Solid and liquid waste management in smart cities - Phase 2

Solid and LiquidWaste Management

IN SMART CITIES

RV College of EngineeringDepartment of Electronics and Communication

Presented by: R Jayanth, 1RV15EC112 PHASE II

Objective• As the population of a city grows, the necessity for a

proper waste management system becomes critical.• Following are some objectives of having a smart waste

management system:(a) To control different types of pollution, i.e., air pollution,

soil pollution, water pollution etc.(b) To stop the spread of infectious diseases.(c) To conserve all our environmental resources, including

forest, minerals water etc.(d) To recycle hazardous wastes for further production.(e) Reduce the amount of time and energy required to

provide waste management services.

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Nuclear Waste Management

• In addition to hydro, marine, solar, and wind power, nuclear power will a key element of smart cities.

• It is the world’s most concentrated energy source.• Despite it’s reputation, nuclear power remains one of the safest yet

economic means of power generation.• However, one major obstacle is the disposal of radioactive waste

generated from nuclear power plants. 3

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Types of radioactive waste: • LLW: Generated from hospitals and industry, as well as the nuclear power plants.• ILW:• contains higher amounts of

radioactivity and in some cases requires shielding.

• Includes resins, chemical sludge and metal reactor nuclear fuel cladding

• HLW:• It contains fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor

core.• It is highly radioactive and often hot. It is the most dangerous type.• Tc-99 (half-life 220,000 years), I-129 (half-life 15.7 million years)

Nuclear Waste Management

Civil Engineering

Deep borehole disposal• Disposing of high-level radioactive

waste from nuclear reactors in extremely deep boreholes.• Waste is placed about five kilometers

beneath the surface of the Earth. Waste is sealed in strong steel containers and lowered down the borehole.• Borehole is then sealed with materials,

including perhaps clay, cement, crushed rock backfill.

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Nuclear Waste Disposal

Civil EngineeringDeep geological repository• A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated

deep within a stable geologic environment (typically below 300 m).• Common elements of repositories include the radioactive waste, the

containers enclosing the waste, other engineered barriers or seals around the containers, the tunnels housing the containers, and the geological makeup of the surrounding area.

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Civil Engineering

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Civil EngineeringGeological Constraints• Circulation of water - increases the speed at which engineered barriers

such as metal casing will degrade.• Properties of host rock• Erosion – should be minimum• Hazards like earthquake / volcanic eruption.

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Physics• Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical

element or an isotope into another.• The nuclear waste Transmutation is a possible component of

the nuclear fuel cycle, that aims to transform a large fraction of the long term source of radioactivity, radiotoxicity and heat into stable or short lived.• This will increase the capacity of the geological repositories

as the waste does not need to be stored for as long.

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Nuclear waste disposal by transmutation

Physics

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Nuclear waste disposal by transmutation

Physics

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Nuclear waste reprocessing• Nuclear

reprocessing technology is used to chemically separate and recover fissionable uranium and plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel.• Benefits:• Reduces the load on existing

repositories• Avoids the need to spend large

amounts of money on waste storage

• Avoids the need to build more repositories

• Reduces the time for which waste remains radioactive• The Tarapur Atomic Power Station in Maharashtra is constructing a Nuclear Reprocessing Facility, expected to be complete by 2020.

Physics

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Nuclear waste reprocessingOnce-Through Cycle

Closed Fuel Cycle

Electrical Engineering

• Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life.• Electronic scrap components, such

as CPUs, may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants.• Great care must be taken to avoid unsafe

exposure in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.• It is possible to recover some valuable

metals from e-Waste before disposal using an eddy current separator. 13

Recycling of e-Waste


• Eddy currents are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor, due to Faraday's law of induction.• Eddy current separation is based on the

use of a magnetic rotor with alternating polarity, spinning rapidly inside a non-metallic drum driven by a conveyor belt.• As non-ferrous metals pass over the drum,

the alternating magnetic field creates eddy currents in the non-ferrous metal particles repelling the material away from the conveyor.• While other materials drop off at the end

of the conveyor, the non-ferrous metals are propelled forward over a splitter for separation. 14



Separation of Ferrous from Non-FerrousThe non-ferrous block drops off at the end of the conveyor belt. The ferrous block stays stuck to the magnets inside the roller and drops off further right.

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Separation of Non-metal from Non-FerrousThe non-metal block drops off at the end of the conveyor belt due to gravity.The non-ferrous metal block is flung to the left due the high eddy currents induced by the fast spinning magnets.

Mathematics

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Waste management modelling using GIS

• Usually, manual street collection of waste bins in current waste management systems is based on practical experience and intuitive methods. These are inefficient and expensive.• There is a need of a system that minimises costs while suggesting

collection frequencies and schedules, bin re-allocation, and optimal vehicle route.• A geographic information (GIS) system is an interconnected web of

hardware and software designed to collect, organize, analyze, store and display spatially referenced data in order to answer complex questions.• A design of a waste management system can be undertaken by

applying a methodology based on the distribution network design, consisting of three phases: bin clusterisation, vehicle routing, and fleet design.

Mathematics

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Mathematics

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• Each bin has an associated parameter hi related to its temporal attribute.• A temporal parameter Hj is defined for each

cluster, where Nj represents a group of bins belonging to cluster j.• A representative bin is elected for each cluster

and the remaining bins are assigned to it.• The minimum number of hubs (HubMIN) or

number of clusters is defined as the ratio between the total quantity of solid waste deposited in bins and the capacity of the utilised vehicles. • Qi is the quantity of solid waste deposited in bin

i (kg), L is the total number of bins to be served, and Cv is the vehicle capacity (kg).

Mathematics

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Waste management modelling using GISLocal search improvement:A bin is re-assigned to another cluster in a without violating the vehicle maximum capacity restriction for each cluster. However, each time a bin with hi = 1 is assigned to another cluster, the temporal parameter Hj of each cluster must be verified before and after the change.On the other hand, if the bin may be served at any period, the cluster’s temporal parameter will remain unchanged.

references[1] Urban solid waste collection system using mathematical modelling and tools of geographic information systems, Claudia Andrea Arribas et al., Andrés Bello National University Chile, 2009[2] Eddy current separation of fine non-ferrous particles from bulk streams, Shahrokni , Francesca Settimo et al, Physical Separation in Science and Engineering, 2004[3] Nuclear Waste Transmutation, Enrique M. Gonzalez, European Physics Society, 2004[4] Nuclear Waste Disposal – Geological Constraints, Anand Paul

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THANK YOU

Solid and liquid waste management in smart cities - Phase 2

Education

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