Solar Energy Resources. Energy Usage US95,000 kWh/person/year Japan 46,000 Germany57,000...
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Transcript of Solar Energy Resources. Energy Usage US95,000 kWh/person/year Japan 46,000 Germany57,000...
Solar Energy Resources
Energy Usage
US 95,000 kWh/person/yearJapan 46,000Germany 57,000France 50,000China 7,400Brazil 10,200Mexico 17,100
US accounts for 23% of world energy consumption with 5% of the population
Coal
Nuclear
Oil
Gas
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal, wind solar, etc.
RE
Total~400 Quadrillion Btu
World Energy Use
Time Consuming Transition
We cannot conceive of any affordable government-sponsored "crash program" to accelerate normal replacement schedules so as to incorporate higher energy efficiency technologies into the privately-owned transportation sector; significant improvements in energy efficiency will thus be inherently time-consuming (of the order of a decade or more).
“PEAKING OF WORLD OIL PRODUCTION: IMPACTS, MITIGATION, & RISK MANAGEMENT” Hirsch, Bezdek, Wendling
Solar Energy
How much energy from the sun actually reaches the Earth?
1350 Watts/square meter (at the surface of the atmosphere)
1000 Watts/square meter (at the surface of the earth)
Greenhouse Effect
Blackbody Radiation
Low temperaturesLong wavelength radiation(40ºC 10,000 nm peak)
High temperatures Shorter wavelength radiation(6000 ºC 500 nm peak)
Blackbody Radiation (6000 K)
-2.00E+05
0.00E+00
2.00E+05
4.00E+05
6.00E+05
8.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.20E+06
1.40E+06
0.00E+00 5.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.50E-06 2.00E-06 2.50E-06 3.00E-06 3.50E-06 4.00E-06
Wavelength
Rad
iatio
n In
tens
ity
Blackbody Radiation (1000 K)
-2.00E+01
0.00E+00
2.00E+01
4.00E+01
6.00E+01
8.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.20E+02
1.40E+02
1.60E+02
1.80E+02
0.00E+00 5.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.50E-05 2.00E-05 2.50E-05 3.00E-05
Wavelength
Rad
iatio
n In
tens
ity
Blackbody radiation (300 K)
0.00E+00
5.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.50E-01
2.00E-01
2.50E-01
3.00E-01
3.50E-01
4.00E-01
4.50E-01
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
2.00E-05
3.00E-05
4.00E-05
5.00E-05
6.00E-05
7.00E-05
8.00E-05
Wavelength
Ra
dia
tio
n i
nte
ns
ity
Greenhouse Effect
Flat Plate Collector
From: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Solar Water Heater
Solar Collectors
Solar Water Heat
Use the principles of optics – focusthe sunlight witha mirror.Water in tube reaches up to 570oF
Cost of Electricity Generation (¢/kWh)
Combined cycle gas turbine 3 – 5
Coal 4 – 5
Wind 4 – 7
Biomass gasification 7 – 9
Remote diesel generation 20 – 40
Solar PV distributed 20 – 50
Solar PV central station 20 - 30
Nuclear 11 - 14
Hydroelectric 5 - 11
CO2 Emissions
IAEA data
Photovoltaics
Atoms - energy levels
Solids - three types:a) insulatorsb) conductorsc) semi-conductors
Solar cell
Photovoltaic Prices