Solid and liquid waste management in smart cities

Solid and LiquidWaste Management

IN SMART CITIES

RV College of EngineeringDepartment of Electronics and Communication

Presented by: R Jayanth, 1RV15EC112

Methodology•Phase-I

• Introduction to smart cities• Need for smart waste management• Ultrasonic bin level sensor• Wastewater treatment by electrolysis• Big data analytics of waste management• Manufacture of bricks from sewage sludge

•Phase-II• Nuclear waste management• Efficient design of sewage systems• Electronic waste recycling machinery• Waste to energy conversion

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Smart Cities• Across the world, the stride of migration from rural to urban

areas is increasing. By 2050, about 70 per cent of the population will be living in cities.

• A 'smart city' is an urban region that is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and market viability.

• It is a city where information technology is the principal infrastructure and the basis for providing essential services to residents.

• The goal of building a smart city is to improve the quality of life by using technology to improve the efficiency of services and meet residents’ needs.

• The core infrastructure elements in a smart city would include: • adequate water supply• assured electricity supply• sanitation, including solid waste management• efficient urban mobility and public transport• affordable housing, especially for the poor• robust IT connectivity and digitalization

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Objective• As the population of a city grows, the necessity for a

proper waste management system becomes critical.• Following are some objectives of having a smart waste

management system:(a) To control different types of pollution, i.e., air pollution,

soil pollution, water pollution etc.(b) To stop the spread of infectious diseases.(c) To conserve all our environmental resources, including

forest, minerals water etc.(d) To recycle hazardous wastes for further production.(e) Reduce the amount of time and energy required to

provide waste management services.

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Physics

• Garbage trucks often visit containers that do not need emptying, which wastes both time and fuel. But with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart sensors, routes can be optimized.• These sensors work using

ultrasound.• Ultrasounds are sound

waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.

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Ultrasonic bin level sensor

Physics

• They work using piezoelectric transducers.• An ultrasonic transducer is a device

that converts AC into ultrasound, as well as the reverse, sound into AC.• The piezoelectric effect is the

appearance of an electrical potential across the sides of a crystal when subjected to mechanical stress.• Piezoelectric crystals change size and

shape when a voltage is applied; AC voltage makes them oscillate at the same frequency and produce ultrasonic sound.• A transducer produces an ultrasound

pulse directed at the obstacle. 6


Physics• The waves reflect back to the transducer, where reverse

piezoelectric effect occurs, i.e. an electric potential develops at the crystal.• The sensor measures the time lag between the emitted

ultrasonic pulse and the received echo and calculates the distance to the obstacle using the speed of sound.• At room temperature, the speed of sound in air is about 344

m/s.

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Electrical Engineering

• Both nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients which prompt the growth of photosynthetic algae and other photosynthetic aquatic life, leading to the acceleration of eutrophication and excessive loss of oxygen resources.• Nutrients removal from wastewater is generally conducted by

two conventional methods. Biological nutrient removal (BNR) and chemical precipitation by addition of metal salts.• Both of these techniques have their disadvantages.• The electrochemical process is a very attractive method to

extirpate just about any pollutant in water and wastewater involving extremely small particles or toxic organic compounds.• A number of electrochemical processes have been derived

to remove deleterious or dispensable constituents in water, for example, electro-oxidation, electro-coagulation, electro-flocculation , and so on. 8

Wastewater Treatment by Electrolysis Technology


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• This system uses low current and constant voltage, and a renewable copper electrode.• It comprises of three parts:

reactor for electrolysis, power supply, and pneumatic cleaning system.• The electrolysis experiment was

performed under constant voltage of 24V and variable current with an upper limit of 10A. • The electrolysis results in the

decomposition of water into H2 at the cathode and O2 at the anode by an electric current being passed through the water.


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• The principle of this process is that hypochlorous acid generated on anodes reacts with ammonium ions in waste water and is oxidized into harmless nitrogen gas.• The nitrogen content in the water decreases continuously during

the progress of the electrolysis, thus preventing the sewage from undergoing eutrophication, and subsequent loss of oxygen content.

Mathematics

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Big Data Analytics Towards Efficient Waste Management

• Big Data refers to extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behaviour and interactions.• It has the following characteristics:• Volume: Each day 2.3 trillion gigabytes of new data is being created.• Velocity: The speed of data being obtained• Variety: The different types of data, structured, as well as, unstructured.

• Research has been conducted in relation to waste collection and efficiency in the areas of a) cost efficient waste management, b) optimal route algorithms, and c) real-time data.

Mathematics

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• A study conducted in Stockholm, Sweden collected over 500,000 entries in a waste dataset including information like the amount and unit of waste, the type of waste, the collection address, time and date, etc.• Geocoding: The addresses were entered into a mapping software and

tagged with their location.• Mapping of Waste vehicle Routes: The daily route of the waste vehicles

was plotted using a software tool. The efficiency of the trip can be quantified using the ratio of transported waste during a trip divided by the travelled distance:

β = • Choropleth Mapping: To generate waste maps, the addresses were

sorted by zip code and were colour coded according to the amount of waste generated.

Mathematics

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Chloropleth of amount of waste generated per inhabitant in Stockolm, Sweden

Civil Engineering

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Manufacture of bricks from sewage sludge

• The building construction sector consumes conventional materials such as brick, clay, sand, gravel, and cement, etc., which are generated directly or indirectly from natural resources • For thousands of years, bricks have been made from clay. Brick

is one of the most common masonry units as a building material due to its properties. • Overexploitation of top soil has led to the need for alternative

building materials.• Sewage sludge refers to the

residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater.• It has been found that each person

produce 35 to 85 grams of solid sludge per day.

Civil Engineering

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• Since the composition of sludge is similar to that of clay, it is used in the process of brick making as an alternative material.

• The sludge is mixed with soil, fly ash and water, and placed in moulds.• It is left to dry in the sun for 2 days, after which is fired in a brick kiln.• The properties of the sludge bricks are relatively similar to that of

commercial clay bricks.

Civil Engineering

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Alternative building materials like these will be an important part of ensuring sustainable use of resources, which is one of the criteria for a smart city.

references[1] The Pulse of Automation, Pepperl+Fuchs GmbH[2] Big Data GIS Analytics Towards Efficient Waste Management in Stockholm, Shahrokni , van der Heijde et al, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, 2014[3] What is a smart city?, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, 2015[4] Agro-industrial Wastewater Treatment by Electrolysis Technology, DaeGun Kim , WooYeol Kim et al, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2013[5] Brick Manufacturing From Water Treatment Sludge And Rice Husk Ash, Badr El-Din E. Hegazy et al, Australian University of Applied Science, 2012

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Solid and liquid waste management in smart cities

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