Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar Topic

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND THERMAL

– HYBRID SYSTEM

Karan Prajapati

11BME083, 7th Semester, Mechanical Engineering, School of

Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

Seminar Topic

Mentor

Dr. Jatin Patel, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

Flow of Presentation

Solar Energy Scenario in India

Introduction

Problem in Semi-conductor

Solar PV&T System

Classification of PV&T System

Performance

Literature Review

Conclusion

Ideas for Innovation

References

2

Solar Energy Scenario in India

The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2 with about 1500-2000 sunshine

hours every year.

India is ranked number one in terms of solar energy production per watt installed, with an insolation of 1,700 to

1,900 kWh/KWp.

By January 2014, the installed grid connected solar power had increased to 2,208.36 MW and India expects to

install an additional 10,000 MW by 2017 and a total of 20,000 MW by 2022.

Gujarat has been a leader in solar power generation and contributes almost 2/3rd of photovoltaics in the country.

A 4,000 MW Ultra Mega Green Solar Power Project (UMPP) is being built near Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan

(under consideration on shifting to Surendranagar, Gujarat), would be able to produce power for around

Rs.5/kWh.

3

Source: Ernst & Young, Mapping India’s Renewable Energy growth potential: Status and Outlook 20134

Introduction

The electrical efficiency of Solar Panel/Module ranges from 12% to 16% at STC: solar

spectrum of AM 1.5, irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and module temperature at 25 ˚C.

Temperature of PV module is increased by absorbed radiation which isn’t converted into

electricity – decreasing the electrical efficiency.

For c-Si and pc- Si, the electrical efficiency decreases about 0.45%/ ˚C.

For a-Si, the electrical efficiency decreases about 0.25% / ˚C.

5

Problem in Semi-conductor

Increase in temperature, decreases the band gap of a semi-conductor.

This increases the energy of electrons – lower energy is needed by electron to break thebond.

Result – Increase in short-circuit current where as decrease in the open-circuit voltage.

Overall, decrease in the maximum power out.

6

Solar PV/T System

To increase the electrical efficiency of PV Panel, cooling needs to be done.

The heat is extracted from the surface of solar panel by using heat extraction

device.

The heat extraction device is coupled with solar photovoltaic panel – The

Hybrid System.

Proper fluid circulation – air or water is done inside the heat extraction device.

Heat extraction device usually is heat exchanger fitted at rear surface of solar

panel.

So, the system converts the solar energy into electricity and heat

simultaneously.7

Classification of Solar PV&T System

Air Type PV&T System

Natural or Forced circulation – simple and low cost method.

Less effective if the ambient temperature is over 20 degree C.

Overall efficiency – lower than water type.

Type

Fully wetted absorber type

Water Type PV&T System

Generally, forced convection preferred.

More effective than air type.

Practical device for domestic hot water usage.

Overall efficiency – higher than air type.

Types Sheet and Tube absorber type

Fully wetted absorber type

8

Contd.

Glazed Type

Whole system in an insulated collector box with a glass cover.

High thermal efficiency.

Less electrical efficiency.

Unglazed Type

They are regular PV panels with no glass cover.

Less thermal efficiency.

High electrical efficiency.

9

Performance

Electrical Efficiency

Depends mainly on the incoming solar radiation and the PV module temperature.

ɳel - Electrical efficiency

Apvt - Collector area [m2]

G - Irradiance on the collector surface [W/m2]

Im – Current of PV module at max. power

Vm – Voltage of PV module at max. power.

10

Contd.

Thermal Efficiency

Function of solar radiation (G), mean fluid temperature (Tm) and ambient temperature (Ta).

ɳo is the thermal efficiency at zero reduced temperature and α1 is the heat loss co-efficient.

ɳth - Thermal efficiency

Apvt - Collector area [m2]

To - Collector outlet water temperature [°C]

Ti - Collector inlet water temperature [°C]

ṁ - Mass flow rate [kg/s]

Cp - Specific heat of Water [J/kg K]

G - Irradiance on the collector surface [W/m2]

11

12

Authors Research Paper Name Major Findings

S.C. Solanki,

S. Dubey and

A. Tiwari

Indoor simulation and testing of photovoltaic

thermal (PV/T) air collectors, 2009

Electrical Efficiency: 8.4%

Thermal Efficiency: 42%

The indoor simulation results were same as outdoor tests

M.Y. Othman,

A. Ibrahim,

G.L. Jin,

M. H. Ruslan and

K. Sopian

Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) technology - The

future energy technology, 2013

Overall efficiency: 39%-70%

Double pass solar PV/T collector with fins and CPC showed

better electrical and thermal performance than other models.

J.H. Kim and J.T. Kim A simulation study of air type building

integrated photovoltaic/thermal system, 2012

The BIPV/T system that circulates the indoor air and runs the

obtained heat source indoors is favourable in terms of building

heating and cooling, along with overall energy, because the

effect of the heating energy reduction is relatively greater than

that of the electricity generation increase.

J.H. Kim and J.T. Kim The experimental performance of an unglazed

PV-thermal collector with a fully wetted

absorber, 2012

Avg. Thermal Efficiency: 51%

Avg. Electrical Efficiency: 14.6%

The electrical efficiency of the PV/T collector depends on the

fluid temperature, which can directly affect the PV module

temperature; the electrical power is high under the condition of

lower fluid temperature.

Literature Survey

13

K. Jaiganesh and

Dr. K. Duraiswamy

Experimental study of enhancing the

performance of PV panel integrated with Solar

Thermal system, 2013

G2G PVT


Thermal Efficiency: 44.37%

G2G PV


T.T. Chow,

A.L.S. Chan,

K.F. Fong,

Z. Lin, W. He and

J. Ji

Annual performance on BIPV/T water heating

system, 2009Electrical Efficiency: 9.39%

Thermal Efficiency: 37.5%

The overall heat transmission through the PV/T water

wall is reduced to 38% of the normal building facade.

M.N. Abu Baker,

M. Othman,

M.H. Din,

N.A. Manaf and

H. Jarimi

Design concept and mathematical model of a bi-

fluid photovoltaic /thermal (PV/T) solar

collector., 2014


Avg. Thermal Efficiency: 40.57%

Overall efficiency increases with increase in water flow

rate

F. Shan,

F. Tang,

L. Cao and

G. Fang

Dynamic characteristics modelling of a hybrid

photovoltaic-thermal solar collector, 2014Photovoltaic power and thermal power decreases with

increase in the refrigerant temperature.

Heat transfer Coefficient: 20 to 100 times higher than

air or water

Contd.

Literature Review - 1Introduction

Indoor simulation and testing of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collectors by S.C. Solanki, Swapnil Dubey and Arvind

Tiwari

In this paper, a PV/T solar heater system has been designed, fabricated and its performance over different operating conditions

were studied.

The experiments were carried out in indoor condition and parameters were measured by varying the mass flow rate of air and solar

intensity.

Indoor Simulator

Three PV modules (mono crystalline silicon solar cells) of glass to tedlar type, 75 Wp, 1.2m X 0.45m, mounted on a wooden duct. Provision for

inlet and outlet air to pass below the PV module through the duct. The duct has dimension – 1.2m X 0.45m X 0.04m. Outlet of first collector is

the inlet of second collector and so on. A dc fan of 12 V and 1.5 A is used for circulation of air and rheostat is used for varying the mass flow rate

of flowing air.

Solar Simulator

16 tungsten halogen lamps each having 500W, rated at 240V and 11A. An exhaust fan is used to reduce the cell temperature by withdrawing the

thermal energy.14

Experimental Setup

15

1. Photograph of wooden duct

before mounting PV module.

2. Photograph of electrical

connections and measuring

instruments.

3. Photograph of PV/T solar

heater.

Conclusion

The thermal and electrical

efficiency of the solar

heater is 42% and 8.4%,

respectively.

Experimental Results

16


17

Experimental Study of Enhancing The Performance of PV Panel Integrated with Solar Thermal

System by K. Jaiganesh and Dr. K. Duraiswamy.

Fig. 1 shows the G2G type PV panel, it works as like the conventional PV panel and it directly converts

the light energy in to electrical energy.

At the same time the bottom glass of G2G - PV panel stores more heat energy in it, which is greater

than the heat at the bottom of G2T type PV panel.

The thermal system placed behinds the PV panel observes the heat energy and reduce the temperature

of the G2G-PV panel.

By this method the temperature of PV panel was reduced for improve the electrical efficiency.

18

Experimental Setup

19

Experimental Result

• Electrical Performance, G2G PVT – 260.08 W

and G2T PV – 243.97 W.

• The average electrical efficiency of G2G PVT

and G2T PV Panels are 11.65% and 10.95%

respectively.

• Thermal efficiency of the G2G PVT system was 44.37%. So, over-all efficiency is 56.02%.

• The thermal conductivity of the tedlar is very low so the efficiency of the combined solar

PV/T system also low.

• The result showed that when the solar radiation increased, the electrical output also increased

along with temperature.


20

Design concept and mathematical model of a bi-fluid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar

collector by Mohd Nazari Abu Bakar; Mahmod Othman; Mahadzir Hj Din; Norain A.

Manaf and Hasila Jarimi .

When both fluids (water and air) are utilized as the working fluids, the collector is known as a

bi-fluid PV/T solar collector.

The simulations were done using Matlab software with 2D steady state analysis.

The design of a simple unglazed bi-fluid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar collector which

integrates a conventional serpentine-shaped copper tube flat plate water solar collector with a

single pass air solar collector is presented.

21

Different Views of collector: -

(a) Side view cross-section,

(b) Front view cross-section,

(c) Top view cross-section.

The collector consists of

(1) PV module,

(2) Serpentine copper tube,

(3) Insulation layer.

Result


Avg. Thermal Efficiency: 40.57%

Experimental Setup of Collector


Dynamic characteristics modelling of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar collector by F.

Shan, F. Tang, L. Cao and G. Fang

The main benefit of using refrigerant as working fluid is that the boiling heat transfer

coefficient and the condensation heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerants are significantly

higher (20 to 100 times higher) than the single phase convective heat transfer coefficient (air or

water).

R410a refrigerant is used.

22

Result

23

Conclusion

Solar PV/T systems are helpful for CO2 mitigation and earning the carbon credits.

Air type solar PV/T system has performance lower than water type solar type PV/T system.

The thermal performance of a coverless PV/T collector is reduced especially at high temperatures due to

heat losses from the top. However, the coverless PV/T collectors have a better electrical performance.

Heat transfer temperature difference should be kept optimized.

Refrigerant-based PV/T could significantly improve the solar utilization rate over the air- and water- based

systems.

The accelerated use of PV will result in more than 100 giga-tonnes (Gt) of CO2 emission reduction during

the period of between 2008 and 2050.

24

Ideas for Innovation

Provision for Solar PV&T System in Solar Canal Top Project in Gujarat.

Air Type

Water Type

Creating Dual type PV&T System: Glass Cover can be put on or removed

from the glazed type PV&T system according to environment requirement.

Winter Condition

Summer Condition

25

References

1. Solar Power in India - en.wikipedia.org

2. Effect of Temperature – www.pveducation.org

3. S.A. Kalogirou , Y. Tripanagnostopoulos - Hybrid PV&T solar systems for domestic hot water and electricity

production

4. Jin - Hee Kim , Jun-Tae Kim - The experimental performance of an unglazed PV-thermal collector with a fully

wetted absorber

5. History of PV-integrated Systems, Pg. 29 – 73, Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Modules and Their Applications

6. S.C. Solanki, S. Dubey, A. Tiwari. Indoor simulation and testing of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collectors.

Applied Energy 2009; 86: 2421–2428.

7. M.Y. Othman, A. Ibrahim, G.L. Jin, M. H. Ruslan, K. Sopian. Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) technology - The future

energy technology. Renewable Energy 2013; 49: 171-174.

26

Contd.

8. K. Jaiganesh, Dr. K. Duraiswamy. Experimental study of enhancing the performance of PV panel integrated with

Solar Thermal system. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 5 No 4 Aug-Sep 2013, ISSN:

0975-4024.

9. M.N. Abu Baker, M. Othman, M.H. Din, N.A. Manaf, H. Jarimi. Design concept and mathematical model of a bi-

fluid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector. Renewable Energy 2014; 67: 153-164.

10. F. Shan, F. Tang, L. Cao, G. Fang. Dynamic characteristics modelling of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar

collector. Energy and buildings 2014; 78: 215-221.

11. Technology Roadmap-Solar photovoltaic energy, International Energy Agency, <http://www.iea-pvps.org>; 2010.

12. X. Zhanga, X. Zhao, S. Smitha, J. Xub, X. Yu. Review of R&D progress and practical application of the solar

photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012; 16: 599– 617.

27

“India is facing a perfect storm of factors that will drive

solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption at a furious pace over the

next five years and beyond.”

- BRIDGE TO INDIA and GTM Research, Report 2011

28

Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar Topic

Engineering

Transcript of Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar Topic