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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Solar Solar Solar Solar CollectorsCollectorsCollectorsCollectors for Solar for Solar for Solar for Solar CooolingCooolingCooolingCooolingMarketMarketMarketMarket status status status status andandandand newnewnewnew developmentsdevelopmentsdevelopmentsdevelopments

João Farinha Mendesfarinha.mendes@ineti.pt

DER / INETI

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

1878 Paris World Exibition :

In the 29th September, Augustin Mouchot used

the absorption machine of Edmund

Carré to obtain the first piece of ice with solar

energy.

Mouchot, Augustin:La chaleur Solaire et ses Applications Industrielles(German translation, published in Olynthus, 1987)

Active solar cooling. The first experiments

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Father Himalaya FatherHimalaya in 1902

Father Manuel A. Gomes near his Pyrheliophoro showedto the public during the Universal Exposition of Saint

Louis (USA), in 1904, where he obtained the Grand Prix(50 m2; ~3800ºC).

Father Himalaya : a pionneer in Portugal

[1] – Jacinto Rodrigues –“A Conspiração Solar do Padre Himalaia ” – Edited by Cooperativa de Actividades Artisticas, Porto (Portugal), 1999.

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Electricity consumption in Portugal

20000

30000

40000

50000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

GWh [%]

In Spain the electricity consumption is increasing at a rate of 6-7% / year

Both countries import more than 80% of total energy consumption

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

� Buildings are responsible by 58% of electricity consumption in Portugal

� Buildings are responsible by 22% of final energy consumption in Portugal

�� Residential sector represent 13% of final energy consumption in Portugal.

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Solar radiation availability

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Global radiation

at optimally

inclined surface

Annual average

of daily sums[Wh/m2]

Solar radiation availability

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

SSSSolarolarolarolar cooling:cooling:cooling:cooling:

. High level of solar radiation in summer

. Reduction of fossil fuel consumption

. Increased ecomomic viability (annual utilization)

. Low CO2, NOx, SOx, etc., emissionsand also :

. No dangerous refrigerants to ozone and greenhouse effect

. High quality of the air conditioned (100% new air )

Solar assisted air conditioning

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

comercial availability

Tested in pilotinstalations

Solar Cooling Technologies

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Cooled water temperature : 8°C

Cooling water temperature: 28°C

Cooled water temperature : 8°C

Cooling water temperature: 28°C

Solar cooling. Closed cycles

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Solar cooling. Closed cycles

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

desiccant

adsorption1-effect

absorption2-effect

absorption

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

∆∆∆∆T/G [Km 2/W]

ηη ηη col

l

SYC

EDF

FPC

SAC

EHP

CPCSAC = air solar collector

CPC = stationary CPC

FPC = flat plate solar collector with selective surface

EHP = vaccum tubes with heat pipes

EDF = evacuated collecor with direct circulation

SYC = Sydney vacuum tubes, stationary, with concentration

SAC = air solar collector

CPC = stationary CPC

FPC = flat plate solar collector with selective surface

EHP = vaccum tubes with heat pipes

EDF = evacuated collecor with direct circulation

SYC = Sydney vacuum tubes, stationary, with concentration

Solar collectors and solar cooling

Hans-Martin Henning

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Collector Performance

G = Ib + Id

Efficiency equation :

Increase optical efficiency

Decrease thermal losses : radiation (selective surface, concentration ratio) convection (vacuum, double cover, TIM …)conduction (vacuum)

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Stationary Collectors. Improved flat plate collectors

ISE/ESE Double glazed withAR glass cover

Operating Temp.: 80-150ºCArea: 2 m2

OperatingTemp.: 80-150ºCArea: 2.7 m2

SCHUCO Double glazed glass cover

η > 50%Τ <120 ºC

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Stationary Collectors. Flat plate collectors

A new polimeric collector: Selective flat plate collectors (Solar Keymark ’06)

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

2D geometry 3D geometry

The limits of concentration – 2nd Law Thermodynamics

Welford, W.D., Winston, R.

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Stationary CPC type collectors

Efficiency equation : Concentration ratio:

+θa−θa2nd degreecurve

involute

G = Ib + Id / C

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

• Stationary CPC type collector : C = 1.2

• Aluminium reflector,

• Low cost structure

• Reactor: borosilicate glass tube

• UV in the direct and difuse radiation

• Operating temperature = Tambient

UV Solar Detoxification

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Secondary concentration in the

solar furnace of PSA

TERC - Tailored Edge Ray Concentrator

• Material Treatment• TERC type secondary • Aluminium reflector cooled with water

Secondary Concentration

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Stationary Collectors. CPC type collectors

Operating Temp.: 80-110ºCArea: 2 m2

Operating Temp.: 80-120ºCArea: 2.7 m2

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Operating Temp.: 50-90ºCArea: 3.78 m2 (6m*0.63m)

EW assymmetrical CPC

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Dewar type - built in selective surface or with adjusted inner coated metal Glass / metal seal, with or without heat pipeWith and without back reflectorCPC type reflector or not

Stationary Collectors. Vacuum tube collectors

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

CPC collector development

Stationarity at 150ºC

Concentration ratio : C= 1 / sin (θθθθa)Stationarity : C<2 (θθθθa>30º)

� Gas rarefaction

� Double cover

� TIM (honeycomb)

� Convection blocking mechanism

Convection losses minimization:

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Integrated Low Concentration CPC type Collector

Stationnary Collector : C = 1.3Operat.Temp.= 180ºC with η=50%

• Solar Cooling Applications• Steam for Industrial Processes

CPC collector development

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Collector Performance – Imaging optics

0

5

10

15

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

G = Ib

Efficiency equation : Concentration ratio:

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

• Need to follow the apparent motion of the sun in one axis

• Operating temperature: thermal fluid – until 390ºC + auxiliary (gas) to operate between

450 and 470ºC.

• Absorber in vacuum tube

• DISS : direct steam production

• Concentration 30 to 80 X ; power 30 to 80 MW

• Opimal sizing >50MWp (2-3 euro / Wp)

Parabolic Trough Power Plants

Mojave Desert / California

Years 84-91 / 354 MWp = 9 SEGS

Annual Efic 14 a 18% ; max=21%

CF =24% Hibrid: 5 a 25%Eurotrough collector

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Solar Thermal Electricity with Parabolic TroughsSecondary Concentration wih CPC (ARDISS proj. )

Direct prodution of steam in the absorberT > 400 ºC.

Parabolic Trough Power Plants

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

• Spain

• Mexico

• Germany

• Austria

• Israel

Non-stationary collectors. The parabolic troughs

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Operating Temperature: 100-200ºCArea: 2.0 m2 (4m*0.5m)Focal length : 10 cm

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Operating Temperature: 80-300ºCArea: 2 m2 (2m*1m)

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Operating Temperature: 130-300ºCArea: 2.62 m2 (6m * 0.44m)Foca length: 70 cm

Parabolic Trough CollectorMexico - CIE/UNAM

T 220ºC

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

SOLEL Collector, Israel

Operating Temperature: 80-150ºCArea: 37.2 m2 (24m * 1.55m) C=38Focal length: 85 cm (11.5kg/m2)

Designed for electricity (mono cristalinesolar cells) and heat production (by cooling cells)

Australian National University

SOLEL#6, the sixth generation, upgraded version of the LS2 parabolic trough (T 400ºC)

T 180ºC : cogeneration system

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Operating Temperature: 100-200ºCArea: 9.162 m2 (5.09m*1.8m)Focal length : 78 cm

Operating Temperature: 100-200ºCArea: 9.162 m2 (2*6*6m*0.5m)Focal length : 250 cm

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

To come close to the parabola by set of flat tangent mirrors

CLFR - Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector

Solarmundo / PSE

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

• Less absorber per m2 : lower thermal losses

• Absorber is fixed : possibility to have DISS

• Flat mirrors (lower cost), which can have a small curvature, i.e. extra concentration or

greater size to the same concentration.

• Sun tracking with lower accuracy: clock mechanism, simpler and cheaper

• Temperature <290ºC: turbine with lower efficiency but also low requirements for

materials, survival, etc.

• The ground surface requirement per m2 of mirror is around 70% of other technologies.

CLFR Power Plant

1MWth - Liddell Coal Power Station, Australia by SH&P

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

http://www.iea-ship.org

IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

www.eurosun2008.orgwww.eurosun2008.orgwww.eurosun2008.orgwww.eurosun2008.org

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IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07

Lisbon will host the

congress …