Solar Energy Development in India

IIT Delhi, Training courseIIT Delhi, Training course6 6 Jun 2008Jun 2008

Solar Energy:- Market Solar Energy:- Market DevelopmentDevelopment

Shirish GarudShirish Garud

6 Jun 20086 Jun 2008 IIT Delhi Training courseIIT Delhi Training course

OutlineOutline•Review

•R & D

•A brief analysis of markets

•Solar PV

•Solar thermal

•Suggestions


Renewable Energy Electricity StatusRenewable Energy Electricity StatusIndiaIndia

Wind70%

Small hydro19%

Biomass pow er / cogeneration

11%

Waste-to-Energy

0%Solar 0%

Wind Small hydro

Biomass pow er / cogeneration Waste-to-Energy

Solar

Status of various RE Technologies (as on 31st March 2007)

Source: MNRE, GoI

All India Installed Capacity (As on 31st March 2007)

Source: CEA, GoI

Coal54%

Hydro26%

Gas10%

Diesel1%

RES6%

Nuclear3%

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Year

INs

tall

ed

ca

pa

cit

y (

MW

)

Trend in RE Capacity over years

Source: TERI Compilation


GlobalGlobal Share in RE Share in RE

Renewable Power Capacities, Developing World, EU, and Top Six Countries, 2006

Only 5% of world share


Policy Policy ReformsReforms in India in India

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000 Onwards

R&D programs initiated

Focus on developing RE technologies and products

Demonstration projects

Fiscal & financial incentives introduced (subsidy, tax incentives, etc)

Increased role of Public Sector Undertakings

Infrastructure development

More emphasis on fiscal incentives

Increased Private Sector Participation

EA 2003, NEP 2005, NTP 2006

Quota/Obligation system introduced

Preferential tariffs for RE

Integrated Energy Policy 2006

Generation based incentive for Solar PV/ Thermal


Product development cycleProduct development cycle

Demonstration

Commercialization

Research and Development


R & D: Points to ponder aboutR & D: Points to ponder about

1. First mover advantage lost?

• IBP developed first vacuum tube collectors in 1986

• Under the then MNES sponsored project

• Solar box cooker

• Lantern

2. R & D outside MNRE program

Selective coating developed by NAL

3. Suggestions

1. Identify niche areas

2. Need to have programmatic approach

3. Long term r & D goals


R & D funding in Europe for SPVR & D funding in Europe for SPV


Solar photovoltaicsSolar photovoltaics

6 Jun 20086 Jun 2008 IIT Delhi Training courseIIT Delhi Training course 10

Growth in Solar PVGlobal scenario

Source : Compiled by Earth Policy Institute along with Worldwatch Institute

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

Ann

ual P

rodu

ctio

n (M

W)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cos

t per

wat

t (20

07 U

S$)

Cost per w att (2007 US$) Annual production (MW)

78.39

3.84


Solar PV technologiesSolar PV technologies

Crystalline silicon technology is recommended

TechnologiTechnologieses

Extent of Extent of CommercialiCommercializationzation

Market Market ShareShare

Stabilized Stabilized EfficiencyEfficiency

Cost of Cost of modulemodule

Long term Long term stability stability (modules (modules warranty)warranty)

RemarksRemarks

C-Si (mono & C-Si (mono & multi)multi)

Fully Fully commercializecommercializedd

Approx. Approx. 90% for 90% for last few last few yearsyears

13-18% at 13-18% at commercial commercial ScaleScale

160-180 Rs/ W160-180 Rs/ W 20-25 20-25 yearsyears

Better Power Better Power per unit areaper unit area

Thin Film (a - Thin Film (a - Si)Si)

Not as Not as commercializecommercialized as C-Sid as C-Si

Approx. Approx. 10% for 10% for last few last few yearsyears

6-9%6-9% 130 –150 130 –150 Rs /WRs /W

10 years10 years Relatively Relatively less power less power per unit areaper unit area

New New Emerging Emerging (Organic)(Organic)

At R&D or Pilot At R&D or Pilot study stagestudy stage

4-6% 4-6% Not AvailableNot Available Yet to be Yet to be establishedestablished

Using Using relatively relatively cost effective cost effective material.material.


SPV developmentSPV development


Technology developmentTechnology development


Indian Solar PV market

Non-Subsidized

Solar cells Solar modules

System integrators, exports

Subsidized

PV products

Individual owners

Community ownership

Corporate/Government


Solar PV Products in Indian marketSolar PV Products in Indian market

• Large variety of products designed to meet Large variety of products designed to meet various needs. Few examples are given belowvarious needs. Few examples are given below(Typical capacities are indicated in the bracket)(Typical capacities are indicated in the bracket)

– Solar home systems (37 to 74 Wp)Solar home systems (37 to 74 Wp)– Solar pumps (1 to 2 kWp)Solar pumps (1 to 2 kWp)– Solar street lights (36 to 74 Wp)Solar street lights (36 to 74 Wp)– Solar power plants individual households ( 1-5 kWp)Solar power plants individual households ( 1-5 kWp)– Solar lanterns (2 to 15 Wp)Solar lanterns (2 to 15 Wp)– Solar power plants for villages (1 kWp to 110 Kwp Solar power plants for villages (1 kWp to 110 Kwp

capacity)capacity)– Grid connected solar power plants (1MW and above)Grid connected solar power plants (1MW and above)

6 Jun 20086 Jun 2008 IIT Delhi Training courseIIT Delhi Training course 16

Category wise use of PV Module in IndiaCategory wise use of PV Module in India

335 MW aggregate capacity; 14,00,000 SPV Systems

Source : Ministry of New and renewable Energy, GoI, 2007 (as on 31 Mar 2007)

Ex ports

66%

Others

12%Telecom

7%

Pump

3%

Pow er Plant

3%

Street Light

2%

Home Light

5%

Lantern

2%


Market drivers and barriersMarket drivers and barriers

• DriversDrivers– Demand for electricity to meet essential Demand for electricity to meet essential

requirements like lighting, entertainment, water requirements like lighting, entertainment, water pumping, communication etc pumping, communication etc

– Subsidy schemesSubsidy schemes– Low interest loansLow interest loans– Micro-credit schemesMicro-credit schemes

• BarriersBarriers– High costsHigh costs– Lack of marketing efforts Lack of marketing efforts – Lack of supply and service networkLack of supply and service network– Lack of Customized productsLack of Customized products– Subsidy schemesSubsidy schemes


Market characteristicsMarket characteristics

• Individual usersIndividual users– Mostly from rural and semi urban areasMostly from rural and semi urban areas– Need for electricity is main driver of this Need for electricity is main driver of this

marketmarket– Major products include- solar home Major products include- solar home

systems, solar lanterns, solar water systems, solar lanterns, solar water pumpspumps

– Markets for non-subsidized products is Markets for non-subsidized products is increasing in last five years increasing in last five years


Market characteristicsMarket characteristics

• Corporate / governmentsCorporate / governments– internet kiosks in rural areas internet kiosks in rural areas

• E-choupal – internet based information service developed E-choupal – internet based information service developed for farmersfor farmers

– Solar systems for niche applicationsSolar systems for niche applications

• Community owned systemsCommunity owned systems– Solar systems such as power plants, pumps to Solar systems such as power plants, pumps to

meet the energy demand of remote communities meet the energy demand of remote communities • Mostly subsidy driven marketMostly subsidy driven market

• In recent years low interest loans assisted / replaced the In recent years low interest loans assisted / replaced the subsidy mechanism subsidy mechanism


Some observationsSome observations

• Share of home lighting systems in Share of home lighting systems in increasing in recent yearsincreasing in recent years

• Solar lanterns are also becoming Solar lanterns are also becoming popular due their low costs and popular due their low costs and portabilityportability

• Multi-use products such as home Multi-use products such as home lighting systems with connection for lighting systems with connection for fan or transistor/ TV are preferredfan or transistor/ TV are preferred


UNEP solar loan program achievementUNEP solar loan program achievement (up to March 2005) (up to March 2005)

• SourceSource: ‘UNEP Indian Solar Home Programme : ‘UNEP Indian Solar Home Programme Overviewand Performance Report, UNEP, Overviewand Performance Report, UNEP, March 2005accesed through March 2005accesed through http://www.uneptie.org/energy/act/fin/india/dhttp://www.uneptie.org/energy/act/fin/india/docs/IndSolLoanReview.pdfocs/IndSolLoanReview.pdf

BankBank 2003-042003-04 2004-052004-05 Grand total Grand total

Karnataka Karnataka

CanaraCanara SyndicateSyndicate Grameens Grameens

1,9181,918 1,6901,690 3,6083,608

2,2132,213 2,3972,397 4,6104,610

616616 2,3802,380 2,9962,996

KeralaKerala

CanaraCanara SyndicateSyndicate GrameensGrameens

217217 33 216216

217217 3 3 216216

Grand TotalGrand Total 4,7474,747 6,9036,903 11,65011,650

Photos- SVAM Electronics Ltd,

Pune

http://www.uneptie.org/energy/act/fin/india/docs/IndSolLoanReview.pdf

http://www.uneptie.org/energy/act/fin/india/docs/IndSolLoanReview.pdf


Thrust areas for FutureThrust areas for Future

• MW scale SPV systemsMW scale SPV systems• Green power generation systemGreen power generation system• Buildings utilizing solar PV systemsBuildings utilizing solar PV systems• Make domestic SPV market Make domestic SPV market

competitive through market competitive through market developmentdevelopment

• Solar ingots manufacturing Solar ingots manufacturing • Thin film materials / technology Thin film materials / technology

developmentdevelopment


Niche marketsNiche markets

• Applications Applications – RailwaysRailways

• Signaling systems,Signaling systems,– TelecomTelecom

• SPV Power supply for SPV Power supply for – rural transmitters, rural transmitters, – repeater stations, repeater stations, – cellular network cellular network

– Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in schoolsInformation and Communication Technologies (ICT) in schools– Internet kiosks Internet kiosks

• EchoupalEchoupal– Small applications such as battery chargers, torches, mobile Small applications such as battery chargers, torches, mobile

chargerschargers• India has close to 100million cell phone usersIndia has close to 100million cell phone users

– Advertising hoardings Advertising hoardings • Annual market of 100 MW easily possible Annual market of 100 MW easily possible


SummerySummery

• Solar PV has tremendous market potential providedSolar PV has tremendous market potential provided– Customized products are designedCustomized products are designed– Cost barrier is tackled successfully especially for small grid Cost barrier is tackled successfully especially for small grid

connetced PV power plantconnetced PV power plant– Suitable financing schemes are offeredSuitable financing schemes are offered

• Large market potential for smaller affordable systemsLarge market potential for smaller affordable systems– Niche’ markets Niche’ markets

• Bringing down capital costs is key to tap the marketBringing down capital costs is key to tap the market• In spite of high costs solar PV markets are increasing In spite of high costs solar PV markets are increasing

and sustainable growth is expected and sustainable growth is expected


Solar thermal systems Solar thermal systems


Solar energy collectors

SOLAR COLLECTORS

NON-FOCUSSING

FOCUSSING(CONCENTRATING)

UNGLAZED COLLECTORS

FLAT PLATE(FPC)

EVACUATED(ETC)

SINGLE AXIS TRACKING

TWO-AXIS TRACKING

LINEAR FRESNEL TYPE

PARABOLOIC TROUGH

PARABOLIC DISH REFLECTOR

HELIOSTAT FIELD COLLECTOR

40–60oC

60–80oC

50–200oC

100–500oC

300–2000oC

100–150oC

100–250oC

100–500oC

300–1000oC

500–2000oC

For low temperature applications

For high and medium temperature applications

SOLAR POND

60–90oC

COMPOUND PARABOLIC CONCENTRATOR


Solar thermal systemsSolar thermal systems

Potential – 140million sq. meter of area

Achievement- 2million sq. m area


Industrial hot water Industrial hot water

systemssystems

One of the World’s largest industrial solar water heating system

Capacity: 1,20,000 lit /day

Application: Boiler feed water pre-heating

Installed at: M/s GFCL ltd, Kakinada

Area: 60m 80m (1309 collectors)

•Working since: 1997.

•GHG emissions saved: 700 t CO2 per annum

•Energy savings 22GJ per day

•Payback period:5 years


Solar water heating for hotel Solar water heating for hotel industryindustry

Hotel Fishermans’ cove, (Taj Group), Chennai

Capacity: 20000 lit /day


Solar pondSolar pond

6000m2 Solar pond at Bhuj dairy, Bhuj, Gujarat

Designed and installed by TERI


Solar steam systemsSolar steam systems

A view of solar steam cooking system installed at Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh

The system has been designed to generate over 4000 kg. of steam/day at 180 0C and 10 kg/cm2 which is sufficient to cook two meals for around 15,000 persons.

Solar steam cooking system in Leh

Source: www.gadhia-solar.com/


ARUN160: Fresnel Paraboloid concentrator with cavity receiver with 2-axes tracking having160 m2 aperture area installed under IIT-Bombay -Clique R & D Project sponsored by MNRE for milk pasteurization at Mahanand Dairy, Latur, Maharashtra, INDIA

India Innovates

Source- M/s Clique Technologies, Mumbai


Solar drying applicationsSolar drying applications

• Men-Tsee-Khang, (A Men-Tsee-Khang, (A pharmaceutical company) pharmaceutical company) based in Dharamsalabased in Dharamsala

• Application - Drying of herbs - Application - Drying of herbs - 100Kg/day100Kg/day

• Moisture need to be reduced Moisture need to be reduced to 4%to 4%

• Operation hoursOperation hours– 1000 to 1530 hrs during 1000 to 1530 hrs during

winterwinter– 0930 to 1600 hrs during 0930 to 1600 hrs during

summersummer


BarriersBarriers

• Site constraintsSite constraints– Shadow free area for installationShadow free area for installation– Factory layoutFactory layout– System integration with existing system System integration with existing system

• Awareness and willingness to investAwareness and willingness to invest

• System designers and manufacturersSystem designers and manufacturers– Limited technical capacityLimited technical capacity– Lack of instrumentation and controlsLack of instrumentation and controls


Solar water heating systemsSolar water heating systems

• Areas for improvements Areas for improvements – Controls and integration with existsing systemsControls and integration with existsing systems– Constant temperature supplyConstant temperature supply– Hard water problemHard water problem

• System integration in multi storey System integration in multi storey buildingsbuildings– Efficient system integrationEfficient system integration– Reliability of hot water supply Reliability of hot water supply


Future market developmentFuture market development

• Need to provide push for large scale Need to provide push for large scale systemssystems

• Performance simulation and savingsPerformance simulation and savings• Cooling systemsCooling systems• Can India be manufacturing hub for Can India be manufacturing hub for

solar power plants?solar power plants?• Can we exploit hydropower and silica Can we exploit hydropower and silica

deposits to have our own silicon deposits to have our own silicon ingots?ingots?


Some thoughtsSome thoughts

• R & D activitesR & D activites– Solar energy centre Solar energy centre

•Autonomous centre with independent Autonomous centre with independent budget?budget?

•Long term R & D plan?Long term R & D plan?

•Consortia projects Consortia projects

• Infrastructure Infrastructure

•Large scale demonstration projectsLarge scale demonstration projects


Other technologiesOther technologies

• Air heating systems/collectorsAir heating systems/collectors

• Solar cooling Solar cooling – Air conditioning Air conditioning – RefrigerationRefrigeration

• Drying systems Drying systems


SuggestionsSuggestions

• Programmatic r & D , D and commercialization plansProgrammatic r & D , D and commercialization plans• Encourage industries for R & D Encourage industries for R & D • Urgent need to focus on technology and market Urgent need to focus on technology and market

development rather than subsidy programsdevelopment rather than subsidy programs• Special funds and fast track mechanism for demonstration Special funds and fast track mechanism for demonstration

projectsprojects• Joint R & D programs Joint R & D programs • Solar vehicles competition for engineering studentsSolar vehicles competition for engineering students• Sponsored projects on designing / sizing solar systemsSponsored projects on designing / sizing solar systems• Promote India’s success on world wide scalePromote India’s success on world wide scale• Long term program and road map to meet national energy Long term program and road map to meet national energy

needs through RE including solarneeds through RE including solar• Training and capacity building of industriesTraining and capacity building of industries


Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Contact details:

[email protected]

Cell - 09811602069

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Solar Energy Development in India

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