Solid Waste Management Department of Geology and Environment science at Islamic University of Gaza...

Solid Waste Management

Department of

Geology and Environment science

at Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) -represent-

-March 2007-

Presented by

Prof. Dr. Samir Afifi

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2- Waste Characterization 2- Waste Characterization

2-Waste Characterization

2.1 Introduction2.2 Waste Generation Rates 2.3 Waste Composition 2.4 Waste Trends

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Main elements of waste characterization:

• Waste sources and types • Waste generation rate• Waste composition

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Important of waste characterization:

It is necessary to monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions.

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2.1 Waste sources and types

There are eight major classifications of solid waste generators based on waste source:

Residential, Industrial, Commercial, Institutional, construction and Demolition, Municipal services, Process, and Agricultural.

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SourceTypical waste generators

Types of solid wastes

Residential Single and multifamily dwellings

Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes

IndustrialLight and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants

Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes

Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste”.

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Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc.

Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes

InstitutionalSchools, hospitals, prisons, government centers

Same as commercial

Construction and Demolition

New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings

Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.

Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes


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Municipal services

Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants

Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge

ProcessHeavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing

Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification products, slag, tailings



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AgricultureCrops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms

Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides)


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MSW includes:

Residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, construction, demolition, process, and municipal services.

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• Some sources are commonly excluded, such as industrial, construction and demolition, and municipal services.

• In high income countries, only 25 percent to 35 percent of the overall waste stream is from residential sources.

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• If municipal waste stream includes construction and demolition waste, the quantity of waste is doubled.

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2.2 Waste Generation RatesFactors Influence Waste Generation Rates:

• Socioeconomic development,

• Degree of industrialization,

• Climate.

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• Greater the economic wealth and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced

• Low income countries have the lowest percentage of urban populations and the lowest waste generation rates,

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• As GNP increases toward the middle income range, the per capita waste generation rates also increase,

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CountryGNP Per Capita

Current Urban

(1995 US $)MSW Generation(kg/capita/day)

Low Income4900.64

Nepal2000.50

Bangladesh2400.49

Myanmar2400.45

Vietnam2400.55

Mongolia3100.60

India3400.46

Lao PDR3500.69

China6200.79

Sri Lanka7000.89

CountryGNP Per Capita

MSW Generation(kg/capita/day)

Middle Income

1,4100.73

Indonesia9800.76

Philippines1,0500.52

Thailand2,7401.10

Malaysia3,8900.81

High Income30,9901.64

Korea, Republic of

9,7001.59

Hong Kong22,9905.07*

Singapore26,7301.10

Japan39,6401.47*Enormous quantities of construction and demolition waste

Table 2: Current Urban Municipal Solid Waste Generation

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2.3 Waste Composition

• Factors Influence Waste Composition:• Geographical location,• Standard of living,• Energy source, and • Weather

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Percentages based on a weighted average of the compositions for individual countries

Compositions for municipal solid waste based on wet weight

Different definitions and methodologies for determining composition

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Figure 1: Waste Composition of Low, Middle, and High Income Countries

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Conclusion • Low and middle income countries have a high percentage of compostable organic matter (40 to 85%)

• Percentage of consumer packaging wastes increases relative to the population’s degree of wealth and urbanization.

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Continue Conclusion • Presence of paper, plastic, glass, and metal becomes more prevalent in the waste stream of middle and high income countries.

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Figure 2: Variations in Waste Generation and Composition

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2.4 Waste Trends

Figure 3: United States Material Consumption Trends,

1900-89 (millions of tones)

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• Japan has experienced waste trends comparable to the United States. Waste quantities were rising until 1970, declined temporarily after the 1973 energy crisis, and then rose again slightly.

• Since 1990, generation rates have stabilized due to an economic slow-down and the implementation of waste reduction policies.

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Figure 4: China City Waste Composition

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• China is also experiencing rapid population and economic growth. Consequently, municipal solid waste is increasing in excess of 10 percent per year.

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• MSW quantities have increased from 1.19 million tones in 1985 to 1.50 million tones in 1993

• Composition shifting towards plastic and paper packaging a reflection of improved living standards.

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CountryGNP Per Capitain 2025( US $)

2025 UrbanPopulation(% of Total)

2025 UrbanMSW Generation(kg/capita/day)

Low Income

1,05048.80.6-1.0

Nepal36034.30.6

Bangladesh44040.00.6

Myanmar58047.30.6

Vietnam58039.00.7

Mongolia56076.50.9

India62045.20.7

Lao PDR85044.50.8

China1,50054.50.9

Sri Lanka1,30042.61.0

Middle Income

3,39061.10.8-1.5

Indonesia2,40060.71.0

Philippines2,50074.30.8

Thailand6,65039.11.5

Malaysia9,40072.71.4

High Income

41,140

88.21.1-4.5

Korea, Republic of

17,600

93.71.4

Hong Kong31,000

97.34.5

Singapore36,000

100.01.1

Japan53,500

84.91.3Table 3: 2025 Urban Per Capita Municipal Solid Waste Generation

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Waste generation rate for low income countries increase by approximately 0.2 kg per day

Packaging wastes, such as paper, plastic, and glass, will increase as economies increase

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Middle income countries should anticipate increase of about 0.3 kg/c.d

Overall, waste composition is predicted to become even more variable as the percentage of compostable matter declines, and packaging wastes, especially paper and plastic, increase.

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Figure 5: Total Waste Quantities and Volumes Generated by Low, Middle and High Income Countries (per day)

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MSW Status By 2025:•Urban populations from low and middle income countries will triple their current rate of MSW generation

•Low income countries will generate more than twice as much MSW than all of the middle and high income countries

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Continue MSW Status By 2025:

•Such a dramatic increase will place enormous stress on limited financial resources and inadequate waste management systems.

•Per capita MSW generation rate in high income countries is expected to remain stable or even decrease slightly due to the strengthening of waste minimization programs.

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•Overall MSW composition for high income countries is predicted to be relatively stable;

•A different trend when comparing waste volume; Average waste densities of 500 kg/m3, 300 kg/m3, and 150 kg/m3 were used to calculate the volume of waste generated for low, medium, and high income

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•Low income countries currently produce the highest quantity of waste on mass basis; high income countries generate the most waste on volumetric basis.

•Increase in volume result of paper, plastics, bulky wastes, and other multi-material packaging in high income countries. Low and middle income countries have a larger percentage of high density organic matter and ash residues

Solid Waste Management Department of Geology and Environment science at Islamic University of Gaza...

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