Solar Cells based on Quantum Dots: Multiple Exciton Generation
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Transcript of Solar Cells based on Quantum Dots: Multiple Exciton Generation
Solar Cells based on Quantum Dots:Multiple Exciton Generation
Dave ConeUC-Davis PhysicsCM Journal Club
Spring, 2008
Significance of Solar
• Solar PVs $15B market• 25% of US energy from
alternatives by 2025• Grand Plan- US free of
oil/carbon by 2050
How Solar Cells Work
Based on “photoelectric effect”• Photon excites valence electron• Electron-hole pair created• Electrons & holes “separate”• Band gap determines what is
absorbed
1.1eV=1100nm (Si) 1.4eV- 870nm (GaAs)1.7eV- 710nm (CaSe)
2.0eV- 600nm (CaSeQD)3.2eV- 400nm (TiO2)
“Ideal” Solar Cell
Strategies for Improvement(with nanostructures- QDs)
• Capture more sunlight - Tune energy band gaps of materials
“Stacked Architecture”
Potential Advantages: – Cheaper Materials– Capture more of Solar Spectrum
• Generate more electrons per photon:
“Multiple Exciton Generation”
Potential Advantages: – Dramatic Efficiency Improvements– Greater Solar Spectrum
MEG- Multiple Exciton GenerationBasic Solar Cell:
1 photon = 1 exciton (1 electron/ 1 hole + excess energy)
MEG Solar Cell:
1 photon = 2+ excitons (2+ electron/holes –no heat!)
Potential Efficiency Improvement
Experimental EvidenceMEG using PbSe Thin Film
Size - 8nm diamThickness- 85 nm
Band gap- .7eV4-7X response- 3-5eV laser pulse Kim, Kim, et al- APL Jan, 2008
Bulk vs NC Effect on MEG
What causes MEG ?
• Bulk vs Nano-crystal – More than scale– Quantum confinement
• Impact Ionization– Too slow ?
psec (-12)vs fmsec(-15)
• Virtual states
Klimov: MEG via Virtual Exciton States
Proposed Mechanism• Two valence band electrons interact (Coulomb potential) -
Creates virtual biexciton from “vacuum state”.• Absorbs photon (> 2Eg ) to become real, energy-conserving
biexciton( 2 electrons/ 2 holes).• Possible in QDs (5-10 nm) due to relaxation of momentum
conservation.Approach• Model PbSe nanodots with TD 2nd order perturbation theory
Virtual Exciton States
Transition Rates (FGR-2nd order) Possible Transitions
Hxx = Coulomb –interaction operator – creates excitons from vacuumHev = Electron-photon interaction operator
MEG as function of Photon Energy
Experimental Evidence Theory vs Experiment
F= W2,xx/ W biexciton gen rate/total photo-gen rate
Conclusions
• MEG is a real phenomenon• Impact ionization seems unable to account for
level of carrier generation (some disagree)• Virtual excitons “explains” MEG in nanodots.• Proposed mechanism is valid for any
quantum-confined structure• Jury’s still out
Thank you