Solar energy in Eastern Europe (Part II): Still waiting ... · Modul PANORAMA Strom aus der Wüste...

Sun & Wind Energy 6/200850

In the three-part series “Searching for traces in Eastern Europe”, S&WE sets out to explore the solar energy markets of 13 Eastern European countries. Part 2 of the current issue portraits Bulgaria with its large-scale potential, Croatia, which seeks to follow

up with EU Directives, the country of hydro power Albania and Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the potential is high and the incentives zero. Part I in the last issue por-traited the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Serbia. Finally, part 3 in the following issue shifts into the Southeast markets of Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Macedonia and the Ukraine.

Bulgaria offers attractive feed-in tariffs

For more than 30 years now Bulgaria is continuing a successful solar thermal strategy. Until the 1990s, solar thermal installations were in the Balkan holiday desti-nation mostly used in hotels and apartment buildings for domestic water heating. The state enterprise “New

Energy Systems” (NES) alone was in the position to real-ise a collector surface of approximately 50,000 m2. In the overall picture, Bulgaria’s energy sector is character-ised by high import dependencies and low diversifica-tion. About 70 % of the current primary energy demand is met through imports. Besides conventional sources, the country relies also on nuclear power from the Northern Bulgarian plant Kozloduy.According to the EU Directive, the share of renewables in Bulgaria’s total energy consumption will have to meet 11 % until the year 2010 and 16 % until 2020. See-ing that the country’s hydro potential is for the most part already being exploited, Bulgaria’s government has in the new “National Programme on Renewable Energy Sources” emphasised the diversification of the renew-able energy sector.

While the focus has been set largely on biomass, op-portunities for solar energy are opening up especially in the eastern and southern regions where global solar ra-diation levels reach 1,600 kWh/m² per year. According to Bulgaria’s government, the share of renewables in

Visitor attraction: “Stari Most” – The Old Bridge – spans the Neretva river in Mostar. It is considered one of Bosnia-Herzegovina’s master pieces of architecture.

Photos (2): Pixelio

Even though incentives are not always unfavourable, the implementation of solar en-

ergy in Eastern Europe is advancing at slow pace. Other energy sources are frequently

given the advantage. Mature sales markets for solar products are as a result almost

impossible to find.

Solar energy in Eastern Europe (Part II):

Still waiting for the boom

c o u n t r y S P E c I a l



51

the electricity supply will be notably raised by imple-mentation of a PV feed-in tariff. Financial backing for the sector is presently accommodated through the “Bulgarian Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Credit Line”. This credit line facilitates loans for both, projects in energy efficiency and renewable energy. In May 2008, loans worth a total of € 73 million had been granted to a number of 107 projects. However, only two of these projects were essentially related to solar ener-gy production.

The target for future installation is optimistic

With January 2007, the “State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission” has become responsible for determining the feed-in tariff for green electricity. In its present form, the tariffs are guaranteed over a period of 12 years and will be adjusted upwards with rising elec-tricity prices. PV systems smaller than 5 kW receive a reimbursement of 0.39 €/kWh. Larger systems obtain 0.36 €/kWh. Bulgaria’s utilities are obliged to provide grid connections and to reimburse up to 10 MWh per installation. At the beginning of 2008, the total installed capacity reached up to only about 260 kW. While con-struction of several large-scale PV plants had been an-nounced in course the past two years, none of these projects has until today been completed. However, the sector’s optimism is unchanged. “Our target for the future is to realise installations in the range of 10 to 15 MW per year“, said Ivan Ganchev, General Manager of the Bulgarian project company Ecoel BG.

But also Apex Solar from Bulgaria in the mid-term expects a potential for large-scale PV projects between 25 to 50 MW. In the next two years, however, the com-pany’s projects will remain at a capacity of up to 9 MW. The company not only supports its customers during the construction phase but on request also provides suitable property. Sunservice Ltd., a company founded in 2007, is installing a first system with 880 kW and be-lieves that there are good market opportunities for PV in Bulgaria. “Property prices are still in the lower range, so we expect that the demand will be high in particular for thin-film systems where modules per kW are low-priced but require a lot of surface space. Bulgaria has less a demand for high efficient crystalline modules and

is therefore only marginally affected by the present module shortages”, one company representative ex-plained. Hristo Valev, Investment Manager of Advance Equity Holding, is of the same opinion. The company is currently building a 880 kW solar park in Bulgaria’s southwest: “Based on a thorough cost-efficiency analy-sis, we decided that Kaneka K75 thin-film modules would be best suited for the scope of our project”, con-firmed Valev.

Problems could arise with the licensing of the grid connection. Although the “Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act” arranged for lower bu-reaucratic hurdles, the licensing of individual plants takes sometimes several weeks in the actual process. “The time authorised for the processing of applications has a maximum of 90 days. In practise, the decision of-ten takes over 200 days and more“, reported Ivan Ganchev. In the end, this is an astonishing reality as the “impediment” of grid connections is subject to severe fines that reach up to 150,000 leva (€ 76,570).

In the experience of Hristo Valev, the licensing has been unproblematic: “There were no major bureaucratic obstacles and the process went through fairly quickly. We are still in construction phase, so the park has not yet been connected. But a preliminary contract with CEZ, the Czech utility with many subsidiaries all over Eastern Europe, has already been signed for the grid connection.” The CEO believes that in course of the next six to twelve months the licenses will be on hand and that the solar park will be in operation by mid August.

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Source: Federal Foreign Office (Germany), status: 2008 1 estimated

Area 110,099 m2

Capital Sofia

Population 7.7 million (2006)

GDP per capita € 2,665 (2007)

Primary energy sources:CoalHydroNuclear power

46 % 8 %40 %

Installed capacity: PV 260 kW (2007)

5 MW (2009)1

Key figures for Bulgaria

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53

Hesitant investors and only a few manufacturers until now

Although from Valev’s perspective, the regulatory envi-ronment in Bulgaria is “immensely promising“, he also thinks that there is room for improvement: “One prob-lem is the present price for electricity produced by PV installations with more than 5 kW of total capacity. This seems to be the reason why large institutional players still are reserved with investments in the sector and why some financial institutions are reluctant towards the financing of these projects.” In his opinion, the tar-iffs will be improving as the first solar parks begin pro-duction.

The feed-in tariffs are revised each year until March 31st through the “State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission”. The tariff revision for 2009 will be tied to the sector’s growth performance. Most mar-ket participants, however, expect that the tariffs will fol-low the upward trend.

On the Bulgarian market, the number of manufac-turers is still relatively small. Energy Solutions S.A., which since the start of 2008 is owned by Solar Cells Hellas group from Greece, maintains a module manu-facturing in the southwest of Sofia with a capacity of 10 MW. Another manufacturer is ICM Ltd. that produces a volume of 25 t of mono crystalline ingots per year and cells with a capacity of 2.5 MW. In 2007, the Bulgarian consortium Kaolin with headquarters in Sofia founded its subsidiary Solar Pro. The company has a budget of 2.5 million leva (€ 1.28 million) and will from 2009 on produce modules and be involved in the construction of solar parks. International companies such as the in-verter manufacturer Kaco have meanwhile also been able to contract resellers in Bulgaria.

Further information:www.mi.government.bg/ind/inov.htmlwww.dker.bgwww.karoll.net/en/www.energysolutions.grwww.sunsystem.bgwww.erato.bgwww.ecotop.bgwww.apexsolarinc.comwww.apexexperts.comwww.heliotech.netwww.bnns.bgwww.senes.bas.bgwww.ecoel-bg.comwww.eos-technologies.com

croatia – incentives with ambiguous life cyclesCroatia’s Prime Minister Ivo Sanader is widely consid-ered a proponent of renewable energies. One reason for the support could be that only 50 % of the rising ener-gy demand is today being covered through national re-sources. In search of a solution to the import dependen-cies, the alternative energy sector has been shifting in-to focus. In particular, hydro power is currently pillaring the energy mix.

But even with hydro power left aside, the share of re-newables in the total energy consumption is envisaged

to increase by 6 % until 2010 and 23 % until 2030. Today, the share of renewable energy still only equals 1 %. Fur-ther potential is seen especially in the wind and solar energy sector. As a candidate country for the European Union, Croatia has in the last four years been in a proc-ess of adjusting the national energy market to the EU Directive. Besides the regulatory framework for renew-ables, the government has also pushed the liberalisa-tion of the electricity market. With July 1st 2008, these processes are considered to have been accomplished. In comparison to the average electricity prices within the EU-25 states, costs in Croatia are relatively low for both, private households (30 % below average) and commercial industries (20 % below average).

Getting incentives is not that easy

Since July 2007, a fixed feed-in tariff guaranteed over twelve years has been determined through the Energy Act. In order to benefit from the incentive, the system op-erator must enter a purchase agreement with the Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency. The clearing house is on the one hand responsible for adjusting the tariffs on a yearly basis in accordance with inflation and on the other hand finances the annually increased tariffs for each kWh sold. The feed-in tariff itself differs with technology form and system size. The sizes follow classes from ≤ 10 kW, 10 to 30 kW and ≥ 30 kW. Tariffs are located between 0.46 and 0.26 €/kWh. However, the incentive is not without a catch:

More and more people in Bulgaria invest in the energetic refurbishment of their houses. Solar heating systems are installed only sporadically until now.

Photo: Apex Solar



Subsidies are provided only until the target for renew-ables of 5.8 % (excluding hydro) until the year 2010 is met. The tariff also depends on whether the added value of the installation has been accomplished through national or international suppliers. Systems that involve less than 45 % domestic suppliers obtain a reduced feed-in tariff with a limit of 93 % of the total subsidy amount. The com-plete subsidies are obtained only if at least 60 % of the added value is supplied from inside Croatia. However, presently only a small number of manufacturers benefit from Croatia’s industrial policy. Solaris d.o.o. from Novigrad with a capacity of 60 MW is the only manufacturer in the entire crystalline module segment. One player active in the thin-film sector has been the company Solar Cells in Split. The manufacturer of amorphous modules presently has a production capacity of 0.8 MW.

Reserved perspectives

Besides feed-in tariffs for PV systems, the government also provides tax exemptions for investments made by companies active in the renewable energy sector as well as capital allowances. The regulatory framework will remain unchanged until the year 2010. “We are cur-rently working on new incentives to follow up with the EU targets in the years between 2010 and 2020. The in-troduction of white or green certificates has also been under discussion,” said Igor Raguzin, Head of Section for Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency at the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship.

The number of new PV installations is still relatively small. In 2006, the cumulative capacity of the three sys-tems installed in Croatia ranged at 48.48 kW. The larg-est one is located on the roof of a factory in Spansko and incorporates 190 mono crystalline modules with a capacity of 36.1 kW. So far, the introduction of the feed-in tariffs has not led to any sort of boom, but Croatian companies are looking optimistically into the future. Stronger commitment in the area of renewables has been announced by Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. (HEP), a state-owned utility that had held the monopoly until the liberalisation of the electricity market took place. In 2006, the company founded the subsidiary HEP Obnovljivi izvori energije d.o.o. “Part of the long-term corporate strategy is to integrate the electricity produc-tion from renewable sources in a profitable way into HEP’s core business“, said Zoran Stanić, Environmental Development Coordinator at HEP.

Sunblessed landscapes in the Croatian Novigrad, Istria. In many places, such as in the Croatian Adria, solar energy could be put to good use.

Source: Federal Foreign Office (Germany), status: 2008

Area 56,538 km²

Capital Zagreb


GDP per capita € 7,704

Primary energy sources:Liquid fuelsNatural gasHydro power

44.2 % 24.5 %15.2 %

Installed capacity:PV Solar thermal

48.48 kW (2006)15,000 m2 (2006)

Key figures for Croatia


Regarding growth in the solar thermal sector, mar-ket experts hold rather reserved perspectives. It is esti-mated that the collector surface in 2006 approximated 12,000 to 15,000 m². Solar thermal incentives do still not exist. Hopes are however that the situation might change with the introduction of a promotional scheme. Presently, the market continues to be dependent on isolated imports from Turkey and Germany.

Further Information:www.hsuse.hrwww.solar-cells.netwww.mingorp.hr/defaulteng.aspxwww.hep.hr/oie/en/aboutus/default.aspxwww.eihp.hr/english/

albania: hydro poweredFor a long time, Albania’s investments were directed at a low price policy while the savings potential of energy efficiency was for most part neglected. During the win-ter months, high amounts of energy are lost as a result of electric heating. On the other hand, alternative ener-gies are increasingly becoming a part of everyday life: 97 % of the total capacities installed in Albania today come from hydro power plants, which by themselves produce a total of 1.6 GW. But despite the high quota, only 35 % of the total hydro potential is currently being exploited. Since there remains a significant potential, the government has held no interest in other energy forms such as solar energy. It does not surprise then

that there currently exists no incentive scheme for solar energy production.

Solar energy – the current odd man out

However, Albania’s Mediterranean climate provides ide-al conditions for the recovery and utilisation of solar en-ergy. After a series of power cuts in 2007 and in view of the insufficient grid access in rural areas, the attitude towards solar energy was in the last years re-examined. But so far solar modules are used exclusively in niche applications. One example is a solar system that was in-stalled for the mobile communications network with a total capacity of 53.4 kW. But also in the areas of railway and shipping traffic, there have meanwhile been in-stalled 16.8 kW. Further micro systems with capacities below 1 kW have been in use to provide electricity for farmland irrigation. In air traffic control, Albania makes isolated use of PV systems with capacities of 1.2 to 1.5 kW. Edmond Hido Director of the “Energy Efficiency Centre” (EEC) believes that the total cumulative installed capacity in Albania barely outreaches 90 to 100 kW.

In the opinion of Mirela Kamberi, National Projects Coordinator of the “UNDP-GEF Climate Change Program” (UNDP: United Nations Development Programme, GEF: Global Environment Facility) at the Albanian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Management, solar thermal has an equally limited potential in the country. 82% of domestic water is today heated by means of electricity. According to the National Energy Strategy,

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the heating water demand will in private households increase from 600 GWh in 2000 to 875 GWh in 2015. The study recommends the promotion of solar domestic heating in the non-commercial sector with a target vol-ume of 62.9 kTOE (TOE = ton of oil equivalent) until 2015. However, Kamberi believes that the prerequisite for these targets would be to raise the state-subsidised electricity prices, increase public awareness for environ-mental issues and the introduction of tax incentives for solar energy systems.

In view of the political and legislative course, experts expect that Albania will in the future align closer to EU legislature and Directives. In order to make a better uti-lisation of solar energy possible, Albania filed an appli-cation for the GEF-UNDP project “Albania – Market Transformation for SWH”. “We expect to shortly receive the GEF CEO final endorsement“, said Kamberi. The project is presently still in preparatory phase. In the framework of the programme, it is targeted to add 75,000 m² of collector surface and about 20,000 m² of collector surface per year towards the end of the pro-gramme. Until 2020, the total capacity will then be reaching 520,000 m². The non-governmental organisa-tion Albanian EU Energy Efficiency Centre (EEC), found-ed in 1993, supports solar thermal installations with funding from the Austrian Development Agency (ADA). According to Hido, the EEC is the only of its kind in Albania to promote the implementation of new projects in the renewables sector.

Preparations supporting solar thermal heating

The project, which is scheduled to end this year, incor-porates the installation of showcase systems, the train-ing of installers and architects as well as the construc-tion of a national testing facility for solar thermal collec-tors. The Solar Test Centre will be operated by the Harry T. Fultz Institute in Tirana and be responsible for the cer-tification of solar thermal collectors and systems. The product standards for solar domestic water heating conform to EN 12976 and ISO 9459-2. The collector testing is based on the standards EN 12975-2 and ISO 9806-1. Besides the fitness of the devices for the Albanian market, special weight is put on the qualifica-tion of the installers and operators of the systems. Hido believes that the range of applications will include

especially domestic water heating in hotels, hospitals, private households and the food industry.

The value of proper instalment and a previous infor-mation campaign had become tangible in the past. From 1985 on the market for “collective installations” has been caught in a continuous downswing, reported Hido: “The situation is a result of the tough competition with conventional energy sources and by the number of system failures that resulted from the lack of technical skill among the professionals involved.” In order to em-phasise the potential market size for solar thermal in the next 20 years, Hido likes to look at Albania in the light of other states such as Greece, Cyprus and Israel. He believes that an installed collector surface of about 400,000 m² could be realistic. But there remains a long stretch until then, especially considering that in 2006 little more than 40,000 m² had been installed.

Further Information:http://www.moe.gov.al/http://www.eec.org.al/http://www.ada.gv.at/

Bosnia and Herzegovina: incentive schemes still missing

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the implementation of solar energy systems is by far not a matter of weak potential. According to “Energy Sector Study BIH”, a joint study of the Croatian Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, the Spanish consultancy Soluziona, the Bosnia-Herzegovina Eco-nomic Institute Banja Luka and the Mining Institute Tuzla, the exploitable solar potential in Bosnia-Herze-govina settles in the range of 70.5 million GWh per year. However, so far there exists no national incentive scheme to promote this potential even in the light of its impor-tance for market growth. Following the study, Bosnia and Herzegovina presently has no more than 2,000 or 3,000 m² of solar thermal collector surface installed. Be-cause of the missing incentives, the authors of the study believe that there have been no PV systems connected to the public grid until today. Without a proper promo-tion of solar energy, the experts expect that solar ener-gy will until 2020 continue to exist only on the level of smaller demonstration projects below 10 kW around universities and schools.

Daniel Pohl, Stefan Hausmann


1 estimated

Area 28,748 km ²

Capital Tirana


GDP per capita US$ 3,406 (2007)

Primary energy sources:Hydro power 97 %

Installed capacity: PV Solar thermal

100 kW (2008) 40,000 m2 (2006)

520,000 m2 (2020)1

Area 51,129 km ²

Capital Sarajevo

Population 3.8 million

GDP per capita US$ 2,300 (2006)

Primary energy sources: coal, nuclear power, natural gas

Installed capacities: Solar thermal 3,000 m2 (2007)


Key figures for Albania

Key figures for Bosnia-Herzegovina

Solar energy in Eastern Europe (Part II): Still waiting ... · Modul PANORAMA Strom aus der Wüste...

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