunity provided by Solid

Waste Management Technical Support Center (Ministry of local Development ADB-TA). We

would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our Chief Executive Director, Dr. Sumitra

Amatya, Mr. Binod P. Singh, TA Director MLD. Special thanks to Surya Man Shakya, TA,

Deputy Team Leader, for all his classes before our survey.

Bhaktapur Municipal staffs were easy to cooperate with and we would like to take this

opportunity to give our sincere thanks to them. We are deeply indebted to the Bhaktapur local

people for their support and thoughtful responses during survey and waste collection. Every

piece of information from local people was a valuable asset for this project.

We would like to thank to all our family members for their motivation and support over the

past five weeks. We would also express our vote of thanks to these wonderful people listed

below:

S. N. Name Organization Remarks

1. D.R. Pathak, ADB-TA,

MLD/SWMTS

C

For guiding, supervising, and inspiring us

throughout the survey period.

2. Mr. Yogesh Shakya EMRC For supervising and giving valuable

suggestions during field study and report

preparation.

3. Mr. Moti Bhakta Shrestha Bhaktapur

Municipality

Office

For providing kind motivational words

and valuable information about

municipality

4. Mr. Ram Krishna Prajapati Bhaktapur

Municipality

Office

For guiding us in the selection of the

wards and taking us to the compost plant

and dumping sites.

5. Mr. Dilip Kumar Suwal Bhaktapur

Municipality

Office

For guiding and providing us information

on the status of SWM of the Municipality.

6. Mr. Krishna Gopal Prajapati Bhaktapur

Municipality

Office

For providing guidelines.



7. Mr. Surya Bhakta Kharbuja For providing us the informational data

about municipality.

8. Mr.Bhopal Mul Librarian For providing articles, past data and

materials of the municipality.

9. Mr.Laxmi P. Dumaru For providing functional information

about the compost plant

10. Mr.Punya Ram Duwal, For providing functional information

about the dumping site

11. Surveyed Households,

Commercial sectors,

Offices and Schools of

wards 2,3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13,

14, 15, 17

For thoughtful responses during survey

and waste collection.

12. Ms. Pratima K.C. For helping me during waste collection

even in the early morning and late

evening.

13. Ms. Sharmila Adhikari For assisting me during survey period.

14. Ms. Rasna Sainju For assisting me during data collection.



SUMMARY

Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Bhaktapur Municipality is a matter of earnest concern. It

is an oldest town with great historical significance; unfortunately, due to ignorance and

negligence of general public SWM is being extremely difficult. Moreover, poor

communication and misunderstanding between the Municipality SWM staffs and the waste

generators, timely removal of wastes from private and public places are being challenging.

This research is based on the questionnaire survey and collection of 24 hours accumulated

wastes from households, institutions, and commercial sectors. Average per capita per day

household waste generation rate is 0.11 Kg/capita/day and total daily waste generation is 28

tons. Institutions produce waste ranging from 0.5 Kg/day to 16.44 Kg/day; and wastes

generated from commercial sector varies from 0.23 Kg/day to 55.66 Kg/day. Household

wastes comprises of 83% of organic, 10% plastic, 4% paper, 0.6% glasses, 0.80% textiles, and

0.30% other wastes like electronics wastes. In the institutional sectors, general waste

comprises of 34% of organic waste, 29% of paper, and 19% of plastics. Commercial wastes

comprises of 39% organic waste, 21% of plastic waste, and 18% of paper waste. Interestingly,

in the institutional and commercial sectors, glasses, textiles, and rubber wastes were

insignificant compared to household wastes. Characterization of special waste is not done

during this survey. Though, the electronic waste, medicinal waste, and hazardous waste are

found in the municipality. With the major objective of documenting the solid waste,

identifying the major sources, characterizing the solid waste composition, and assess the

current problems in SWM, the survey was carried in 10 different wards out of 17 (2, 3, 4, 7, 8,

11, 13, 14, 15, and 17) in Bhaktapur Municipality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................1

SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................3

List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................7

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................7

List of Charts ......................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................9

1.1 Municipality profile...................................................................................................................9

1.1.1 Basic information.........................................................................................................9

1.1.2 Geographical information ............................................................................................9

1.1.3 Demographic information .......................................................................................... 10

1.1.4 Institutional, commercial and other facilities .............................................................. 11

1.1.5 Solid waste processing facilities ................................................................................. 12

1.1.6 Maps and references .................................................................................................. 13

1.2 Objectives of study .................................................................................................................. 14

2. STUDY METHODOLOGIES ....................................................................................................... 15

2.1 Identification of waste generators ............................................................................................ 15

2.1.1 Types of solid waste ......................................................................................................... 15

2.1.2 Sources of solid waste ...................................................................................................... 15

2.2 Data sources and data collection method.................................................................................. 16

2.3 Secondary sources of data ....................................................................................................... 19

2.4 Observation and photography .................................................................................................. 19

2.5 Quality control ........................................................................................................................ 23

2.6 Study limitations ..................................................................................................................... 23

3. SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS .................................. 24

3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 24

3.2 Waste characterization............................................................................................................. 24

3.2.1 Domestic waste ................................................................................................................ 25

3.2.2 Institutional and industrial waste ....................................................................................... 28



3.2.3 Commercial waste ............................................................................................................ 29

3.2.4 Special waste .................................................................................................................... 31

4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .............................................................. 32

4.1 Collection and segregation ...................................................................................................... 32

4.2 Primary transportation and transfer station ............................................................................... 34

4.3 Final transportation and disposal methods................................................................................ 35

4.4 Resource recovery methods ..................................................................................................... 35

4.4.1 Recycling ......................................................................................................................... 35

4.4.2 Composting ...................................................................................................................... 36

4.5 Special waste management ...................................................................................................... 37

4.6 Public awareness and community mobilization ........................................................................ 37

5 INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS ......................................................................... 39

5.1 Organizational structure .......................................................................................................... 40

5.2 Human resources and capacity ................................................................................................. 40

5.3 SWM service arrangements ..................................................................................................... 41

5.4 SWM short-term, mid-term and long-term plan ....................................................................... 41

5.5 Actors involved in SWM ......................................................................................................... 42

5.6 Allocation of budget and expenditures ..................................................................................... 42

5.7 Revenue from SWM service charges ....................................................................................... 44

5.8 SWM acts and regulations ....................................................................................................... 44

6 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 45

6.1 Problem and issues at municipal level ...................................................................................... 45

6.3 Problems and issues of the existing SWM practice................................................................... 45

7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 47

7.1 Conclusions............................................................................................................................. 47

7.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 47

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 49

ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 50



ABBREVIATIONS

BM: Bhaktapur Municipality

CEOs: Chief executive officers

GMP: Good Management Practice

HH: Household

KG: Kilogram

MSW: Municipal Solid Waste

NA: Not Available

NIMBY: Not In My Backyard

S.L.C.: School Leaving Certificate

SW: Solid Waste

SWM: Solid Waste Management

SWMTSC: Solid Waste Management Technical Support Centre

SWMRMC: Solid Waste Management and resource mobilization centre.

NGO: Non-Government Organization

3R: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

VDC: Village Development Committee



List of Figures

S.N. Title Page no.

1. Road map of Bhaktapur Municipality 14

2. Gloves 17

3. Digital Spring Balance 17

4. Waste transported to the Municipal Compost Plant, Sallaghari 18

5. Staffs segregating at the compost site

19

6. Questionnaires to the municipal Staff about the present conditions

of the site

19

7. Tipper transporting waste to the dig dump site Hanumancha

20

8. Dozer pressing and spreading the waste 20

9. Surveying with the staffs at dig dump site 21

10. Collecting waste from School 21

11. Collecting waste from Household 22

List of Tables

Table

No.

Title Page no.

1. Land Use Distribution (Area in ha) 10

2. Major Water Bodies of Bhaktapur Municipality 11

3. Status of Existing Road Services 11

4. Population Distribution of Bhaktapur Municipality 11

5. Landmarks 12

6. Commercial, Institutional, and other facilities 12

7. Health Institutions and Industries 12

8. Sources of Solid waste 16



9. Waste generated from different sources from each wards 23

10. Household waste Characterization of Different wards 24

11. Per capita household waste generation per day in different ward 26

12. Waste Characterization of sampled Institutions 27

13. Commercial Waste Characterization 28

14. Existing waste collection pattern (estimated) 30

15. Existing waste collection and transportation equipments 32

16. Existing equipments used for final disposal 32

17. Existing human resource for SWM service and their

responsibility

38

18. Budget allocation (NRs.) 40

19. Details of expenditure for SWM services (NRs.) 41

20. Revenue from SWM services 41

List of Charts

S. N. Titles Page

1. Waste generated from different sources of each wards 24

2. Household characterization in each ward 25

3. Composition of household waste 25

4. Composition of Institutional Waste 27

5. Commercial Waste Characterization 29

6. Organizational Structure of Bhaktapur Municipality 37

7. Field Staffs Related on SWM 40



INTRODUCTION

1.1 Municipality profile

1.1.1 Basic information

Bhaktapur Municipality is situated in Bagmati zone in the central development region. It is

the third largest city in Kathmandu Valley occupying an area of 6.88 Sq. Km and divided into

17 small Wards. It is a township of unique culture with complex society. It was once the

capital of Nepal during the reign of great Mall dynasty.

Bhaktapur Municipality was established on 24th

March, 2006 (Bhaktapur Municipality, data).

It was the home of traditional art and architecture, historical monuments and craft works,

Terracotta and weaving industries. Taking an account of these magnificent art and

architecture, this oldest historical site of Nepal was listed under the World Heritage list in

1979. Despite the monumental architecture of site, beautiful ponds, rich local customs,

culture, festivals, and musical mystics were equally laudable. Tourism sector has long been

depending on this site for the promotion of their business

1.1.2 Geographical information

Bhaktapur district is approximately 13 Km East of Kathmandu with the geographical co-

ordinates of 270 40‟ 0‟‟ North, 85

0 25‟ 0‟‟ East. It occupies an area of around 119 Km

2 at an

altitude of 1,401 m above the sea level. This small municipality is bordered to Bageshowori,

Sudal, Tathali, Chittapol Village Development Committee (VDC) to the East,

MadhyapurThimi municipality to the West, Jaulakhel,Duwakot, Chhaling VDC to the North,

Katunje, Sipadol, Nangkhel VDC to the South. From time immemorial it lay on the trade

route between Tibet and India. This position on the main caravan route made the town rich

and prosperous.

Table 1: Land Use Distribution (Area in ha)

Built up Area 115.400(hector)

Agriculture land 519.100 ha

Forest 34.400 ha

Water Bodies 22.900 ha

Heritage Sector 7.7 ha

Total area 6.88 sq/km

Source: Municipality bulletin and questionnaire form filled up by Municipality authority



Table 2: Major Water Bodies of Bhaktapur Municipality

Name Type of water body

Hanumante River

KhasangKhusung River

SiddaPokhari Pond

Kamal Binakak Pond

GutyaPokhari Pond


1.1.3 Demographic information

According to the population census of 2011, the total population of Bhaktapur municipality

was 83,893 (Male: 42,947 and Female: 40,946) at the growth rate of 1.7% annually. It

contains 13,471 households with the family size of 6 members in an average.

Table 3 Status of Existing Road Services

Type Black Topped Graveled Earthen

Length (Km) 3.6 Km 15 km 8 Km


Table 4: Population Distribution of Bhaktapur Municipality

Description Population Census 2001 Population Census 2011

Total Population 72543 83893

Male 36681 42947

Female 35862 40946

Number of HHs 12133 13471

Sources: Population Census, CBS



1.1.4 Institutional, commercial and other facilities

Bhaktapur municipality is rich in architectural and urban heritage founded in the 8th

century

AD (9).It remained relatively well preserved till the modern times. The main Landmarks,

Institutional, and Commercial facilities are tabulated below:

Table 5: Landmarks

Landmarks Remarks

Siddha Pokhari Near the main city Gate

Durbar Square Conglomeration of pagoda and shikhara-

style temples

Nyatapola Temple Five storeyed pagoda, 1702 A.D.

BhairabNath Temple Pagoda temple

Dattatraya Temple 1427 AD.

KailashnathMahadev Statue World tallest Lord shiva, 143 feet


Table 6: Commercial, Institutional, and other facilities

Commercial Establishments Institutional

Type Number Type Number

Shops 2142 Schools 64

Hotels 26 10+2 13

Restaurants/

teashops

296 Colleges 8

Mills ( Rice,

Wheat etc)

189 Government Offices 35

Workshop

(Furniture,

vehicle)

278 Non-Government

Offices

11

Cinema Hall 3 Others 52




Table 7: Health Institutions and Industries

Health Institutions Industries

Hospitals 4 Cottage 43

Clinics 8 Small 78

Laboratories 7


1.1.5 Solid waste processing facilities

In Bhaktapur Municipality some wards were provided with an effective service where waste

collection was on the daily basis; nevertheless, there were some other wards like ward no.5

where wastes was never collected. Three times sweeping per day in main roads, two times

sweeping per day in other roads (Gully, Brick paved roads), and Waste pickers (tipan tapan)

centralized their work on the main road and other tourist area.

Municipality has put the system of door-to-door waste collection method. There were two

fixed shifts, 06:00 am - 09:00 am and 12:00 pm – 16:00 pm. Each household in the municipal

was provided with two plastic buckets for the segregation of biodegradable and non-

biodegradable byproduct. Unfortunately, local peoples were not fully aware of what they

needed to do with the wastes. People were found careless with the wastes. They were not

practicing the methods they were told, many local peoples were making composts, few were

burning the dry wastes, most of the people handover their waste to the municipal waste

collector. Some people were not hesitant to dump their household garbage on the open road

sides where as some dumped their wastes in the Hanumante River

The recent estimation of waste generation of Bhaktapur municipality showed around 28 tons

per day at the rate of 0.3 Kg/p/d. There were one municipal level composting plant in

Sallaghari and one Dump in pith at Hanumancha.

Municipal compost plant

It was located in the ward no. 17, Sallaghari. Compost manure was formed by Manual field

heaping method. The waste was collected from ward no. 2, 4, 15, and 17. The manure was

sold to the farmer. The waste was carried from different wards in a tricycle. There were

altogether 7 staffs working at the plant. Waste was overturned in every 15-30 days. The



waste was segregated in the site by two staffs and the segregated plastics and non degradable

waste were buried in the land nearby.

Dumping Site

It was in Hanumancha. It was there due to the demand of local farmers and villagers. They

wanted their agricultural land to enrich with the manure. There were altogether 3 big trucks

and 6 small trucks for the waste transportation, Two Crane and one Dozer for settling and

managing the waste. The risk of seepage was very minimum due to plastics, and also the

waste generation was not in huge amount. There was altogether 32 staff for this management

out of which 27 were drivers. Four staffs stayed in the site. Municipality had provided gloves,

mask, and boots to the staffs working there.

1.1.6 Maps and references

Figure1: Road map of Bhaktapur Municipality



1.2 Objectives of study

To document the existing Solid Waste Management system of Bhaktapur

Municipality.

To identify major sources of Solid Waste in the municipality, their trend of generation

and approaches of management.

To obtain baseline data as well as to obtain feed back to the existing facility provided

by the municipalities.

To characterize the composition of solid waste generated from different sectors in the

municipality.

Assess the current problems faced by the waste management system and their impact

on the compost production.



2. STUDY METHODOLOGIES

The study guidelines were strictly followed. Field observation was carried out. Key

informants from the municipality for the relevant information were identified. Questionnaire

Survey was used to obtain relevant information from households and through interviews with

the staffs of Bhaktapur Municipality. Site visit and interview to the staffs at the compost plant

and dumping site staffs were done. Questionnaire survey was carried out in 10 wards of the

municipality. In each ward, 10 households, 2 commercials, 1 government/non government

offices, and 1 School were chosen for the questionnaire survey.

2.1 Identification of waste generators

Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials, which can be solid, liquid, semi-solid,

and containerized gaseous materials. Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include

industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical wastes, and radioactive wastes or sewage

sludge. Any sectors from which wastes are generated are taken as the waste generators. These

are taken as the sources of waste generation within the community. The waste is mainly

generated from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.

2.1.1 Types of solid waste

After conducting the survey and field observation of source generation and dumping sites.

Solid waste was classified in several ways. (5)

A. Biodegradable waste: Food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper.

B. Recyclable material: Paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, plastics, fabrics, clothes,

batteries etc.

C. Inert waste: Construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris

D. Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical appliances, TVs, computers,

screens, etc.

E. Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys.

F. Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes,

spray cans, fertilizer and containers

G. Toxic waste including pesticide, herbicides, fungicides,

H. Medical waste.

2.1.2 Sources of solid waste

The occupation of inhabitant of Bhaktapur Municipality was agriculture. In general,

households produce wastes that were mostly organic in nature and result from agricultural



production and processing activities. Overall the solid waste identified after observation and

survey were crop residues, food remnants, animal manure, dung, ashes, dead animal

carcasses, glass, plastic, metal tin cans, etc. The major sources of solid waste and the type of

solid waste that we observed are tabulated below.

Table 8: Sources of Solid waste

Sources Type of wastes Remarks

Household Food waste, paper, plastics,

textiles, wood, glass

metals, ashes, batteries etc

Organic: used for

composting

Other: handover to

municipal waste collector

Commercial Food waste, housekeeping

waste, plastics, papers.

Hand over to municipal

waste collector, Scrap

Buyer

Institutional Paper, plastics, food waste,

glasses, metal

Schools:

Paper and plastics: burn the

paper and plastics

Other: handover to the

municipal solid waste

Scrap Buyer

Farm Crops, leaves, grasses,

animal manure

Completely use for

agriculture and compost

Bulky waste Furniture waste Making compost

Workshop waste Dump in the open land and

drainage.


2.2 Data sources and data collection method

In order to make the study more reliable and authentic various methods were applied.

Quantitative data of the waste generated from sampling households, institutional sectors, and

commercial sectors were noted along with the data to the segregated waste from each

sampling site. The existing condition of the waste management practice was studied.



Primary data collection

For the collection of primary data, questionnaire survey was conducted in the household,

institutions, and the commercial sectors. Random sampling method was used. Each

household, schools, shops, offices, restaurants were asked to keep twenty-four hours waste.

The next day, waste was collected, segregated and weighed. Total volume and weight of each

waste was recorded, Waste characterization of 10 households was done by combining

together. But the waste collected form institutions and commercial sectors were characterized

individually. The field visit was done to the open municipal compost and dumping site. The

staffs at the field were interviewed about the existing conditions of the site.

Secondary data collection

For the collection of secondary data we visited the Bhaktapur Municipal Jana Jyoti Library.

Past reports, published and unpublished journal articles; brochures published by municipality

were studied meticulously to check the relevancy of the collected data.

During the survey ten wards (Ward no: 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 17) from Bhaktapur

Municipality were taken as the sampling sites. Moreover the sampling was representative

sampling. This selection was done after the discussion with the municipality members so as to

cover the periphery region, core region along with the coverage of highly populated area.

In order to carry the survey various equipments were used. To measure the quantity of the

waste, Portable Electronic Scale, digital spring balance showing the minimum weight of 10

gm to maximum 40 gm was used. The instrument used was a Chinese instrument of WeiHeng

Company. Gloves and masks, closed bag were used while handling the wastes.

Figure 2: Gloves Figure 3: Digital Spring Balance



Process of sampling includes the following steps:

Firstly 10 sampling wards were selected within which 100 household, 20 commercial

sectors, and 20 institutional sectors were taken for conducting the questionnaire

survey.

In the first day, the questionnaire form was filled up selecting the ward for that

particular day. The respondents were requested to collect the waste generated in 24 hrs

after the questionnaire survey was carried.

Questionnaire survey was carried mostly in the morning and evening hours.

The next day, the waste generated from each household, commercial and institutions

were weighed out. The weight was noted separately.

The waste was segregated as organic waste, paper, plastic, metals, textile, rubber,

glass, etc and weight of each was noted.

In case of household the segregated waste of ten household were taken at the same

time.

The volume of waste was determined using a bag provided with known volume.

Finally the data collected were analyzed and interpreted.

Other than this, supplementary data were also collected from various sources. These included

the worker of the municipality, secondary data gathered from the library, local people,

institutional and commercial persons etc.

2.2.1 Household SWM survey

Ten households were selected in each ward using Right Hand Rule following the Principle of

Systematic Random Sampling Technique. The selection was also made on the basis of various

socio- economic statuses, household size, and the ethnic group as well.

2.2.2 Institutional and industrial survey

The represented institutional sectors were selected from each sampling ward. For the

institutions, each representative school, college, government office, NGOs, social

organization were taken as the sample existing within the sampling wards.



2.2.3 Market waste survey

Similarly, for the Commercial sectors representative sample were taken. Commercial sectors

include restaurants, hotels, vegetable shop, banking sectors, departmental store, masala shop,

cosmetic shop, kirana shop etc. The selection was done so as to give the overall picture of the

commercial sector existing within the municipality.

2.2.4 Standard questionnaires

Standard questionnaires prepared by Solid Waste Management Technical Support Centre

(SWMTSC) were used for the questionnaire survey (Annex D)

2.3 Secondary sources of data

For the collection of secondary data we visited the Bhaktapur Municipal Jana Jyoti Library,

past reports, journal articles, brochures published by municipality, and Websites etc in order

to check the relevancy of the collected data.

2.4 Observation and photography

Figure 4: Waste transported to the Municipal Compost Plant, Sallaghari



Figure 5: Staffs segregating at the compost site

Figure 6: Questionnaires to the municipal Staff about the present conditions of the site



Figure 7: Tipper transporting waste to the dig dump siteHanumancha

Figure 8: Dozer pressing and spreading the waste



Figure 9: Surveying with the staffs at dig dump site

Figure 10: Collecting waste from School



Figure 11: Collecting waste from Household

2.5 Quality control

In order to have relevant data, the data collected were cross checked with the secondary data

and many reports relating to this subject matter were studied. The data collected were kept

without any change in it. To minimize the error and increase the efficiency of this research

some more numbers of sample size was taken then required. Regular consolation with the

supervisors was done for confusions created during working period.

2.6 Study limitations

The study covers only municipal waste, industrial waste or hazardous waste is not included

Due to resource limitations, the waste generation study is designed with limited samples, and

one time sampling of waste generation Despite of all the limitations, as the study was carried

out under a scientific design, and as all the methodologies were used very effectively, this

study is comprehensive and reflects the present status of solid waste management in the

Municipality.



3. SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Introduction

Going through the existing situation of SWM in Bhaktapur Municipality, it was observed that

total waste generation was 28 tons/day but only 25 tons/day of waste were being collected.

The waste generation rate was 0.3 kg/d/p. Regular waste collection has been done in the

streets and open public places 2-3 times in a day as per managed by the municipality. Door to

door waste collection is popular in household level.

3.2 Waste characterization

The composition of waste showed that organic waste as the largest portion of the waste stream

in the household waste. However, it is relatively higher (83%) in comparison to other part of

the country. Similarly, the portion of plastic and paper in household waste was quite high

which was around 10% and 4% respectively.

1. Identification of waste generation sources: In this survey the sources of waste

generators includes: Residential, commercial and institutional sources.

2. Categorization of the waste sample: The categorization of the collected waste was

done under the following category: Organic waste, plastics, paper/paper products,

glass, metals (Ferrous, Aluminum, and others), textiles, rubber and leathers, and

others.

3. Collection of the existing information: This included the information collected from

previous solid waste management. Further plans of municipality and their SWM

documents, and information gathered from the municipal workers etc.

The table 9 depicts the waste generation from different sources from each different wards.

Maximum waste was generated from commercial sector where as minimum generation of

waste is from Institutional sector.



Table 9: Waste generated from different sources from each wards

Sources of

waste Ward2

ward

3

Ward

4

Ward

7 Ward8

Ward

11

Ward

13 Ward 14 Ward15 Ward17

Household 5.65 4.69 3.31 5.13 7.26 5.6 8.96 5.32 6.72 7.99

Commercial 4.14 4.05 2.96 5.21 2.96 56.84 4.66 4.11 0.65 13.96

Institutional 5.64 0.4 5.18 2.49 2.61 9.64 7.68 4.44 6.16 4.29

Chart 1: Waste generated from different sources of each wards

3.2.1 Domestic waste

The solid waste collection services were not facilitated to all the wards of municipalities.

Open Composting was found to be the most popular in the house hold for the kitchen waste.

Most of the people reuse the kitchen waste as food for animals. Few people burn the waste

and the remaining waste were handed to the municipal waste collector. According to the

survey the average per capita household waste generation rate is 0.11 Kg/capita/day and total

daily waste generation is 28 tons.



Table 10: Household waste Characterization of Different wards

waste

composition Ward2 Ward3 Ward4 Ward7 Ward8 Ward11 Ward13 Ward14 Ward15 Ward17

Organic 5.65 3.96 2.96 3.69 6.27 3.09 7.54 4.01 5.56 5.73

Plastics 0.39 0.44 0.13 0.33 0.25 0.69 1.1 1.01 0.53 0.44

paper 0.42 0.21 0.11 0.52 0.46 0.76 0.18 0.3 0.47 0.8

Glass 0 0 0.11 0 0 0.12

0

Metals 0.23 0 0.25 0 0

0

Textiles 0 0.08 0.03 0.09 0

0.16 0.08

Rubber

0 0 0 0 0

0

Others 0.97 0 0.31 0.19 0.97 0.14

0.94

Chart 2: Household characterization in each ward



Chart 3: Composition of household waste

The pie chart above vivid the composition of household waste of surveyed wards. It shows

that the composition of household waste is as 83% organic wastes, 10% plastics, 4% paper,

0.6 % Glasses, 0.80% textiles wastes, 0.30% other wastes like electronic wastes.

Table 11: Per capita household waste generation per day in different ward

Ward no. Family no Total

waste(kg)

Per capita

generation

(kg/d/p)

Average per capita

generation

(kg/d/p)

2 77 7.66 0.10

0.11

3 49 4.69 0.10

4 54 3.31 0.06

7 50 5.33 0.11

8 67 7.76 0.11

11 56 5.85 0.10

13 56 8.96 0.16

14 52 5.32 0.10

15 61 6.72 0.11

17 72 8.81 0.12

Total 594 64.41 1.07



Above data shows ward no. 13 have maximum per capita waste generation. This is the main

durbar chertra area more mobilization of tourist and visitors as comparison to the other wards.

Ward no. 14 has minimum waste generation i.e. 0.06 per capita per day which is peripheral

area of the municipality.

3.2.2 Institutional and industrial waste

All the 20 institutions of the ten wards included schools, government and non government

offices etc. The waste generated from the institutions ranges from 0.5 kg per day to 16.44 kg

per day. This range varies from according to nature, size of offices and numbers of employees

and visitors.

Table 12 depicts the waste characterization of sampled institutions. From the table it can be

concluded that organic wastes, plastics and paper are the major waste generated from

institutions in Bhaktapur Municipality.

Table 12: Waste Characterization of sampled Institutions

Ward

no

Organic Plastic Paper Glass Metals textiles Rubber Others Totals

4 1.04 2.04 2.02 0.03 5.18

3 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.03 0.40

14 1.01 1.69 1.67 0.04 4.44

13 2.02 2.1 3.37 0.08 0.06 7.68

15 3.21 0.53 1.69 0.09 0.64 6.16

7 4.14 1.52 1.64 0.98 2.49

8 0.88 0.24 0.47 0.32 0.65 0.05 2.61

2 5.64 3.91 9.92 1.27 1.23 1.11 1.04 3.14 27.26

17 0.52 0.48 1.66 0.5 0.12 0.03 0.98 4.29

11 1.93 2.89 3.75 0.15 1.84 9.64

Total



Chart 4: Composition of Institutional Waste

Pie chart above depicts the composition of characterization of institutional waste. In

Institutional waste the largest portion of organic waste is generated i.e. 34%. 29 % of Paper

and 19% of plastics is generated following the organic waste. Rubber, Glasses, and textiles

are insignificant in institutional waste.

3.2.3 Commercial waste

Wastes generated from commercial places like shops, hotels, and restaurants vary according

to their sizes and the flow of customers. Wastes generated in vegetable markets were mostly

organic, paper and plastic with 39%, 21%, and 18% percentage respectively. Waste generated

from commercial waste in the municipality varies from 0.23kg per day to 55.66 kg per day.



Table 13: Commercial Waste Characterization

Chart 5: Commercial Waste Characterization

Ward

no.

Waste Characterization Tota

l Organi

c

Plastic Paper Glass Metals Texile Rubb

er

Others

2 0.96 0.24 0.32 0.14 1.25 0 0 1.23 4.14

3 3.24 0.38 0.40 0.03 0 0 0 0 4.05

4 2.03 0.59 0.14 0 0.20 0 0 0 2.96

7 4.41 0.25 0.18 0.12 0 0 0.08 0.17 5.21

8 0.23 0.40 1.16 0 0 0.14 0 1.03 2.96

11 42.53 4.70 3.84 0 1.65 0.09 0.07 3.96 56.84

13 3.19 0.59 0.86 0 0.02 0 0 0 4.66

14 2.14 0.98 0.90 0 0.09 0 0 0 4.11

15 0.37 0.09 0.19 0 0 0 0 0 0.65

17 11.08 0.40 0.38 0 0.49 0.27 0 1.28 13.90



The pie chart above depicts the waste composition of commercial sectors from sampled

wards. The commercial waste comprised 39% organic waste. Plastic waste was much higher

with 21% of total waste generated. Paper comprises 18% where as textiles and Rubber were

insignificant in commercial waste.

3.2.4 Special waste

Characterization of special waste was not done during this survey. Though, the electronic

waste, medicinal waste, and hazardous waste were found in the municipality.



4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

According to the data provided by the Municipality and the field survey conducted in May

2008, the average per capita household waste generation rate was 0.30kg/capita/day and the

total daily waste generation was 25 tons. (Bhaktapur Municipality, 2008). The figures were

similar to the national average waste generation rate of 0.25kg/ capita/day and the value for

the Kathmandu metropolitan area of 0.39kg/person/day (SWMRMC, 2008 data). The

composition of household waste at source was 75% organic or biodegradable waste, 2.25%

paper, 3% textiles, 3.4% plastic, 0.3% metal, 1.05% glass, 11.0% construction debris, and

4.0% other materials. (Bhaktapur municipality, 2008).

Bhaktapur Municipality was doing good effort for the management of waste generated. Yet

they have been facing many problems regarding the management of plastic waste, and the

negligence done by the public.

Bhaktapur residents place their garbage at designated places in the streets either in the

evening or morning. Sweepers employed by the Municipality clean the streets and other

public places and collect the waste at the same designated places. Before 1990 the

municipality had placed waste containers at several locations but they were damaged during

political disturbances. After that municipality chooses 93 waste collection points in the city

have been designated in consent with the local people and waste collectors.

The view of people are scattered depending on their individual‟s will and necessities than

common problems. The waste collector scolds the house hold people for generating the heavy

and large amount of waste.

4.1 Collection and segregation

Collection of the wastes include not only the gathering of the solid wastes and recyclable

materials, but also the transport of the collected material to the location where the collections

vehicle were emptied that may be either the transfer station, dumping site or landfill disposal

site. Regular waste collection has been conducted in the streets and open public spaces. For

the smooth collection of the waste manpower, vehicle and tools has been managed. The

collection of the waste was done 2-3 times in a day as per time schedule maintained by the

SWM Section.

Time and Motion of street sweeping and cleaning

Times sweeping per day in main roads: 6 a.m., 12 noon, and 16:00 p.m.

Times sweeping per day in others road: 6 a.m., 12 noon.



Waste pickers (tipan-tapan) : 8:00-3:00,10:00-5:00, 12:00-19:00 (They also works in

main road and necessary places)

Time motion of waste collection: 6:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. and 12:00 -5:00 p.m.

Table14: Existing waste collection pattern (estimated)

Types Amount

(tons/day)

Domestic waste 18

Commercial waste 5

Institutional waste 1

Industrial waste 1


In order to provide good service in collection of the waste, Bhaktapur Municipality was

providing various types of collection service which includes road side pickup service, door-

to-door collection services, chok to chok hand carrying collection services etc. Numbers of

equipments have been used for the collection of the waste which includes carts, kharpan,

plastic buckets, etc.

Municipality has been appealing its people for reducing waste generation at the source and its

segregation practices. Various programs have been conducted for the promotion of waste

segregation which includes:

Bucket distribution programme

For separating biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable wastes at source.

- Ward no. 14 – Tanani : 60 household

- Ward no. 17 – Bharbacho : 100 household

- Ward no. 2 – Libali : 85 household

- Ward no. 4 – Kamalbinayak : 70 household

Compost bin distribution

- Ward no. 2 – Libali : 25 household

- Ward no. 4 – kamalbinayak :25 household



4.2 Primary transportation and transfer station

In the field of SWM, the functional element of transfer and transport refers to the means,

facilities, and equipments used to affect the transfer of the waste from the relatively small

collection vehicle to larger vehicle and to transport them over the extended distance to either

the processing centre or disposal site. Transfer and transport operation becomes important

when the haul distance to available disposal site increases to the point that directly hauling is

no longer economically feasible. Transfer station is the station used to accomplish the

removal and transfer of solid waste from the collection site and the other small vehicle to

larger transport equipment. These were created in the municipality as per the need only. (10)

In this municipality numbers of transportation equipments has been used to provide good

collection services. The primary transportation included the handcarts, and tricycle etc. Then

the waste collected by these are finally carried to the dumping site and the composting site by

mini trucks, and pick up van which served as secondary transportation equipment. Bhaktapur

Municipality lacks the transfer station since all the collected wastes from the primary

transportation were directly taken to the dumping or composting site due to fewer distance of

the disposal site from city centre. The details on the existing collection and transportation

equipment are presented in the table below:

Table 15: Existing waste collection and transportation equipments:

S.N. Types of equipment Capacity (m3)

Number

1 Carts 0.18 88

2 Power tiller 1.62 2

3 Mini truck 3.9 4

4 Kharpan 0.06 33

5 Plastic bucket 0.01 100

6 Pick-up Van 1.34 6

7 Tipper NA 2




4.3 Final transportation and disposal methods

The safe and reliable long-term disposal of solid waste residue was an important component

of integrated waste management. The collected wastes within the municipality were finally

transported to dumping site where they are finally disposed by controlled dumping method.

The workers separated the degradable waste for composting process and the other remaining

were dumped in pit which were then covered by the soil. Other than this haphazard dumping

at the bank of Hanumante River by local dwellings in the nearby area was observed. Various

equipments have been used for final disposal. The details of these are:

Table 16: Existing equipments used for final disposal:

S.N. Type of equipment Capacity (m3) Number

1 Excavator 20 tons 1

2 Power tiller 1.62 2

3 Tipper N.A 2

4 Mini-trucks 3.9 4

5 Water tanker 3000 liter 1

6 Baku loader 6 tons 1

7 Chain dozer 6 tons 1


4.4 Resource recovery methods

Resource recovery method included processing technique used in the SWM systems to

improve the efficiency of the operations to recover resources and to recover the conversion

products and energy. It was important to project the extent of the resources recover processing

likely to occur in the future.

The locals of Bhaktapur municipality were practicing these methods since long time ago.

They have been dealing with the waste in traditional method. Since most of the waste

generated was organic they practice composting of the generated waste. Resource recovery

method can be described under following sub-headings:

4.4.1 Recycling

Not all but most of the people were observed to be inhabited of recycle process. They have

been segregating the paper waste, metals, and bottles. Then they sold the segregated waste to

kawadi from which they are having economic benefits. Municipality itself was also involved



in this practice. They have been launching paper recycle programme in various parts of the

municipality.

Individual Scarp level: They collect the recyclable materials like paper, metal, used plastic

wares, bottles, Aluminum cans etc. there were altogether seven Scarp dealer in the

municipality.

Institutional level: Some of the schools installed the paper recycle machine. Trained the

students about the reuse of the paper by making paper bags and paper crafts. Most of the

Schools burn the paper and plastic produce in their school and the ashes was used in the

garden of school compound.

4.4.2 Composting

Composting found to be most popular way of managing the solid waste in BM in both

household and municipal level. There are two Municipal level composting sites. One is in the

Sallagharian other in the Bhelukhel. At present the composting plant of Bhelukhel is not

function due to some public conflicts.

A Municipal level Composting Plant

1. Bhelukhel Compost Plant

The Bhelukhel compost plant was established in 1978 as part of the Bhaktapur Development

Project, which was implemented with the assistance of Germany from 1976 to 1984. The

compost plant was handed over the Bhaktapur Municipality in 1981. However, as the

municipality did not have sufficient incentive to compost its waste production gradually

decreased until it came to a complete halt in 1984. In 1988, the compost plant was

rehabilitated and some to the staff of the Bjaktpu Municipality were trained in compost plant

operation in assistance of German funded Solid Waste Management and Resource

Mobilization Centre. (SWMRMC). The plant restarted its operation in 1989. Since then the

plant has been operated by BM with occasional Technical Assistance from SWMRMC the

plant is located in Bhelukhel, which is a neighborhood in the southern part of the city on the

northern bank of Hanumant River. The plant is situated in a community mostly inhabited by

sweeper. But at present it is not in function due to the local conflict.

2. Sallaghari compost Plant

It was located in the ward no. 17, Sallaghari. Compost manure was formed by Manual field

heaping method. The waste was collected from ward no. 2, 4, 15, and 17. The manure was



sold to the farmer. The waste was carried from different wards in a tricycle. There were

altogether 7 staffs working at the plant. Waste was overturned in every 15-30 days. The

waste was segregated in the site by two staffs and the segregated plastics and non degradable

waste were buried in the land nearby.

B. Household level composting

Open composting was popular in most of the household in the municipality. Traditional way

of composting popular in the house hold was „NauGa‟and „Sa-ga‟. But at present mostly „Sa-

ga‟ was observed.

4.5 Special waste management

There was no systematic way of managing the special waste generated in the municipal level.

According to our observation the special and hazardous waste of the Bhaktapur Municipality

includes hospital waste, waste from slaughter house, construction demolition and bulky items

etc.

Construction and demolition: Waste was found to be deposited at the bank and open space

near Hanumante river (near by the Bhelukhel composting plant)

Hospital waste: Most of the waste was burn and remaining waste was dumped in the open

road. For some special waste were collected in a sack and kept in the nearby gate so that

scarps took it for recycle.

Slaughter house: There were altogether 44 slaughters in Bhaktapur Municipality. Most of the

waste generated from the slaughter house was deposited in the waste collection sites. Some of

the slaughter house dumped the waste directly in the bank of Haunamte River.

Dead animals: Municipality buried the dead animals in the pits near the dumping sites. As

per progress report presented by sanitation section for the year 2067/68: 271 numbers of dogs

and 39 numbers of Cows were buried in the land near by dumping site.

4.6 Public awareness and community mobilization

Bucket and Compost bin distribution

Municipality distributed the two bucket and compost bin in some selected for the behavioral

change. But still there was no any change in the way of handling and reducing and

segregating the waste at source. Bucked were distributed to 210 households in ward no. 15

along with training on source segregation, Reuse, Recycle and composting facility on



2068/02/21-22 and 6068/03/30. Same program was conducted in ward no. 2 on 2068/03/24,

30 in which 100 household were facilitated

Awareness programs:

Municipality conducted many awareness programs. Some time it worked with the some

institutions like Schools to create awareness to the school children. Some of the awareness

programs are listed below:

Conducted the community cleaning program by the municipality collaborating with

the ward office 11, and Bidhya Aarjan School from Adarsha Bus stop to

BhimshenSthan.

Launched the community cleaning program on the occasion of tourism year 2011, to

motivate and aware the public in cleanliness in collaboration with Bhaktapur

development Committee in 2067/9/16 from Bhaktapur Mini bus park to Taumadhi.

Conducted the training programme for municipal staffs on source segregation

technique so as to develop the habit of composting practice, which included 45 drivers

and helpers on date 2067/7/18. At the end of the training the participants were

provided with 2 buckets and 1 compost bin.



5 INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS

This section includes institutional and financial aspects of municipality that was involved in

solid waste management. Waste management deals with the technical as well as managerial

component. Good management practice like effective organizational structure, adequate

human and financial resource, proper planning for the optimum use of resources plays

essential role in effective waste management system. For sustainable SWM it requires

substantial human and financial resources. This chapter deals with the institutional and

financial management practices and systems implemented for dealing the solid waste

generated within the municipality.



5.1 Organizational structure

(Source:Municipality Office Bhaktapur)

5.2 Human resources and capacity

The number of staffs allocated for the waste management generally depends upon the

characteristics of the municipality and their experiences in dealing with waste management. In

terms of resource intensity, Bhaktapur Municipality is doing quite good job. Local people

were mobilized providing jobs relating SWM under different working positions. Some private

groups, institutional groups etc have been actively participated in cleaning programs

conducted by the municipality. But there were not any standard regarding the ideal number of

people served by the SWM workers. The existing human resources mobilized for SWM

activities are presented below:



Table no.17: Existing human resource for SWM service and their responsibility

S.N Position Number Type of work

1 Environmental officer 1 NA

2 Sub-section officer 1 Supervision/monitoring

3 Supervisor 2 Supervision/monitoring

4 Driver 13 Transportation/disposal

5 Sweeper 100 Street sweeping/public spaces

cleaning and collection

6 Waste loader 20 NA

7 Saphai majdur 14

Street sweeping/public spaces

cleaning and collection, dumping

site management

8 Tippan-tappan 47

Street sweeping/public spaces

cleaning and collection, dumping

site management

5.3 SWM service arrangements

The municipality is currently providing the street sweeping/public spaces cleaning, collection

of the waste from source, transportation and disposal of the waste 2-3 times in a day. It also

conducted many source segregation promotion programs within the locality which included

bucket distribution and compost bin distribution programmes in some selected wards (ward

no.2, 4, 14, and 17). Other than this municipality was conducting various SWM activities

including public awareness programme, training on introduction of 3R approach, direct

material distribution to local for waste segregation, etc.

The municipality was also launching special programmes in SWM for the poor and

disadvantaged people which include paper recycle programme with the job opportunities.

5.4 SWM short-term, mid-term and long-term plan

Vision of Bhaktapur Municipality: To promote Bhaktapur city as a tourist destination through

a better solid waste management.

Some future plans and programs of Bhaktapur Municipality for solid waste management:



Training, Campaign, workshop to the local people about source segregation (Short

term plans

Awareness on household waste mitigation. (Mid-Term)

Increases in 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system. (Mid-Term)

Building of compost plant at landfill site (Long-Term)

Demand and supply of skilled manpower (Long-Term)

New technology and other etc.

5.5 Actors involved in SWM

Flow Chart: Field Staffs Related on SWM

From the survey, and discussion carried with municipal officials, it seems that only Bhaktapur

municipality is responsible in carrying the SWM activities in the present context. Previously,

CBOs named Prayatna Nepal has participated in SWM programme carried by the

municipality in collaboration with JICA. (10)

5.6 Allocation of budget and expenditures

The amount of financial dedicated to waste management varies significantly according to the

nature of municipality. Sometimes due to financial constraints municipalities become unable

to provide adequate resources for waste management. So budget allocation is an important

part to carry the SWM activities in a municipality. The scenario of budget allocation for waste



management in Bhaktapur municipality as per provided data from municipal officials is

presented under following tables:

Table no. 18: Budget allocation (NRs.)

S.N. Particulars 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69

Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual Budgeted Actual

1 Total

Municipal

Budget

394000000 255830786 300101000 272105326 385000000 NA

2 Budget in

SWM

55350000 47999531 73375000 55428743 53700000 NA

3 Total

Expenditure

394000000 255830786 300101000 272105326 NA NA

4 Expenditure

in SWM

55350000 47999531 73375000 55428743 NA NA

Table no. 19: Details of expenditure for SWM services (NRs.)

S.N Expenditure

items

2066/67 2067/68 2068/69


1 Salary and

benefits

37700000 34862331 39200000 31370182 49800000 NA

2 Materials and

supplies

800000 720038 2500000* 2422261 3500000 NA

3 Fuel and

lubricants

2200000 2016044 2500000 2410411 3000000 NA

4 Equipment and

vehicle

maintenance

9600000 868449 2500000* NA 3500000 NA

5 Public

awareness and

education

300000 13285 200000 103200 250000 NA

6 Total

(*: Materials and supplies/equipment/vehicle maintenance are same value from F/Y 2067/68)



5.7 Revenue from SWM service charges

Bhaktapur municipality was collecting certain charges for providing SWM services to the

locals, and various institutions within it. During the survey it was observed that local people

were paying nominal service charge in order to develop the habit of paying for the service

provided. Certain mechanism has been developed for fixing SWM service charges. The

municipality collects waste collection charges at the annual rates of NRs.30 per kitchen

andNRs.60 for every 15 sq ft (1.4 m2) of shop floor area (Bhaktapur municipality, 2008 data).

Waste collection charges were based on the number of kitchens. This includes cleaning fees

(saphai sewa sulka), waste collection fee (for shops, party places, institutions, organization

etc.). The collected revenue from SWM service is shown in the table below:

Table no. 20: Revenue from SWM services

S.N Particulars 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69


1 Collection fees

(institution,

organization, etc.)

200000 114025 200000 150160 200000 NA

2 Collection from

each kitchen

400000 348161 400000 354846 400000 NA

3 Total 600000

5.8 SWM acts and regulations

Environment Protection Act, 1997

Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987

Environmental protection Rules, 1997

Solid Waste Management Act 2011

- Prime responsibility of the polluters to manage waste.

- Provisions for Reduction/ segregation at source/ transportation/ disposal/management/

of waste by generators, as prescribed method or at prescribed places by municipality.

- Promoting 3 R by the municipality

- Transfer station and sanitary landfill site



6 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

Despite the good SWM, municipality was facing many problems.

Even though two buckets were provided to each household, segregation was not done

properly.

Poor response of the public regarding the awareness programme conducted by BM.

Lack of land for designing landfill site.

Insufficiency of awareness generation programs, poor-legal provisions and strict

monitoring.

6.1 Problem and issues at municipal level

There was sufficient number of staffs. The numbers of staffs decreased then before because of

different problems just like the retirement, and age issues etc.

There was poor correlation between the SWM section and the public.

Unable to encourage people for developing ideas on minimization of waste generation

at the source.

There should be promotion of the drivers in every 5 years but due to some

administrative situation it has not be done. There is complained for these issues by the

drivers.

6.2 Problems and issues at the source of generation

Though the people were familiar to the solid waste management terms but still were

negligence. Despite the effective system of waste collection, the municipality was facing

problems by poor response for its efforts to encourage waste minimization at the source.

People were too much irresponsible and careless for the management side. They immediately

through the waste (garbage) after the sweeping and even after tipen tapan. The awareness

about the SWM seems to be most urgent for the school children.

6.3 Problems and issues of the existing SWM practice

The dumping by digging was lasted for 1 and half year in Ghoga Ganesh. After that it shifted

to Sipadol. It functions for 1 and half year. Then it was shifted to Sallaghari which remained

for 6 months. At present digging and dumping lies in the Hanumancha. This trend of shifting

of dumping sites shows that there was no sustainable and steady dumping sites allocate by the

municipality. Some of the issues related to dumping and political influences were summarized

below:



It was not able to include all the community people in the SWM activities carried by

municipality.

The waste generation rate was increasing. There was problem in finding land for

dumping site. So a well designed landfill was important to introduce.

Problems in maintenance of the existing equipment.

There was problem in launching new programmes of SWM practices due to lack of

elected officials.

No one was ready to provide the area (land) for landfill site. But most of the farmers

were ready to have dumping site. Lots of application comes in the municipal office

demanding for the dumping waste in their field and uplift the land.



7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusions

Solid waste was public by products and governments were responsible for it. The present

waste collection system of Bhaktapur municipality was studied in this research. The staffs

were motivated to their work which give better efficiency than the public does. Due to rapid

and haphazard urbanization in the city huge volume of waste was accumulated that cause

difficulty to the municipality to handle the waste alone. The act allows the municipalities to

involve the NGO‟s and communities in SWM.

Since Nepal is a developing country. The citizen has less per capita income than the high

income countries. The capacities of the towns to collect, process, reuse, and dispose solid

waste is less because of lack of high cost. History of the Bhaktapur city shows that waste

management was not a big problem in the past since the collection and disposal of solid waste

was started in systematic manner. The total waste generated in municipality was 28 tons per

day and 0.11 kg/capita/day is estimated. Organic waste was dominating in the composition

followed by plastics and paper.

Bhaktapur Municipality should mobilized solid waste as resources as and to privatize the

management work. Major portion of the wastes organic, but no any concrete plans of large

scale composting the waste are undertaken. The households composting was popular day by

day but not in significant level.

7.2 Recommendations

On the basis of above analysis the following few recommendation to Bhaktapur municipality;

Wide use of plastic and non degradable products in house should be discouraged.

Emphasis should be given at source reduction and adopting alternative waste

management practices to the possible extent, like composting, recycling etc.

The difficulty areas for the collection due to Narrow Street can be minimized by road

widening as far as possible.

Efficiency can be increased through the maintenance of equipment and vehicles and

scientific route planning and using and appropriate technology to manage the collected

wastage.

Strictly implementing the penalty provision for throwing waste haphazardly.



Waste management campaign organized by BM through community mobilization unit

should be made more intensive.

Emphasis should be given on the waste energy concept and mobilizing waste as

resources.

In BM, the problem is more at the institutional and managerial level so it should take

strict monitoring and legal action to defaulters through user‟s service charge.

People should be made responsible for managing their waste and also pay to manage

the waste in safe and efficient manner.

Segregating waste should be started form household level and the municipality should

also segregate the organic in organic, hazardous and non hazardous wastes and dispose

it separately which could protect environmental degradation and create employment

opportunities too.



REFERENCES

United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2010

EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration.

http://www.citypopulation.de/, city Population Retrieved:9 Dec, 2011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste

G Tchobanoglous et.al, 1993. „Integrated solid waste management, Engineering principles

and management issue.

Study on SWM for Kathmandu Valley, CKV study report Japan, JICA, Assistant to Nepal.

K. Pant 2010, “Action Reach on Solid Waste Management in Suryavinayak School,

Bhaktapur” Kathmandu University.

R. Wenju, “River Degradation and Livelihood Impacts: Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal in

Hanumante River in Bhaktapur”

B. Tuladhar and A. Bania, 1997, “Technical and Economic Analysis of Bhaktapur Compost

Plant-Nepal”

http://www.citypopulation.de/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste



ANNEXES

Annex A: Recommendation letter from municipality



Annex B Maps

Bhaktapur district in Nepal

Boundary of Bhaktapur Municipality



Bhaktapur Municipality office



Annex C: Photographs

Segregating waste

Segregating waste



Weighting the waste at source Waste collecting from source

Transporting the waste at segregating site



Waste collecting from source

Waste collection by Municipality Paper craft made by School children



Waste dumped at the side of river Collection site made nearby temple

Secondary data collection from municipal officials

Hand cart used for door-door waste collection Waste dumped in open roads



Compost bin in ward no.2, distributed by municipality

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