Soils of the Brian Pastures Research Station, …...5.1 Correlation matrix of soil analysis results...
113
QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS PUBLICATION QR86004 WStS SOILS OF THE BRIAN PASTURES RESEARCH STATION GAYNDAH, QUEENSLAND R. E. Reid and P. Sorby Land Resources Branch D. E. Baker Agricultural Chemistry Branch Queensland Department of Primary Industries
Transcript of Soils of the Brian Pastures Research Station, …...5.1 Correlation matrix of soil analysis results...
QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIESRESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS PUBLICATION QR86004
WStS
SOILS OFTHE BRIAN PASTURESRESEARCH STATION
GAYNDAH, QUEENSLAND
R. E. Reid and P. SorbyLand Resources Branch
D. E. BakerAgricultural Chemistry Branch
QueenslandDepartmentof PrimaryIndustries
Queensland Government Technical Report
This report is a scanned copy and some detail may be illegible or lost. Before acting on any
information, readers are strongly advised to ensure that numerals, percentages and details are correct.
This report is intended to provide information only on the subject under review. There are limitations
inherent in land resource studies, such as accuracy in relation to map scale and assumptions regarding
socio-economic factors for land evaluation. Before acting on the information conveyed in this report,
readers should ensure that they have received adequate professional information and advice specific to
their enquiry.
While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report neither the Queensland Government nor
its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result from any
inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein.
© State of Queensland 1986
For information about this report contact [email protected]
Queensland Department of Primary IndustriesResearch Establishments Publication QR86OO4
SOILS OF THE
BRIAN PASTURES RESEARCH STATIONGAYNDAH, QUEENSLAND
R. E. Reid and P. SorbyLand Resources Branch
D. E. BakerAgricultural Chemistry Branch
Queensland Department of Primary IndustriesBrisbane 1986
ISSN 0813-4391
Queensland Department of Primary IndustriesGPO Box 46Brisbane 4001.
I l l
CONTENTS
Page
PART A - COMPENDIUM
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOILS 4
3. LAND USE POTENTIAL 10
PART B - DETAILED REPORT
1. INTRODUCTION 1 7
1.1 Historical - 1?
1.2 Soils 18
2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 19
2.1 Climate 19
2.2 Physiography 2 4
2.3 Geology and geomorphology 242.4 Hydrology 282.5 Vegetation 29
3. SOIL SURVEY METHOD 30
3.1 F i e l d work 303.2 Soil p r o f i l e classes 303.3 Mapping units 32
4. SOILS - MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION 33
4.1 S o i l p r o f i l e classes 33
4.2 Mapping units 33
5- SOILS - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES 36
5.1 Introduction 36
5.2 pH, chloride and electrical conductivity 365.3 Particle size analysis 385.4 Cation exchange capacity and clay activity ratio 395.5 Excnancable cations, base saturation and dispersion ratio 405.6 Plant available water capacity 445.7 Total potassium 445.8 Soil f e r t i l i t y 45
6. LAND USE 4 6
6.1 Present land use 466.2 Limitations to a g r i c u l t u r a l land use 46
IV
Page
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 49
8. REFERENCES 50
APPENDIXES
1. Detailed description of the s o i l p r o f i l e classes 53
2. Morphological and analytical data for sampled s o i l p r o f i l e s 74
3. Details of s o i l p r o f i l e s at a l l sites described during mapping 95
4. Vegetation - common and specific names 104
5. The relationship between the s o i l p r o f i l e classes, the s o i l types 105of Clark and Fergus (1952) and the s o i l associations of de Mooy,Hubble and Beckmann (1977).
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure No.
1.1 Location of the survey area 32.1 Daily pan evaporation at Brian Pastures 212.2 Daily sunshine duration at Brian Pastures 222.3 Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Brian Pastures 23
together with 14 and 86 percentiles.
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1.1 Major distinguishing features of the s o i l p r o f i l e classes 5
1.2 Specific s o i l l i m i t a t i o n s and management problems for the 11mapping units
1.3 Dryland and i r r i g a t e d land classes, major l i m i t a t i o n s and 15areas for the mapping units
1.4 Ratings for chloride, sodicity and nutrients i n the analysed 16soil profiles
2.1 Mean and median monthly and annual rainfalls for Brian Pastures 20and deciles for 1, 5 and 12 months for Gayndah
2.2 Average number of days of f r o s t per month at Gayndah 242.3 Landscape units of Brian Pastures and t h e i r subdivisions 252.4 The postulated chronology and morphogenesis of the Brian 26
Pastures landscape4.1 Mapping unit composition 355.1 Correlation matrix of s o i l analysis results 375.2 Coarse sand and clay contents of analysed p r o f i l e s 385.3 CEC and clay a c t i v i t y r a t i o for analysed p r o f i l e s 395.4 Exchangable calcium, calcium to magnesium r a t i o and base 41
saturation for analysed p r o f i l e s5.5 ESP, EMP and dispersion r a t i o for a l l sampled soil s 425.6 -1/3 bar and -15 bar water content for a l l sampled s o i l s 435.7 Estimated rooting depth and PAWC for some of the sampled s o i l s 445.8 Total potassium i n the sampled p r o f i l e s 45
SUMMARY
A 1:25 000 soil survey of the 3830 ha Brian Pastures Research Station nearGayndah, Queensland, was undertaken. Free survey techniques were used anda total of 304 ground observations made. Twenty soil profile classes wereidentified and described in detail. The soils map divides the area intotwenty mapping units-
The geology and geomorphology of the six landscape units identified isdiscussed m relation to soils. Climate, vegetation and soil chemistry arealso discussed. Dryland and irrigated agricultural land capabilityclassifications of the mapping units are given.
There are limited areas available with moderate suitability for croppingi f erosion control measures are used. There is also scope for furtherpasture development but the steeper lands should not be cleared.
PART A
COMPENDIUM
SUMMARY OF SOIL AND LAND USE ATTRIBUTFS OFBRIAN PASTURES RESEARCH bTATION
1 . INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a 1:25 000 s o i l survey of the QueenslandDepartment of Primary Industries Brian Pastures Research Station. TheResearch Station, total area 3830 ha, occupies two blocks on the l e f tbank of Barambah Creek about 17 km east-southeast of Gayndah, Queensland(Figure 1.1). A dryland agricultural and grazing land capabilityclassification has been applied to the mapping units. The irrigated landcapability of mapping units has also been considered.
25 30'
0 5 10km
SCALE 1 250 000
15f 45' 25° 45'
Figure 1.1. Location of the survey area
Part A of this report presents a summary of soil and land use informationthat w i l l meet the immediate needs of many users. Part B sets out f u l ldetails of the physical environment, soils, soil chemistry and land uselimitations.
2. DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOILS
2.1 General
The major distinguishing attributes of the soils are given in Table 1.1.Detailed descriptions of the soil profile classes are given in Appendix 1and descriptions and analytical data for representative profiles are givenin Appendix 2. The analytical data are discussed in part B, section 5.The locations of a l l sites described are shown on an accompanying map andlimited profile data for them are given in Appendix 3.
2.2 Taxonomy of the soils
The area has been divided into six landscape units on the basis of lithologyand topography. I t was d i f f i c u l t to distinguish between basalt and andesitelithology at some sites. A convention was established whereby a site wasconsidered to be basalt i f , around the site, the soil surface was dominantlymoderately to strongly self mulching and andesite i f the soil surface wasdominantly hard setting or weakly self mulching.
The soils within each landscape unit have been grouped into soil profileclasses. The classes are such that the variation in some attributes withingroups is much less than variation between groups.
Mapping units are usually named for the dominant soil profile class.Where variability is intense, some mapping units are named for the two mostimportant soil profile classes within the complex or association.
Table 1.1. Major distinguishing attributes of the soil profile classes
SoilProfileClass
Major distinguishing attributes P.P.F.s* Great so i l group Landscape unit Subdivision
Bench Dark or brown uniform sands to sandy Uc1 .23
loams with l i t t l e prof i le development Uc1.24
overlying layered materials. Acid or Uc1 .43
neutral so i l reaction trend
Al luv ia l soi ls Level to gently undulat- Lower lying areas
ing plains of creek Channel benches and
alluvium banks
2-152 slope
Buffel Dark or brown uniform clay loams or
non cracking clays with prof i le
development evident. Neutral or
alkaline soi l reaction trend
Ura6.32 Prairie soi ls , minimal
Uf6.32 prair ie soils
Um6.31
Ai rs t r ip Brown or grey duplex soils with Db2.33
<300 mm of loam fine sandy, sandy Db1.33
clay loam, clay loam or occasionally Dy3.43
sandy loam A horizon. Alkaline so i l
reaction trend
Solodic soi ls , solodized
solonetz
Barambah Hard sett ing to weakly self mulching Ug5.15
dark or grey clays with l ight clay to Ug5.25
medium clay A horizon. Alkaline so i l Ug5.16
reaction trend. Incipient to weak
gilgai
Black earths (degraded)**,
grey clays
Brigalow Hard setting to weakly self mulching Ug5.24
Flat grey clays with l ight medium clay to Ug5.16
medium clay A horizon. Alkaline or Ug5.34
alkaline over neutral soi l reaction
trend. Strong gi lgai
Grey clays
Lower lying areasLevees
1-5? slope
Higher lying areasInactive alluvial plains
0-22 slope
Higher lying areasInactive alluvial plains
0-22 slope
Older, higher lying areasInactive alluvial plain
0-12 slope
Table 1.1 (Cont'd).
SoilProfileClass
Major distinguishing attributes P.P.F.s* Great soil group Landscape unit Subdivision
Tel E l Moderately to strongly sel f mulching Ug5.15Kabir dark or brown clays with l i gh t medium Ug5.34
to medium heavy clay A horizon. Ug5.1Alkal ine s o i l reaction trend. Gi lga iabsent to weak
Black earths, brown clays Level to gently undulat- Alluvial material froming plains of local andesite and basaltalluvium Alluvial plains
0-2$ slope
Mount Hard setting to moderately self mulch- Ug5.32Bambling ing brown or dark clays to clay loams. Ug5.12
Neutral or occasionally alkaline soil Um6.21reaction trend. Stone usually present.A plus B horizons <400 mm
Brown clays, black earths,minimal prairie soils
Gently undulating rises Hillcrests and h i l l -to rolling low h i l l s on slopesbasalt
10-25% slope
Nursery Moderately to strongly self mulchingbrown or dark clays with light mediumclay to medium heavy clay A horizon.Alkaline or occasionally neutral soilreaction trend. Gilgai absent or weaklinear. A plus B horizons 400 to1 000 mm
Ug5.32Ug5.13
Brown clays, black earths
Graham Moderately to strongly sel f mulching Ug5.15brown or dark clays with l i gh t medium Ug5.34clay to medium heavy clay A horizon. Ug5.32Alkal ine so i l reaction trend. Weakl inear g i l g a i . A plus B horizon> 1000 mm
Brown clays, black earths
Pediments
3-10? slope
Pediments, frequentlyon lower slopes
1-48 slope
Table 1.1 (Cont'd).
SoilProfileClass
Major distinguishing attributes P.P.F.s* Great soi l group Landscape unit Subdivision
Weaner Brown, red, grey or dark uniform noncracking clays or clay loams withsandy clay loam, f ine sandy clay loam,clay loam, l i gh t clay or l i gh t mediumclay A horizon. Neutral or a lka l ineso i l reaction trend. Stone usuallypresent. A plus B horizons <400 mm
Uf6.31Uf6.32Um6.12
Pra i r i e so i l s , minimalprairie soils, lithosols
Gently undulating rises Hillcrests and hi l l -to rolling hills on slopesandesite
10-30? slope
Lindeman Red, yellow or brown duplex soils with<200 mm of l i g h t sandy clay loam, loamfine sandy, sandy clay loam, fine sandyclay loam or clay loam A horizon.Neutral s o i l reaction trend. Stoneusually present. A plus B horizons<800 mm
Ban Ban
Dr2.42Dr2.22Dy3.42
Red and yellow podzolicsoloths
Hard setting to weakly self mulching Uf6.31brown or dark non-cracking and cracking Ug5.34
Prairie soi ls, chernozems,brown clays
clays with l ight clay to medium clayA horizon. Alkaline or occasionallyneut ra1 soil react ion t rend.Frequently weak linear g i lga i . Aplus B horizons >400 mm
Uf6.32
Browns Brown, dark or occasionally grey duplexsoils with <300 mm of l ight sandy clayloam, loam fine sandy, sandy clay loam,fine sandy clay loam or clay loam Ahorizon. Alkaline soi l reactiontrend. Occasionally weak linear g i lgai .A plus B horizon >400 mm
Dbi .33 Solodic soi ls,Db2.43 solonetz
solodized
Hillcrests and h i l l -slopes.Areas of intense rockjoint ing
10-3056 slope
Pediments
3-8S slope
Pediments
3-12% slope
Table 1.1 (Cont'd).
SoilProfileClass
Major distinguishing attributes P.P.F.s* Great soil group Landscape unit Subdivision
Back Uniform loamy sands, sandy loams, light Uc2.12 Lithosols, podzolizedCreek sandy clay loam or occasionally sandy Uc2.21 lithosols, rudimentary
clay loams. Acid soil reaction trend. Uci podzolsStone usually present. A plus Bhorizons <400 mm
Gently undulating rises Hillslopes and hillcreststo steep h i l l s onrhyolite
20-502 slope
Ladies Uniform loamy sands to sandy loams. Uc2,12Mile Acid soil reaction trend. A plus B Uc2.21
horizon >400 mm Uc2.22
Rudimentary podzols.
Kent Yellow and brown duplex soils with<300 mm of sandy loam, fine sandyloam or light sandy clay loam Ahorizon. Acid or neutral soilreaction trend. Stone usuallypresent. A plus B horizons 300 to600 mm
Dy 3.41
Dbi .32
Dy2.42
Yellow podzol ic s o i l s ,
soloths
Pump Brown, grey or red duplex s o i l s wi th
<300 mm of sandy loam, f i n e sandy loam,
l i g h t sandy clay loam, sandy c lay
loam or f i ne sandy c lay loam A hor izon.
Alkaline soi l reaction trend. A plus
B horizons >400 mm
Db2.33 Solodic soi ls , solodized
Dy3.43 solonetz, red-brown
Dr2.33 earths
Hil lcrests and h i l l -
slopes
3-155S slope
Hil lcrests and h i l l -
slopes
20-50SS slope
Pediments
4-128 slope
Quarry Unbleached uniform loamy sands to sandy Uc4.13
loams. Acid soi l reaction trend. Rock, Uc4.22
stone or boulder usually present. A Uc6.11
plus B horizons 100 to 700 mm
Rudimentary podzols,
l i thosols
Gently undulating rise
to ro l l ing low h i l l on
granite
Hi l lcrests and h i l l -
slopes
10-40$ slope
Table \.1 (Cont'd).
Soil
ProfileClass
Major distinguishing attributes P.P.F.s* Great s o i l group Landscape uni t Subdivision
Stylo Bleached uniform loamy sands to sandy Uc2.21loams. Acid or neutral so i l reaction Uc2.22trend. A plus B horizons >700 mm
Rudimentary podzols Pediments
2-12% slope
Tank Grey, yellow or brown duplex so i l swith <400 mm of loamy sand, sandy loamor loam f ine sandy A horizon.Alka l ine, neutral or occasionallyacid s o i l reaction trend. A plusB horizons >600 mm
Dy3.43Db2.33Dy3.33
Solodic so i l s , solodizedsolonetz, soloths
Pediments
* Northcote (1979)* * de Mooy, Hubble and Beckmann (1977)
10
3. LAND USE POTENTIAL
Information on land use potential for an area can be provided i n two ways:
Land use - s o i l s u i t a b i l i t y assessment for specific soils andpotential land uses.
Land capability c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .
Table 1.2 sets out land use - s o i l s u i t a b i l i t y assessments for the mappingunits while Table 1.3 sets out dryland and i r r i g a t e d land capability.Dryland classes are those of Rosser et at. (1974) and i r r i g a t e d classesare those of United States Bureau of Reclamation (1953) as set out byThompson, Baker and Cannon (1981). Table 1.4 gives ratings of Bruce andRayment (1982) for chloride, sodicity and nutrients i n the analysedprofiles.
Table 1.2. Specific soil limitations and management problems for the Brian Pastures mapping units
Mappingunit
Major limitations
Physical Soil chemical
Potential intensiveland uses
Likely specific managementproblems and comments
Bench FloodingLow water holdingcapacity soils
Erosion
Boulder in some areas
Buffel Hard setting soilsurfaceFlooding
No major problems
No major problems
Improved pastures that w i l lestablish without furtherclearing or cultivation
Cropping or improvedpasture
Airstrip
Barambah
BrigalowFlat
Hard setting soilsurfaceLow water holdingcapacity soilsStone in some areas
Weak gilgaiPoor internal soildrainage
Strong gilgaiPoor internal soildrainageWaterlogging indepressions
Low phosphorusHigh sodicity below0.6-0.9 mLow zinc
Low phosphorusHigh sodicity below0.6-0.9 mLow zinc
High sodicity below0.6-0.9 m
Cropping or improvedpasture
Cropping or improvedpasture
Improved pasture
Uneven topography.Grass cover should be maintained ata l l times to prevent erosion fromflooding.
Hard setting surface may cause lowwater i n f i l t r a t i o n rate particularlyfrom rain or spray irrigation.Topography not well suited tosurface irrigation.
Low water holding capacity w i l lcause poor crop performance andpasture persistence.Deep ripping may improve waterholding capacity.
Low water holding capacity w i l lcause poor crop performance andpasture persistence.Levelling required before surfaceirrigation.
Substantial levelling required forcultivation exposing infertile,sodic material.Low water holding capacity wi l lcause poor pasture persistence.
Table 1.2 CCont'd).
Mappingunit
Major limitations
Physical Soil chemical
Potential intensiveland uses
Likely specific managementproblems and comments
Tel ElKabir
MountBamblmg
Nursery
No major problems
SlopeStoneErosionShallow soils
ErosionStone in some areas
Moderate sodicity below0.9-1.2 mProbable low phosphorus
No major problems
No major problems
Cropping or improved pasture
Improved pastures that w i l lestablish without cultivation
Cropping or improved pasture
Slope and stone make cultivationimpossible.Shallow soil w i l l l i m i t waterholding capacity.
Soil conservation practicesrequired i f cultivated.
Graham Erosion Moderate sodicity below0.9-1.2 mLow zinc
Cropping or improved pasture Soil conservation practicesrequired i f cultivated
Weaner SlopeStoneErosionShallow soilsSoil variability
Ban Ban Stone in some areasWeak gilgaiErosionSlope in some areas
No major problems
Moderate sodicity below0.6-1.2 m
Improved pastures that w i l lestablish without cultivation
Cropping or improved pasture
Areas of slope >259s should probablynot be completely cleared. Theyshould definitely not be clearedmechanically.Shallow soils w i l l limit waterholding capacity.
Soil conservation practices required
i f cultivated.
Slopes >8SS should be cultivated only
for pasture establishment.
Table 1.2 (Cont'd).
Mappingunit
Major limitations
Physical Soil chemical
Potential intensiveland use
Likely specific managementproblems and comments
Browns Stone in some areasErosionSlope in some areas
Back Creek
Lad iesMile
Pump
StoneSlopeErosionShallow s o i l sLow water holdingcapacity soils
StoneSlopeErosionLow water holdingcapacity soils
Stone in some areasSlopeErosion
Low phosphorusHigh sodicity below0.3-0.6 m
Improved pastures withoccasional cropping
Low phosphorus Improved pastures that w i l lestablish without cultivation
Low phosphorusLow copperLow zinc
No major problems
Improved pastures
Improved pastures withoccasional cropping
Soil conservation practices requiredi f cultivated.Low water holding capacity w i l lcause poor crop performance andpasture persistence.Slopes >8? should be cultivated onlyfor pasture establishment.
Areas of slope >25? should probablynot be completely cleared. Theyshould definitely not be clearedmechanically.Shallow soils w i l l limit waterholding capacity.
Cultivation should only be forpasture establishment.
Soil conservation practices requiredi f cultivated.Low water holding capacity w i l lcause poor crop performance andpasture persistence.Slopes >8SS should be cultivatedonly for pasture establishment.
Table 1.2 (Cont'd).
Mappingunit
Major limitations
Physical Soil chemical
Potential intensiveland use
Likely specific managementproblems and comments
Quarry
Stylo
Tank
StoneBoulderErosionSlopeShallow soils
SlopeErosionSoil variability
SlopeErosionSoil variability
Low potassiumLow copper
Low phosphorusLow copper
Improved pastures that w i l lestablish without cultivation
Improved pastures
Improved pastures
Areas of slope >25% should probablynot be cleared. They shoulddefinitely not be clearedmechanically.Shallow soils w i l l limit waterholding capacity.
Soil conservation practices requiredi f cultivated.Sandy soils w i l l have low waterholding capacity.
Soil conservation practicesrequired i f cultivated.
Table 1.3. Dryland and irrigated land classes, major limitations and areas for the mapping units
Mapping unitArea(ha)
Dryland
Limitations* Class
Irrigated
Limitations** Class
BenchBuffelAirstrip
Barambah
Bngalow FlatTel El KabirMount BamblingNursery
GrahamWeaner
Ban BanBrowns
Ban Ban/BrownsBan Ban/NurseryBack Creek
Back Creek/WeanerLadles MilesPumpQuarryStyloTank
35
70
235
50
15
120
40
180
240
005330250
105
9101530
170707020
t 4 , ey,m21 P3 •
(113, p 4 ,
m 2 , S 2 *
m 2 ,
m 2 .
n 2 ,
k 2 .
d 2 , k2,k2, e3
d 4 , t g ,s 2 , k2,s 3 , k2,S3, k2,s 2 , k2,d 4 , t 7 ,d 4 , t 7 ,t 4 , r4,r2, e4
d 3 , t 6 ,
^4 • ^2 'm4« n 2 1
f2 , e2
n2 , s 3 ,k2, w2
s 2 , k2,f2 , e2
e6r2, e3
r 5 'r2,r2,r2,r 3-r5,
r5,e6
r5,e4
e4
e3e3e3e3e6e6
e 6
w2
95
734352733734437764766
pt41 t41 e 4 , f3
PC3' *-3' e2f ^2pb31 pc3< so 2 , r
sc 2 , g 2 , w2
so2 P g 4 , W3
t 2 , f 2
t 5 .t 4 ,503303
t 4 , e3e3r5r3, e3
' ^4 * r3 *1 t 4 , T3,
t 4 , r3, e3
t 5 ,t 5 ,t 5 ,t 5 ,t 5 ,
r5r5r4,r4r5
e 4
t 4 , e4
e3e3
t 4 , e4
534342543545545555555
* t-topography, e-erosion, f - f lood ing, m-raoisture a v a i l a b i l i t y , p-soi l physical fac tors , n-nutr ients, s - s a l i n i t y or sod ic i ty ,k -so i l workab i l i t y , w-wetness, r-rock or stone
** pt-surface texture, t-topography, e-erosion, f - f l ood ing , pc-surface crust ing, pb-depth to extremely hard subsoi l , so-sodici tyr-rock or stone, g-gi lgai> t-topography, d -so i l depth
Table 1.4, Rai
Soil ProfileClass
BuffelAirstripBarambahBrigalow FlatTel El KabirNurseryGrahamLindeman**Ban BanBrownsLadies Mile***KentPumpQuarryStyloTank
:ings f o r chloride,
Chloride
0-100mm
V.
V.
V.
lowV.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
lowlowlow
lowlowlowlowlowlowlowlowlowlowlowlow
800-900mm
lowhighhighhighmedium-
mediummediumhighhigh--
v. low-
v. low-
sodicity and nutrients in analysed pr o f i l e s
Sodicity
200-300mm
non sodic*sodicsodicsodicnon sodicnon sodicnon sodicnon sodicnon sodicsodicnon sodicnon sodicnon sodicnon sodicnon sodicnon sodic
800-900mm
sodicstrongly sodicstrongly sodicstrongly sodicsodic
-
sodic-
sodicstrongly sodicnon sodic
-
non sodic-
non sodic-
Phosphorus
Acid
highv. lowv. lowv. highv. highv. highmediummed iumhighv. lowv. lowv, lowmediummediumlowmedium
Bicarbonate
v. highlowlowv. highhighv. highmediummediumv. highlowlowlowmediummediummediumhigh
Extr.Potassium
highmediummediumv. highhighhighhighhighhighhighhighhighv. highmediummediummedium
Copper
mediummediummediummediummediummediummediumlowhighmediumlowmediummediumlowlowmedium
Zinc
mediumlowlowmediummediummediumlowmediummediummediumlowmediummediummediummediummedium
Manganese
mediummediumhighhighmediumhighmediummediumhighmediummediummediummediummediummediummedium
OrganicC
lowlowmediumhighmediummediumlowmediummediummediumlowlowlowlowlowlow
TotalN
lowlowmediummediummediummediumlowlowlowmediumlowlowlowlowlowlow
Northcote and Skene (1972)Probably applies to Weaner s o i l p r o f i l e class as wellProbably applies to Back Creek s o i l p r o f i l e class as well
17
PART B
DETAILED REPORT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical
The f i r s t record of Europeans in the Brian Pastures area was of a party ledby Henry Stuart Russell in 1842 and 1843. They passed on the eastern sideof Barambah Creek.
Grazing interests followed quickly and the original Ban Ban Run wasoccupied by the Herbert brothers in 1846- The area was 52 000 ha.
Lands Department f i l e s show that the area had been expanded to 113 000 hain 1887 and the lease was in the hands of J.L. Graham. This area apparentlyrepresents that available for grazing, perhaps close to water and free ofimpenetrable scrub. The western part of the Run, including the BrianPastures block was resumed in 1887. The Ridges block was part of the areato be retained by Graham but he sold his lease to A. Brown a few days afterthe resumption. The lease passed to H.T. Whitty (and later H.H. Whitty)and N.W. Brown in 1896 after the death of A. Brown and was transferred toBan Ban Pastoral Company in 1903. N.W. Brown was apparently a principal inthis. The lease was sold to the Downs Investment Company in 1910 and theysurrendered i t in 1911.
Records show extensive ringbarking on Ban Ban in the period 1896 to 1901so the i n i t i a l timber treatment on The Ridges block may have occurred then.
The period 1898 to 1912 was one of extensive resumptions and subdivisionsfrom both parts of the 1887 Run. A 1905 lithograph shows that most of theBrian Pastures block was held in the name of S.A. Lmdeman and in 1912 thiswas known as Brian Pastures. The remaining area (centred on the presentTel El Kabir paddock) was held in the name of A. Brown in 1905.
Creek banks and fl a t s on the Brian Pastures block were used to growcotton in the 1920"s.
The Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation (formerly the AustralianMeat Board) purchased the Brian Pastures block from N. Kent in 1952 andvested i t in the Queensland Department of Primary Industries to be managedas a Research Station. The Ridges block was purchased in 1970.
The objective of the station is to explore various means of increasingbeef production through improved nutrition and husbandry practices,principally pasture improvement.
18
Current research investigations are concerned with:
Introduction of improved strains of grasses, legumes, browse plants andforage crops;Management of both sown and native pastures and their reaction tointensity of use;Seed production from introduced species;Plant nutrition;Physiology of pasture growth;Control of unwanted timber;Pattern of animal growth;Effects of time of weaning and calving;Milk production from beef cows;Reproductive performance; andAnimal nutrition.
1.2 Soils
The only soil maps covering the Brian Pastures area are those of Isbell etat. (1967) and de Mooy, Hubble and Beckmann (1977). These are at scales of1:2 000 000 and 1:100 000 respectively. de Mooy, Hubble and Beckmann showfour soil associations occurring on the two blocks. The only other soilsinformation available is profile descriptions at eight selected sites(A.A. Webb unpublished data) and descriptions of eight soil types by Clarkand Fergus (1952).
After approaches from staff on the Research Station, a 1:25 000 soilsurvey of both blocks was undertaken. The objectives of the survey were toprovide information on soil properties and distribution for the selection ofexperimental areas, for experimental design and for the extrapolation ofexperimental findings.
19
2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Climate
2.1.1 Rainfall
Table 2.1 shows mean and median monthly and annual r a i n f a l l at BrianPastures and one, f i v e and twelve month deciles for Gayndah. The differencebetween mean and median annual r a i n f a l l indicates that there have been moreyears with above 'average1 (mean) r a i n f a l l than below.
A l l data show the seasonal nature of r a i n f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n with a strongsummer maximum. Median data f o r Brian Pastures suggests that A p r i l andJuly are the driest months. That for Gayndah (1 month, decile 5), whererecords are longer, suggests that the months A p r i l to August inclusive arethe d r i e s t . There i s , however, a greater than 50 percent chance of gettingmore than 20 mm of rai n at Gayndah i n a l l these months.
The f i v e month deciles show that the area i s best suited to summercropping though winter crops, p a r t i c u l a r l y forage crops, should be possiblewith some stored s o i l water. The one month deciles show that December -January is the most l i k e l y time for good planting rain but November plantedcrops should get the most rain through the growing season. Early plantingwhenever possible should be the best policy.
2.1.2 Evaporation
Mean daily evaporation i s shown i n Figure 2.1. The summer rate i sapproximately twice that of the winter rate. Mean monthly evaporationexceeds median monthly r a i n f a l l i n a l l months.
2.1.3 Sunshine duration
Sunshine duration i s shown i n Figure 2.2. The average data suggest thatthe lowest months are February, May, June and July. The means for thelowest months on record show that there w i l l be occasions when plant growthis l i m i t e d by lack of sunshine.
2.1.4 Temperature
Figure 2.3 shows mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Brian Pasturestogether with t h e i r 14 and 86 percentiles. There is high va r i a t i o n betweensummer and winter i n both maximum and minimum temperatures.
Table 2.1. Mean and median monthly and annual r a i n f a l l s f o r Brian Pastures and deciles f or 1,beginning i n the l i s t e d months)
5 and 12 months f o r Gayndah (periods
K a i n f a l l
BRIANPASTURES
GAYNDAH
I mm)
MeanMedian
1 month
Decile 1Decile 5Decile 9
5 month
Decile 1Decile 5Decile 9
12 month
Decile 1Decile 5Decile 9
Jan
151146
21110242
216355626
498800
1 058
Feb
130122
1683
261
145285556
445795
1 054
March
3928
1757178
109222390
445794
1 085
Apr i l
255
32987
77162335
473807
1 047
May
1819
22998
71170327
478798
1 067
June
3437
134108
92198334
486781 !
1 087
Month
July
3710
22585
115229405
510774
1 063
Aug
5040
22266
157303485
521770
1 071
Sept
2721
32681
212401602
532769
1 038
Oct
6162
n59
122
254462684
532744
1 063
Nov
8282
1665147
286476744
533768
1 050
Dec
10885
22103190
275416699
534748
1 063
Year
762851
too
Source: Bureau of Meterology (1975), Bureau of Meterology (unpublished data).
g
8
7 -
>cO•o
e 6^rf"
co
i_Oa.rt
LU4
3
J F M A M J J A
Month
Figure 2.1 Daily pan evaporation at Brian F-astures, 1974 to 1981, Source: Departmental Records.
N
12
11
10
CO
TJ
0)
ishi
CO
daily
ean
9
8
7
6
M M J J
Month
N
Figure 2.2 Daily sunshine duration at Brian Pastures, 1968 to 1981, Source: Departmental Records.
2 3
36 i
34
32
30
28 •
26 •
24
~ 22oo0)
+(0
20
18 J
d)c 16 ̂(1)
•" 14-
12 -
10
8
6 -
4
2 H
0
Daily Maximum Temperature
Mean O O
14 Percentile D D
86 Percentile A A
DailyMinimumTemperature
Mean O O n
14 Percentile p •
86 Percentile A A
J F M A M J J A S
Month
O N D
Figure 2.3 Mean, maximum and minimum temperatures at Brian Pastures with 14 and 86 percentiles.Source Bureau of Meterology (1975)
24
The 14 percentile for minimum temperatures indicates that frosts arel i k e l y in winter and Table 2.2 shows their frequency at Gayndah. Lightfrosts are those with screen minimum temperatures of 0° to 2.2°C andheavy frosts are those with screen minima of 0°C or less. Cold nighttemperatures w i l l l i m i t the growth of tropical and subtropical speciesand Coleman (1964) estimates that the potential growing season for sub-tropical plants in the region is October to April inclusive.
Table 2.2. Average number of days of frost per month at Gayndah
MonthType Annual
Light
Heavy
May
0.6
J u n
4.5
1.6
J u l
4.4
2.0
Aug
5.3
1.2
Sep
0.8
O c t
0.1 15.7
4.8
Sources Foley (1945)
2.2 Physiography
Elevations on the Brian Pastures block range from about 100 m in the bedof Barambah Creek to over 320 m in the southern corner. Those on TheRidges block range from about 120 m in the creek bed to about 300 m.
The topography ranges from level to steep. Usual slopes for the s o i lp r o f i l e classes are given in Table 1.1 and the f u l l range encountered isgiven in Appendix 1.
2.3 Geology and geomorphology
Brian Pastures f a l l s within the area covered by the geology map of E l l i s(1968), which maps:
Quaternary alluviumBarambah Basalt (probably Pleistocene), andTriassic Aranbanga Beds
in the survey area.
Parts of the areas are also covered by the sketch map of Stevens (1961),showing:
Barambah Basalt (probably Pleistocene),Basalt (probably Tertiary),Rhyolitic and andesitic volcanics (probably Triassic), andGranite (apparently older than Triassic).
The scale of the present study reveals more geological detail. Thelandscape units or subdivisions of them (see Table 2.3) reveal detail ofthe geology and elevations and other relationships allow some age sequencesto be postulated. This information is summarized in Table 2.4 and set outin detail below. There is reasonable agreement between these interpretationsand those of Trezise (1973).
25
Table 2.3. The landscape units of Brian Pastures and their subdivisions
Landscape unit Shorttitle
Subdivisions
Level to gently undulatingplains of creek alluvium
Creekalluvium
Low lyingHigher lyingOlder, higher lying
Level to gently undulatingplains of local alluvium
Localalluvium
Gently undulating rises torolling low h i l l s on basalt
Basalt Hillcrests andhillslopes.Pediments
Gently undulating rises torolling h i l l on andesite
Andesite Hillcrests andhillslopes.Pediments
Gently undulating rises tosteep h i l l s on rhyolite
Rhyolite Hillcrests andhillslopes-Pediments
Gently undulating rises torolling low h i l l s on granite
Granite Hillcrests andhillslopes.Pediments
2.3.1 Quaternary
The youngest material in the survey areas is Holocene alluvium of thelower lying parts of the creek alluvium landscape unit. Depositionallayering is very evident in Bench profiles and Buffel profiles frequentlyoverly buried soil materials. Areas of Bench mapping unit are probablyflooded every two or three years and Station staff suggest that areas ofBuffel mapping unit are flooded occasionally. The materials on which thesesoils are formed are deposited amongst boulders of Barambah Basalt in somelocalities. Stevens (1961) suggests that this basalt is of Pleistocene age.
The local alluvium landscape unit appears to be of similar age orslightly older. Our observations show that deposition is occurring onlimited parts of this landscape unit but this may be caused by theacceleration of erosion by clearing in the catchment. All Tel El Kabirprofiles show considerable development with strong and moderate structureand carbonate and manganiferous segregations. One profile did, however,appear to overlie buried soil materials.
The only mapped outcrop of Barambah Basalt is the area of Mount Bamblingsoil in the southeastern part of the Brian Pastures block (AMG 56J 377100E7159050N). The basalt has apparently backed up a gully from the creek andbeen confined by the higher lying parts of the creek alluvium landscape unit.We therefore suggest that the age of the Barambah Basalt lies between thatof the lower lying and higher lying parts of the creek alluvium landscapeunit. The age of the Barambah Basalt cannot be related to that of thelocal alluvium landscape unit-
Table 2.4. The postulated chronology and morphogenesis of the Brian Pastures landscape
Period Epoch Placement of material Landscape unit Subdivision
Permian Intrusion of granite Granite
Triassic Extrusion of andesite andrhyolite withminor conglomerate andbasalt
AndesiteRhyolite
Basalt (part)
Tertiary
Quaternary Pleistocene
Holocene
Extrusion of basalt, tfount Bambling areaDeposition of Tertiary flood plain (only small area remains)
Deposition of creek flood plainExtrusion of Barambah basaltDeposition of local alluviumDeposition of creek benches and levees
Basalt (part)Creek alluvium
Creek alluviumBasalt (part)Local alluviumCreek alluvium
Older, higher lying
Higher lying
Lower lying
27
This age relationship between the Barambah Basalt and the higher lyingparts of the creek alluvium landscape unit agrees with an observation on theroad between Ban Ban Springs and Barambah Creek. Basalt flows apparentlyoverlie clays of the Barambah soi l . I t also agrees with an observation(Kent, D.J. personal communication) that a tongue of basalt on the rightbank of Barambah Creek opposite the Brian Pastures block appears to havebeen confined by a weakly gilgaied grey clay formed on alluvium. Ellis(1968), however, appears to consider that the higher lying creek alluviumis younger than the Barambah Basalt. He states "The Barambah Basalt iscovered in part by a thin veneer of Recent alluvium, especially in theCoalstoun Lakes area, where the floodplams of Sandy and Barambah Creekscoincide with the lava plains". I f this alluvium is underlain by basalt,i t is deeper than our 1.5 m described profiles. A single observation to4 m in a Barambah mapping unit also failed to locate basalt under thealluvium.
Parts of the higher lying creek alluvium landscape unit subdivision havesurface stone. This is dommantly basaltic but other lithologies occur.We suggest that this stone was spread as a bed load when blockage ofBarambah Creek by the Barambah Basalt caused creek flows to flood out overthe existing flood plain.
I t appears that the higher lying subdivision of the creek alluviumlandscape unit is older than the local alluvium landscape unit- Barambahand Tel El Kabir mapping units adjoin in Tel El Kabir paddock ]ust south ofBuffel paddock (AMG 56J 373300E 7161700N). The area of Barambah is slightlyelevated and thus likely to be older.
2.3.2 Tertiary
The basalts in the Mount Bambling (AMG 56J 374600E 7161300N) area appearto be Tertiary. They correspond in part to the area of probable Tertiarybasalt mapped by Stevens (1961). Their elevation is too great for themto be part of the Barambah Basalt unless there is a local eruptive centre.No evidence of this was found. A vein of calcite appears to run throughthis basalt roughly northwest from Mount Bambling.
The other material we believe is of Tertiary age is the older, higherlying creek alluvium (Brigalow Flat mapping unit, AMG 56J 380150E 7154800N).The strongly gilgaied grey clays with lower pH in the deep subsoil arecharacteristic of some soils developed on Tertiary materials in CentralQueensland (Gunn 1967). Subangular to rounded gravel is occasionallyencountered in the profile so the material is transported. The area isalmost surrounded by and slightly elevated from an Airstrip mapping unitso the material was deposited before that of the higher lying creekalluvium landscape unit subdivision. We suggest that i t is a remnant ofa Tertiary flood plain. The age of this unit cannot be related to that ofthe Tertiary basalt.
2.3.3 Tnassic
The Tnassic materials in the survey areas are the Aranbanga beds mappedby Ellis (1968). The dominant rock types are andesite and rhyolite andthis difference gives rise to the andesite and rhyolite landscape units.
28
Photopatterns suggest that the topography on rhyolite is steeper and moredissected than that on andesite. Trezise (1973) states that rhyoliteoverlies the andesite.
The basalt mapped as Mount Bambling in the northern part of Weanerpaddock on Brian Pastures block (AMG 56J 373000E 7158400N) appears to bepart of the Aranbanga beds. We also believe that very minor areas ofbasalt occur in the andesite landscape unit on The Ridges block.
A conglomerate with rounded quartz pebbles was observed on thesouthwestern fence of Ladies Mile paddock on the Brian Pastures block(AMG 56J 375200E 7159600N). I t also appears to be part of the AranbangaBeds.
Spherulitic rhyolite, with flow banding patterns giving a similarappearance to petrified wood, occurs in some localities (AMG 56J 375300E7159000N).
A thin vein of calcite was observed in andesite in Brigalow Flatpaddock on The Ridges block (AMG 56J 379900E 7154800N).
2.3.4 Permian?
The granite outcrop which is mapped as Quarry (AMG 56J 376000E 716200N)is believed to be Permian. No metamorphic rocks were observed around i tand dykes of andesite were observed in i t at one site so i t is older thanTriassic. Stevens (1961) shows granite on the Brian Pastures block m hismap but he does not assign an age to i t . The closest granites mapped byE l l i s (1968) are 4 km south and 5 km north northeast of this outcrop. Hegives these an Upper Permian age so this outcrop may be similar. Thesouthern occurrence is the One Mile Creek Granite of Whitaker (1965) andTrezise (1973). They assign a Permo-Triassic age to i t .
2.4 Hydrology
The Brian Pastures block is drained by Barambah Creek and a number of gullytributaries. The major one rises in the southern corner of the block andflows into the creek in the northwest corner. I t s flood plain forms thelocal alluvium landscape unit.
The Ridges block is drained by Back and Barambah Creeks and gulliesflowing into them. The main gully rises near the southern boundary ofBrigalow Flat paddock and joins Barambah Creek near the pump site. Anyalluvium i t has deposited is too small to map.
Flooding from Barambah Creek is only likely on the lower lying parts ofthe creek alluvium and local alluvium landscape units.
Two bores in the andesite landscape unit are used for stock water. Oneof these was sampled (AMG 56J 372500E 7158900N) and the conductivity was950 ;jS/cm. This is suitable for a l l stock and for the irrig a t i o n of mostcrops.
29
2.5 Vegetation
Appendix 4 l i s t s the common and specific names for the species encounteredand a botanical survey of the area has been undertaken (Neldner 1986).
The natural vegetation of the whole of the survey areas has been greatlymodified by timber destruction and grazing. The introduction of new speciesand cultivation have also modified i t in some parts.
The dominant structural form appears to have been open forest orwoodland. The trees remaining include spotted gum, narrow-leaved ironbark,silver leaved ironbark, red barked bloodwood, Queensland blue gum, carbeen,poplar box, broad leaved apple, beefwood and brigalow.
Shrubs present include corkwood wattle, other wattles, whitewood andwilga. Weeping or red bottle-brush is common along stream lines togetherwith numerous other species including noogoora burr.
Isolated specimens of white cedar, meemeei, and small leaved cupaniatree were observed.
The development of the grass layer depends on tree and shurb densityand soil depth. Grass species include black spear grass, wire grass,barbed wire grass, kangaroo grass, and blue grasses.
Introduced species observed include red Natal grass, Rhodes grass, finestem stylo, green panic, and leucaena.
The vegetation common to the various soils is given in Appendix 1. Theonly useful indicator species were spotted gum which indicated shallow soilson rhyolite and beefwood which indicated Airstrip s o i l .
30
3. SOIL SURVEY METHOD
3.1 Field work
The scale of published s o i l maps should be determined by the purpose of thesurvey (McDonald 1975). The density of ground observations should then beappropriate f o r the selected scale. Brian Pastures Research Station is usedfo r beef c a t t l e grazing experiments with l i m i t e d cropping hence 1:25 000was considered the most appropriate scale for mapping. I t was also themost detailed scale practicable given the time available.
Eightly s o i l p r o f i l e descriptions were made to 1.5 m or rock, whicheverwas shallower. Exposure was with 50 mm-diameter t h i n walled tubes or 75 mm-diameter Jarret auger. Most sites were on controlled traverses butapproximately ten were selected to cover other photopatterns. There werereasonably consistent differences between so i l s on the various rock typespresent so these 80 descriptions were sorted into six landscape units andthen grouped i n tentative s o i l p r o f i l e classes. Mapping was then undertakenby free survey and a i r photo i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . A further 205 ground observ-ations of s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l to i d e n t i f y the s o i l p r o f i l e classes were madeduring mapping.
The average frequency of ground observations over the area was 1 per13.5 ha- Access varies as does the l i k e l y i n t e n s i t y of experimental work sothe density of ground observations also varies. The d i s t r i b u t i o n of siteson the s o i l s map shows the areas of high and low i n t e n s i t y f i e l d work.
3.2 Soi l p r o f i l e classes
The basic soil classification unit used in this survey is the soil profileclass. Soil profile classes are groupings of soils such that the differencem certain profile characteristics within a group is less than the differencebetween groups (Beckett 1971, Beckett and Burrough 1971, Beckett and Webster1971, Burrough et at. 1971). Soil profile classes do not belong to thehierachical phase, type, series, family, (subgroup), great group soilclassification schemes (Soil Survey Staff 1951, 1975). Nor do they relatedirectly to the principal profile formas of Northcote (1979). However,soils in any soil profile class usually f a l l into Australian great soilgroups (Stace et at. 1968) and principal profile forms with some propertiesin common because they have been classed on the basis of profile attributes.
Soil profile classes within the landscape units may be identified withthe following key:
Key to soil profile classes within landscape units
1. LEVEL TO GENTLY UNDULATING PLAINS ON CREEK ALLUVIUM(Slopes generally 3% or less)
A S o i l i s Uc primary p r o f i l e form subdivision with layeringevident i n lower horizons Bench
A Soils i s Um, Of or Gn primary p r o f i l e form subdivision Buffel
31
A Soil 'is D primary profile form Airstrip
A Soil is Ug primary profile form subdivision
B Gilgai is incipient to weak (vertical interval<100 mm) Barambah
B Gilgai i s strong ( v e r t i c a l i n t e r v a l >300 mm) Brigalow Flat
2. LEVEL TO GENTLY UNDULATING PLAINS ON LOCAL ALLUVIUM(Clayey, slopes generally 1% or less)
A S o i l i s Ug primary p r o f i l e form subdivision Tel El Kabir
3. GENTLY UNDULATING RISES TO ROLLING LOW HILLS ON BASALT(Soi l surface generally moderately to strongly self mulching)
A S o i l i s shallow (A + B horizons <400 mm) Mount Bambling
A S o i l i s moderately deep (A + B horizons 400 to
1 000 mm) Nursery
A S o i l i s deep (A + B horizons > 1000 mm) Graham
4. GENTLY UNDULATING RISES TO ROLLING HILLS ON ANDESITE(Soil surface hard s e t t i n g or occasionally weakly s e l f mulching)
A S o i l i s Uf, Urn, Gn or Ug primary p r o f i l e formsubdivision
B Soi l i s shallow Uf, Urn or Gn primary p r o f i l eform subdivision (A + B horizons <400 mm) Weaner
B Soil i s moderately deep or deep Uf or Ugprimary p r o f i l e form subdivision (A + Bhorizons ;400 mm) Ban Ban
A S o i l i s D primary p r o f i l e form
B S o i l has acid or neutral s o i l reaction trendand i s shallow or occasionally moderatelydeep (A + B horizons <800 mm) Lindeman
B S o i l has a l k a l i n e s o i l reaction trend andi s moderately deep or deep (A + B horizons>400 mm) Browns
5. GENTLY UNDULATING RISES TO STEEP HILLS ON RHYOLITE
A So i l i s Uc primary p r o f i l e form subdivision
B S o i l i s shallow (A + B horizons <400 mm) Back Creek
B S o i l i s moderately deep or occasionallydeep (A + B horizons >400 mm) Ladies Mile
32
A Soil is D primary p r o f i l e form or occasionally Gnprimary p r o f i l e form subdivision
B Soil has acid or neutral s o i l reaction trend andis shallow or moderately deep (A + B horizons300 to 600 mm)
B Soil has alkaline s o i l reaction trend and ismoderately deep (A + B horizons MOO mm)
6. GENTLY UNDULATING RISES TO ROLLING LOW HILLS ON GRANITE
A Soil is D primary p r o f i l e form with alkaline oroccasionally acid s o i l reaction trend
A Soil is Uc primary p r o f i l e form subdivision
B Soil has conspicuously bleached A2 horizons andis moderately deep to deep (A + B horizons >700 mm)
B Soils lacks bleached A2 horizon and is shallow tomoderately deep (A + B horizons 100 to 900 mm)
Kent
Pump
Tank
Stylo*
Quarry
3.3 Mapping units
Mapping units are areas of land with a consistent combination of soilprofile classes (Beckett and Webster 1971).
Two systems are used to name the mapping units:
Those where one soil profile class occupies >60% of the unit area.These are named for the dominant soil profile class.
Those where two soil profile classes occupy approximately equalproportions of the unit area in a pattern too complex for separatemapping. Minor soil profile classes may also be associated. Theseare named for the two dominant soil profile classes.
* This soil profile class also occurs in Pump mapping unit where i t isassociated with rhyolite.
33
4. SOILS - MORPHOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION
4.1 Soil p r o f i l e classes
Detailed soil profile class descriptions and classifications of the soilstherein are given in Appendix 1. Their major distinguishing attributes aregiven in Part A (Table 1.1) and Appendix 5 relates them to the soil typesof Clark and Fergus (1954) and the soil associations mapped by de Mooy,Hubble and Beckmann (1977).
4.2 Mapping units
The enclosed soils map shows the distribution of the mapping units andTable 4.1 lists the soils that occur in them.
Plate 1 illustrates the distribution of mapping units in the basaltlandscape unit while Plate 2 illustrates that in the granite landscape unit.
'-U
"••''"
Plate 1. Mapping units of the basalt landscape unit. Mt - Mount BamblingNu - Nursery, Gr - Graham
34
t,te.
r'*•
Plate 2. Mapping units of the granite landscape unit above creek alluvium.Qu - Quarry, St - Stylo, Ta - Tank, Bar - Barambah
35
Table 4.1. Mapping unit composition
Mapping unit*Major associatesoil profile
classes
Minor soil profileclasses
Bench
Buffel
Airstrip
Barambah
Brigalow Flat
Tel El Kabir
Mount Bambling
Nursery
Graham
Weaner
Buffel
Bench
Barambah
Airstrip
Nursery
Nursery
Lmdeman
Ai r s t r i p
Buffel
Browns, Tank
Ai r s t r i p
Barambah, Ban Ban, Browns,Nursery
Mount Bambling, Graham
Tel El Kabir, Ban Ban
Mount Bambling, Ban Ban,Browns, Back Creek
Ban Ban
Ban Ban/Browns
Ban Ban/Nursery
Back Creek
Back Creek/Weaner
Ladies Mile
Pump
Quarry
Stylo
Tank
Browns
Ban Ban, Browns
Ban Ban, Nursery
Kent
Back Creek, Weaner
Kent
Stylo
-
Tank
Stylo
Nursery, Weaner
Weaner
Mount Bambling, Weaner,Browns
Weaner, Pump, Ladies Mile
Mount Bambling, Kent
Back Creek
Back Creek
Weaner, Stylo, Tank
Quarry
Browns
Named for dominant s o i l p r o f i l e class or dominant s o i l p r o f i l e classlisted first.
36
5. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOILS
5.1 Introduction
A to t a l of 19 so i l profiles were sampled for laboratory measurement of so i lproperties to provide a reference base of information on the soils. Profilescame from 15 of the 20 s o i l p r o f i l e classes. They were selected as havingmorphology close to the median for the s o i l p r o f i l e classes they represent.Lindemann and Kent soils were sampled rather than Weaner and Back Creekbecause they showed texture B horizon development. Data from their Ahorizons should apply to Weaner and Back Creek soils respectively.
One p r o f i l e (site 20) was sampled to 3.9 m in an unsuccessful attemptto locate the Barambah Basalt under the higher lying creek alluvium. OnlypH,electrical conductivity and chloride data are available below 1.5 m.
Appendix 2 gives p r o f i l e descriptions and chemical and physical datameasured for the s o i l profiles analysed. Correlation matrices were used inthe i n i t i a l examination of the data to scan for significant importantrelationships between some measured and derived properties. Table 5.1 givesa correlation matrix including a l l properties at a l l depths and some derivedattributes such as base saturation. Most correlation coefficients are asexpected but a number, such as that between t o t a l potassium and coarse sand,warrant comment in subsequent sections.
Soil analysis methods and interpretation of data are lis t e d i n Bruceand Rayment (1982).
5.2 pH, s a l i n i t y and sodicity
Surface pH (0-10 cm) of the s o i l profiles sampled range from 5.7 to 8.0.The lowest is A i r s t r i p at site 6 and the highest is the site 12 Tel El Kabirs o i l . Sub s o i l pH ranges from 5.6 in the shallow Kent s o i l at site 14 to9.4 at (60 cm) in the A i r s t r i p p r o f i l e at site 17.
The Buffel, A i r s t r i p , Barambah, Brigalow, Flat, Tel El Kabir, Nursery,Graham, Ban Ban, Browns and Pump profiles have mildly to very stronglyalkaline subsoils (range 7.5 - 9.3, mean 8.5, n=13 at 90 cm). This isassociated with sodic to strongly sodic materials in a l l except theNursery and Pump soils.
Soil pH trend i n the Brigalow Flat soils (site 18) is sl i g h t l y acid at thesurface moderately alkaline at 50-60 cm and neutral at 140-150 cm. SimilarpH trends have been found in soils formed on Tertiary materials carryingbrigalow vegetation by Isbell (1962, 1966) and Gunn (1967).
Mean chloride levels (%) of brigalow soils described by Isbell (1962)for mound profiles compare to those found for site 18. At 30 cm the .063%found for Brigalow Flat compares to 0.04% by Isbel l while at 90 cm thecomparison is 0.146% and 0.145% respectively.
Table 5.
DepthpMB.C.C lR lC.S.F.S.S iCCECCEC/CBsSatCaMgEMPCa/MgKNaESPTot. PTot. KTot. SADW,3Bar15Bar
CEC/CBsSatCaMgEMPCa/MgKNaESPTot PTot KTot. SADW3Bar
15Bar
Tot, KTot. SADW,3Bar15Bar
1. Correlation coefficients ( r ) f o r l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n matrix f o r measured properties an1calculated attributes prepared from
Depth*
1 0000 6460.6O30.6110 662-0.274-0.0020.0100.2460.075-0.0750.572-0.1950.3520 633
-0.521-0.2370.6320.647-0.127-0.144-0.4360.0890.2410.272
CEC/C
1.000-0.2580.087
-0.203-0.2910.235
-0.084-0 345-0.3560.2510.188
-0.156-0.134-0 355-0.335
Tot. K
1.000-0.423-0.763-0 764-0.717
pH
1.0000.6860 6280.476
-0.618-0.2470.2810.6280 501
-0.2820.7740.2140.6550.652
-0.429-0 1760.7360.6860 023-0 4990.0220.5240.6550.678
BsSat
l.ooo0.3750 6280.704-0.309-0.0460.5450.5020.166
-0.4190.0220.5330.5600.619
Tot. S
1 0000.4110.4670.372
E C.
1.0000.9830.524
-0.486-0.3030 3060 5280 314-0.3500.556-0.0980.5320.656
-0.5660.0070.8520.760
-0.126-0.3700.1480.2490.5470.544
Ca
1.0000.476
-0.0940.3680.100-0 110-0.3100 591
-0.5280.4430.8230.5800.558
ADW
1.0000 8570.829
C l
1 0000.522
-0.476-0.2990 3020.5180.302
-0.3350 530-0 1180.5270.651-0 562-0.0070.8470.742-0.136-0.3460 0960 2270 5260.525
Mg
i ooo0 687-0.439-0.0700 5780 3220.264
-0.6910.2120.8310 8240 841
.3 Bar
1.0000.933
a l l sampled
R l
1.000-0.1660.178
-0.1360.079-0 175-0 2280.354-0.5200.1000.573
-0.670-0 1090 6610.740-0 5140 047
-0.338-0.2010.1080.137
EMP
1.000-0.829-0.1750.6470.631-0.057-0.413-0 1120 3200 4510.495
15Bar
1.000
depth
C
10
-0-0-00
-0-0-0-00
-0-0-0-00
-0-0-0-0
.s.
000.287.707.869772.482.569476723.448.299.165.552.384.201.753427.735.8708 1 1
Ca/Mg
10
-0-0000
-0-0-0
.000140.627653258311.102.071.300.302
i n t e r v a l s at
F.S.
1.000-0.464-0.675-0.6420.155-0 205-0.515-0.544-0.1580.0390 052
-0.2270 023
-0.1970.400
-0.296-0 621-0.618-0.645
K
1.0000 007-0 0120.0480.0900.531-0 0220.1070 073
19 s i t e s .
S i
l.ooo0.6100.682
-0.2330.1980.4630.5370 162
-0.1160.1290.2800.0710.431-0.7200.4400.6300.7250.691
Na
1 0000.906-0.260-0 3550 069
-0.3160.6270.603
c
1.0000.874
-0.4680 5840.5890.8300.470
-0 2700 0560 5540.3210 171-0.7120.4130.8460.9260.894
ESP
1.000-0.350-0.211-0.0340.0630.3900.349
a
CEC
1.000-0.1220.4880.7960.8610.327
-0.1210.0890.3730.0930.437
-0.7620.4800.9660.9020.862
Tot. P
1.000-0.4690.2750 4510 2560.241
Depth - depth, pH-pH, E.c. - 1-5 e l e c t r i c a l conductivity, Cl - chloride content, Rl - dispersion r a t i o ,C.S. - coarse sand, F £>. - fin e sand. Si - s i l t , C - clay, CEC - cation exchange capacity, CEC/C - claya c t i v i t y r a t i o , BsSat - base saturation, Ca - exchangeable calcium, Mg - exchangeable magnesium, EMP -exchangeable magnesium percentage, Ca/Mg - r a t i o of exchangeable calcium to exchangeable magnesium,K - exchangeable potassium, Na - exchangeable sodium, ESP - exchangeable sodium percentage. Tot P -t o t a l phosphorus. Tot. K - t o t a l potassium. Tot. S - total, sulphur, ADW - a i r dry water, -3Bar - waterheld at -0.33 bar, 15Bar - water held at -15 bar.
38
The highest levels of chloride found were in the Brigalow Flat profile.
According to Northcote and Skene (1972) cr i t e r i a a l l sampled profilesare non saline. However, Airstrip, Barambah, Brigalow Flat, Tel El Kabir,Graham, Ban Ban and Browns soils a l l have accumulations of soluble salts atdepth. Ban Ban and Barambah soils have peak chloride concentrations at90-100 cm which indicates that water very rarely, i f ever, moves rightthrough these profiles.
The linear regression:
EC = 0.5 + 7.3 C l (n 6 0 , r 2 = 0.95;
where EC is 1:5 electrical conductivity (mS/cm) and Cl is percent chloride,was calculated on data from the above soils. This agrees closely with thespecific relationship between EC and sodium chloride (EC = 6.4 Cl) when a l lsoluble salts present are chloride so not other soluble anion is presentin these soils in significant amounts.
5.3 Particle size analysis
Table 5.2 shows coarse sand and clay contents of the sampled profiles.Graham, a deep black earth formed from basalt has the highest clay content(>60%) while the lithosol Quarry and podzol Stylo soils formed from granitehave the lowest (<5%). A l l soils except Ladies Mile, Quarry and Stylo haveclay increases in the B horizon.
Table 5.2.
Soil profileclass
BuffelAirstripBarambah
Coarse sand andsampled soils
clay contents
% Coarse sand
A horizon(0-10 cm)
253215
Brigalow Flat 10Tel El KabirNurseryGrahamLmdemanBan BanBrownsLadies MileKentPumpQuarryStyloTank
9175
4323155 154336 15652
B horizon
2017134
1494
20137
545010-5553
of the A and
A horizon(0-10 cm)
12154742454762152316115
14445
B horizons
% Clay
B horizon
153757565653634450551115
53-1
22
of the
Other
3 1 *
11**
5***
* Buried soil materials ** C horizon *** D horizon
39
The sedentary soils on rhyolite (Ladies Mile, Kent) and a l l soils formedfrom granite (Quarry, Stylo, Tank) contain 50% or more coarse sand through-out their profiles.
Relationships between coarse sand and Total K and s i l t and clay withCEC are dealt with in other sections.
5.4 Cation Exchange Capacity and clay activity ratio
. - 1Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay a c t i v i t y ratio (CEC g of clay)at two depths in a l l soils are shown in Table 5.3.
Soil CEC levels indicate the potential source of nutrient cations thatare available for plant growth. The very low CEC in Stylo and Quarry (lessthan 5 meq/lOOg) suggest that managed f e r t i l i s e r inputs should be made tothe s o i l otherwise leaching of the applied f e r t i l i s e r cations may be aproblem.
Graham has the highest CEC of a l l soils of greater than 60 meq/lOOgwhile Nursery, Tel El Kabir, Browns, Brigalow Flat and Barambah haveCECin excess of 40 meq/100 g.
CEC is highly correlated with clay content (r =0.87) (see Table 5.1).There is also an appreciable correlation with s i l t (r = 0.68) content whichis higher than that with clay content in Barambah and Tel El Kabir soils.This suggests that the s i l t fraction may be contributing to CEC in thesesoils.
Table 5.3. CEC and clay a c t i v i t y ratio for two depths in a l l soils
Soil p r o f i l eclass
BuffelA i r s t r i pBarambahBrigalow FlatTel El KabirNurseryGrahamLindemanBan BanBrownsLadies MileKentPumpQuarryStyloTank
CEC m
20-30 cm
15234340525564113145179
2243
11
equiv/100 g
50-60 cm
1221414052486221364518-30-35
Clay
20-30
1.000.630.850.910.931.061.030.611.041.021.310.600.581.001.500.50
activity ratio
cm 50-60 cm
0.800.650.770.751.002.790.980.480.720.821.64-
0.57-
1.000.63
40
Clay activity ratios are often used to indicate clay mineralogy insoils where appreciable clay is present. High ratios in excess of one ina l l cracking clay soils and Buffel. Ban Ban and Browns suggest that theyhave high proportions of 2:1 smectite clays. The lower ratios in Ai r s t r i p ,Lindeman, Kent, Pump and Tank soils indicate higher contents of 1:1 kaolinminerals.
The very high value for Nursery at 50-60 cm may have occurred becauseclay in the C horizon at site 9 was present as primary mineral pseudomorphswhich were not broken down during particle size analysis.
5.5 Exchangable cations, base saturation and dispersion ratio
Exchangable calcium, magnesium, calcium to magnesium ratio and basesaturation for selected depths are shown in Table 5.4. Calcium andmagnesium levels at the surface of a l l soils are such that deficienciesare unlikely except for magnesium in Quarry and Stylo. The dominantcation at the surface of most soils is calcium but magnesium becomesdominant with depth in a l l soils except Lindeman, Pump, Quarry and Stylo.
For a l l surface soils (0-10 cm) base saturation is above 50% and in thecase of Graham is 95% and increases with depth. Table 5.1 shows that basesaturation and pH are related with a correlation coefficient of 0.77. Atdepths below 20-30 cm most soils have base saturation between 80 and 100%.
Sodicity ratings of Northcote and Skene (1972) are given for a l l soilsin Table 1.4. Table 5.5 l i s t s exchangable sodium percentage, exchangablemagnesium percentage (EMP) and dispersion ratio (Ri). A l l soils are nonsodic at the surface. However, Buffel, Ban Ban, a l l duplex soils sampledexcept Pump and a l l cracking clays sampled except Nursery are sodic orstrongly sodic at some depth m the profile.
Baker (1977) (for the Burdekin d i s t r i c t ) rates soil materials on theirRl as follows:
Rl <0.6 low dispersionRl 0.6 to 0.8 moderate dispersionRl >0.8 high dispersion
Pump by this c r i t e r i a is therefore the only profile sampled that has ahighly dispersible surface s o i l . This is unusual because ESP is lowthroughout the profile. A l l soils except Graham that are sodic or stronglysodic in the subsoil also have highly dispersible subsoils. This suggeststhat the soils may have low plant available water capacity and that, oncegullies are ini t i a t e d , extension would be rapid.
Reid and Baker (1982) found that ESP accounted for between 49 and 86% ofRl variance in four groups of soils from the Lower Burdekin. I t accountsfor 55% of the Rl variance when a l l soils here are considered. I f onlysoils formed on creek alluvium (Buffel. Airstrip, Barambah, Brigalow Flat)are considered, EMP best accounts for Rl variance (75% cf 56% accounted forby ESP). This suggests that the role of magnesium in dispersion in thesesoils warrants further investigation.
41
Table 5.4. Exchangable calcium, calcium to magnesium ratio and basesaturation for
o O l X
Buffel
Airstrip
Barambah
Brigalow Flat
Tel El Kabir
Nursery
Graham
Lindeman
Ban Ban
Browns
Ladies Mile
Kent
Pump
Quarry
Stylo
Tank
Depthcm
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
the sampled soils
m equiv/lOOg
Ca++
7.27.7
3.13.5
15.714.9
19.711.5
38.324.4
28.534.0
28.219.5
5.59.8
10.111.1
6.912.6
5.17.3
2.20.3
9.719.9
2.21.9
2.50.9
1.63.3
Mg+ +
3.55.0
3.711.3
11.419.9
10.422.9
13.826.6
15.614.9
32.538.9
3.07.8
10.318.3
6.221.1
5.510.1
3.25.5
3.47.7
.77
.93
.85
.41
0.84.3
Ca++/Mg++
2.11.5
0.90.3
1.30.8
1.90.5
2.80.9
1.82.0
0.90.5
1.81.3
1.00.6
1.10.6
0.90.7
0.70.1
2.92.6
2.92.1
2.91.6
1.90.8
Basesaturation (%)
79100
66100
80100
78100
100100
8595
95100
6593
6790
5296
76100
6173
7995
6778
5358
5880
42
Table 5.5. Exchangable magnesium percentage (EMP), exchangable sodiumpercentage (ESP) and dispersion r a t i o for a l l sampled soils
Soil Depth (cm) EMP ESP R l
Buffel
Airstrip
Barambah
Brigalow Flat
Tel El Kabir
Nursery
Graham
Lindeman
Ban Ban
Browns
Ladies Mile
Kent
Pump
Quarry
Stylo
Tank
0-1050-60110-120
0-1050-60
0-1080-90
0-1080-90
0-1080-90
0-1020-30
0-1080-90
0-1050-60
0-1080-90140-150
0-1080-90
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
0-1080-90
0-1020-30
0-10
0-1050-60
234246
3062
2743
2459
2747
2931
5067
2137
335863
2349
3756
3261
1929
1523
12
1744
0.80.88.8
3.530.3
4.421.2
2.220.3
0.66.9
0.40.9
0.710.4
0.77.6
0.713.716.3
1.922.7
0.81.9
1.06.0
0.62.3
2.02.5
1.4
2.010.0
0.530.830.98
0.650.99
0.650.99
0.560.99
0.240.71
0.460.40
0.490.74
0.600.90
0.590.770.85
0.680.94
0.670.78
0.520.91
0.820.80
0.380.55
0.42
0.670.80
43
Table 5.6. Water content at -1/3 and -15 bar in selected depths for a l lsampled soils
Soil Depth (cm)-1/3 bar water -15 bar water
Buffel
Airstrip
Barambah
Brigalow Plat
Tel El Kabir
Nursery
Graham
Lmdeman
Ban Ban
Browns
Ladies Mile
Kent
Pump
Quarry
Stylo
Tank
0-1080-90
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
0-1050-60
0-1020-30
1822
1731
3849
3640
4546
4140
4148
2232
3137
3246
2220
1515
2335
108
118
916
810
714
2125
1821
2325
1317
2528
918
1521
1120
1111
67
1021
33
32
39
44
5.6 Plant available water capacity
Laboratory estimates of -1/3 bar and -15 bar water contents of the sampledsoils are given in Table 5.6. This shows the largest differences betweenthe two values in high clay materials such as that in Nursery and at 20-30cm in Browns. The lowest differences occur in sandy materials such as thatthroughout Quarry and Stylo. The magnitude of this difference reflects therelative plant available water capacities (PAWC) of the soil materials. Theassociation between clay content and -1/3 bar and -15 bar water is confirmedby the high correlation coefficients in Table 5.1.
Shaw and Yule (1978) present an algorithm for estimating profile PAWCfrom -15 bar water content and rooting depth. They suggest that depth tothe maximum rate of increase in chloride indicates rooting depth in soilswith subsoil chloride accumulations. Table 5.7 shows estimates of rootingdepth and PAWC in a number of the sampled profiles. Because these cannotbe related to actual PAWC measurements within the area, they may best beconsidered as a ranking. The deep black earths Tel El Kabir and Grahamhave the highest estimated PAWC and the solodic s o i l . Browns, the lowestwith Airstrip, Barambah, Brigalow Plat, Nursery and Ban Ban intermediate.The value for Browns is associated with a very shallow estimated rootingdepth. I t has been found (Cocksley unpublished data) that chlorideaccumulations in Browns and Ban Ban are highly variable so estimated PAWCis likely to be similarly variable.
Table 5.7. Estimated rooting depth and plant available water capacity forsome of the sampled soil profiles
Estimated rooting Estimateddepth (cm) PAWC (cm)
Airstrip 75 10.5Barambah 60 10.5Brigalow Flat 60 9.8Tel El Kabir 90 13.4Nursery 60* 9.8Graham 90 13.7Ban Ban 65 10.3Browns 40 7.4
Depth to C horizon.
5.7 Total potassium
Table 5.8 shows t o t a l potassium levels at 20-30 cm and 50-60 cm depths.L i t t l e and Ward (1981) suggest that t o t a l potassium i n s o i l s formed onalluvium decreases with weathering and age of s o i l . We suggest fromgeomorphic evidence that Buffel i s the youngest s o i l formed on creekalluvium and Brigalow Flat the oldest with A i r s t r i p and Barambah of
45
intermediate age. Total potassium levels confirm that Buffel is theyoungest s o i l but levels in Brigalow Flat suggest, on L i t t l e and Ward'shypothesis, that Brigalow Flat is a similar age to Airstrip and Barambah.
The correlation coefficient between coarse sand and t o t a l potassium inTable 5.1 is high. The coarse sandy soils are those associated withrhyolite and granite so that high total potassium is probably associatedwith potassium feldspars in the parent material.
5.8 Soil f e r t i l i t y
Soil f e r t i l i t y ratings from Bruce and Rayment (1982) are incorporated insummary in Table 1.4.
For bicarbonate extractable phosphorus (P),the solodics Airstrip andBrowns are the lowest with the cracking clay Barambah less than 20 ppm in0-10 cm sample. The yellow podzolic Kent and rudimentary podzol LadiesMile are also low.
Soil extractable potassium is adequate at a l l sites sampled with mediumto high levels ( 0.5 meq/lOOg)being found for a l l surface soils. Carbon (C)and Nitrogen (N) content in soils is medium to high in Brigalow Flat, TelEl Kabir, Nursery, Graham, Lmdeman, Ban Ban and Browns while a l l othersare rated as low. C/N ratio are variable ranging from 10 to 22.
Of the trace elements Copper (Cu) is low in Stylo, Quarry, Ladies Mileand Lindeman with Tank the lowest at 0.1 ppm Cu.
The very high levels of nutrients in Brigalow Flat site may be causedby accumulation of dung from the stock that congregate at the sampling site.
Table 5.8. Total potassium at 20-30 cm and 50-60 cm in the sampled profiles
Total potassium (%)S O 1 1 20-30 50-60
Buffel 1.90 1.9Airstrip 0.99 1.1Barambah 1.18 1.1Brigalow Flat 1.28 1.2Tel El Kabir 0.79 0.71Nursery 0.24 0.13Graham 0.19 0.23Lindeman 1.64 1.42Ban Ban 0.25 0.29Browns 0.55 0.5 6Ladies Mile 3.25 3.36Kent 2.07Pump 2.19 2.05Quarry 3.74Stylo 3.16 3.11Tank 3.10 3.3
46
6. LAND USE
6.1 Present land use
The area is presently used for experimental work related to beef production.There are areas of grain and forage cropping, sown pastures, browse shrubsand native pastures. A limited area is irrigated. The areas selected forthese activities relate well to land capability and soil conservationstructures required on cropped lands are in place. Localised areas ofsevere erosion are evident, however, usually associated with stock wateringpoints, supplementary feeders, fence lines, gateways or roads and tracks.
6.2 Limitations to agricultural land use
The main limitations to further development of the survey area are:
Climate (see Section 2.1)
TopographyStoneFloodingSpecific plant-soil relationshipsSoil variabilitySalinisation
6.2.1 Topography
Topography limits potential land use through i t s influences on erosion, theuse of machinery and accessibility to stock.
Slopes on Brian Pastures range from 0 to 60%. Slopes over about 45%are virtually inaccessible to grazing domestic animals but the area in thiscategory is limited. No action is therefore necessary to exclude stockfrom i t .
There are substantial areas with slopes of 15 to 45% and most showevidence of past timber treatment. The desirability of clearing them isdebatable. Rosser et at. (1974) offer no guidelines on whether such slopesshould be cleared but Milton, James and Briggs (1975) state that slopes over25% should not be cleared. They discuss the particular hazards of clearingwith tracked machinery where soil disturbance is great. Tracks are alsofrequently l e f t running down slopes encouraging erosion. We suggest thatslopes over 25% should not be cleared and that slopes of 15 to 25% shouldbe cleared by poisoning or ringbarking only.
Slopes in the 15 to 25% range are not suitable for cultivation soimproved pastures are limited to any that establish without soil disturbance.
The Ladies Mile mapping unit and the steeper parts of Ban Ban, Browns,Pump, Stylo and Tank mapping units have slopes in the 10 to 15% range.Stable gullies are also frequent. These areas are suitable for limitedcultivation for pasture establishment but this should be on the contourwherever possible. I t may also be necessary to leave uncultivated stripson the contour.
47
The areas with slopes of 10% or less are suitable for cultivation andcropping provided erosion control structures are built as necessary. Thesemay include diversion banks at the foot of steeper slopes above.
6.2.2 Stone
The limited areas of the Mount Bambling, Weaner, Back Creek and Quarrymapping units where slopes allow cultivation have surface stone or rocksuch that i t is impossible.
Stone also restricts machinery use on parts of the Bench, Airstrip,Nursery, Ban Ban, Browns and Pump mapping units.
6.2.3 Flooding
Flooding and the erosion i t would cause are the main factors limiting landuse on Bench mapping unit. I t is also a hazard on Buffel and Tel El Kabirmapping units.
6.2.4 Specific plant-soil relationships
The land capability classification in Table 1.4 suggests that Buffel,Barambah, Tel El Kabir, Nursery, Graham and Ban Ban are at least moderatelysuited to cropping. Graham has the fewest limitations. Crops that shouldbe suitable are sorghum, soybeans, wheat, barley, oats and forage legumessuch as lablab bean.
The above soils together with Airstrip, Browns and Pump are also suitablefor improved pastures. Because of the low drought tolerance of Rhodes grass,green panic and buffel are the best grasses currently available. Lucerneand Siratro are the most useful legumes for mixed grass-legume pastures onthese soils but they persist poorly and contribute l i t t l e nitrogen to thegrasses (Scateni 1972). The browse shrub leucaena also persists on thesesoils but performance is variable. The establishment of small seededpasture species on these soils is d i f f i c u l t and i t is improved by avegetative mulch (Rickert 1973).
The land capability classification also indicates that Ladies Mile, Styloand Tank are suitable for pasture improvement with some cultivation forestablishment possible. Pine stem stylo seems the species best adapted tothese sandy surface soils. Fine stem stylo should also be adapted to thesteep and stony Back Creek, Kent and Quarry soils i f i t can be establishedwithout cultivation.
6.2.4 Soil variability
Soil variability within mapping units w i l l cause differences in plantperformance. There are two major types of soil variation:
that arising from different soils within the same mapping unit, andthat arising from variation that may affect plant performance withinindividual soils.
48
We estimate (Section 3-3) that even the mapping units named only forthe dominant soil contain up to 40% of other soils. The f i r s t type ofvariability is thus common.
Two profiles from each of the Airstrip, Nursery and Ban Ban soils weresampled. These a l l show differences in extractable phosphorus withinsoils. The sodic Airstrip and Ban Ban also show differences in chloridecontent and exchangeable sodium percentage down the profile. The latterproperties influence or indicate soil water held in the profile so thereis variation of the second type within the soils.
6.2.5 Salinisation
Basalt and andesite are basic and intermediate rocks respectively, thatrelease sufficient soluble salts on weathering to cause some salinisationof foot slopes when clearing disturbs the hydrological balance in thelandscape. Soils on pediments below outcrops of both rock types show somesalt accumulation in the subsoil but no surface salinisation was observedduring the survey. One eroded area was suspected of being saline butanalysis of a surface sample showed low soluble salts.
49
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish t o thank the f o l l o w i n g people:
The s t a f f of Brian Pastures Research S t a t i o n f o r assistance duringthe f i e l d work, and for making information about the Station available.
. Messrs R.C. McDonald and B.E. Vandersee for editing this report.
Mr M.B. Carroll of Drafting Section who prepared the maps andfigures.
The typists who prepared various drafts of this report.
50
8. REFERENCES
Baker, D.E. (1977), 'Chemical and physical properties of the s o i l s ' , In'Soils of the Lower Burdekin River - E l l i o t River Area, North Queensland^Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural ChemistryBranch, Technical Report 18,
Beckett, P.H.T. (1971), 'The cost-effectiveness of s o i l survey', Outlookin Agriculture 6: 191-8.
Beckett, P.H.T. and Burrough, P.A. (1971), 'The relation between cost andu t i l i t y in soil survey. IV. Comparison of the u t i l i t i e s of soilmaps produced by different survey procedures, and to different scales',Journal of Soil Science 22: 446-80.
Beckett, P.H.T. and Webster, R. (1971), 'Soil v a r i a b i l i t y : a review1,Soils and Fertilizers 34: 1-15.
Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. (1982), 'Analytical methods and interpretationsused by the Ag r i c u l t u r a l Chemistry Branch for s o i l and land use surveys',Queensland Department of Primary Industries Bulletin QB82004.
Bureau of Meteorology (1975), Climatic averages, Queensland, AustralianGovernment Publishing Service, Canberra.
Burrough, P.A., Beckett, P.H.T. and Jarvis, M.G. (1971), 'The r e l a t i o nbetween cost and u t i l i t y i n s o i l survey. I . The design of theexperiment. I I . Conventional or free survey. I I I . The cost ofs o i l survey1, Journal of Soil Science 22: 359-94.
Clark, R. and Fergus, I.F. (1952), 'Brian Pastures reconnaissance s o i lsurvey', Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock. Report.
Coleman, R.G. (1964), 'Frosts and low night temperatures as l i m i t a t i o n s topasture development i n subtropical eastern Australia', CSIRO, Australia,Division of Tropical Pastures Technical Paper 3.
de Mooy, C.J., Hubble, G.D. and Beckmann, G.G. (1977), 'The so i l s of theCentral Burnett Area, Queensland', CSIRO, Australia, Soils and LandUse Series 56.
E l l i s , P.L. (1968), 'Geology of the Maryborough 1:250 000 sheet area 1.Geological Survey of Queensland, Queensland Department of MinessReport 26.
Foley, J.C. (1945), 'Frost i n the Australian region 1. Bureau of Meteorology,Australia, Bulletin 32.
Gunn, R.H. (1967), 'Soils of the Isaac-Commet area, Queensland', CSIRO,Australia, Land Research. Series 19.
I s b e l l , R.F. (1962), 'Soils and vegetation of the brigalow lands, easternA u s t r a l i a 1 , CSIRO, Australia,, Division of Soils, Soils and Land UseSeries 43.
51
I s b e l l , R.F. (1966), 'Soils of the east Bald H i l l s area, Collinsvilled i s t r i c t , north Queensland', CSIRO, Australia, Division of Soils, Soilsand Land Use Series 43.
I s b e l l , R.F., Thompson, C.H., H u b b l e , G.D. a n d Beckmann, G.G. ( 1 9 6 7 ) ,Atlas of Australian Soils, Sheet 4 with Explanatory Data, CSIRO andMelbourne University Press, Melbourne.
L i t t l e , I.P. and Ward, W.T. (1981), 'Chemical and mmeralogical trends ina chronosequence developed on alluvium in eastern Victoria, Australia 1,Geoderma 25: 173-188.
McDonald, R.C. (1975), 'Soil survey in land evaluation1, QueenslandDepartment of Primary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry Branch,TechnicaI Report 6.
Milto n , L.E., James, S. McF. and Briggs, H.S. (1975), "A study of landresources, hazards and management f o r the catchment of the North PineDam, Appendix D', I n . Webber, W.A.L., 'North Pine Dam Catchment LandUse Study', Department of Local Government, Queensland.
Neldner, V.J. and Paton, C.J. (1986), 'Vegetation Survey of Brian PasturesResearch Station, Gayndah, Queensland1. Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries Research Establishments Publication. In press.
Northcote, K.H. (1979), A Factural Key for the Recognition of AustralianSoils, 4th edition, Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, SouthAustralia.
Northcote, K.H. and Skene, D.J.M. (1972), 'Australian soils with saline andsodic properties', CSIRO, Australia, Division of Soils, Soil Publication7.
Reid, R.E. and Baker, D.E. (1982), 'Soils of the lower Burdekin River -Barratta Creek - Haugton River area, north Queensland1, QueenslandDepartment of Primary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry BranchTechnical Report 22.
Rickert, K.G. (1973), 'Establishment of green panic as influenced by type,amount and placement of vegetative mulch1, Australian Journal ofExperimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 13: 268-74.
Rosser, J., Swartz, G.L., Dawson, N.M. and Briggs, H.S. (1974), 'A landc a p a b i l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l purposes', QueenslandDepartment of primary Industries, Division of Land UtilisationTechnical Bulletin 14.
Scateni, W.J. (1972), 'Effects of nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r on production ofmixed swards at Gayndah, south-east Queensland1, Queensland Journalof Agricultural and Animal Sciences 29: 33-40.
Shaw, R.J. and Yule, D.F. (1978), 'The assessment of s o i l s f o r i r r i g a t i o n ,Emerald, Queensland', Queensland Department of Primary Industries,Agricultural Chemistry Branch Technical Report 13.
52
Soil Survey Staff (1975), Soil Survey Manual, United States Department ofAgriculture Handbook 18, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C.
Soil Survey Staff (1975), Soil Taxonomy - a Basic System of SoilClassification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys_, United StatesDepartment of A g r i c u l t u r e Handbook 436. U.S. Government P r i n t i n gO f f i c e , Washington, D.C.
Stace, H.C.T., Hubble, G.D., Brewer, T., Northcote, K.H., Sleeman, J.R.,Mulchay, M.J. and Hallsworth, E.G. (1968), A Handbook of AusLralianSoils, Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South A u s t r a l i a .
Stevens, N.C. (1961), 'Cainozoic vulcanism near Gayndah, Queensland,'Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 72: 75-82.
Thompson, W.P., Baker, D.E. and Cannon, M.G. (1981), 'Soils of theProserpine Lowland, North Queensland1, Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry Branch Technical Report18.
Trezise, D. (1973), 'The geology of the One Mile Creek granite intrusionand related volcanoes near Ban Ban Springs, south-east Queensland1,University of Queensland, Department of Geology, Honours Thesis,unpublished.
United States Bureau of Reclamation (1953), Manual. Volume 5. IrrigatedLand use Part 2. Land Classification.
Whitaker, W.G. (1965), 'The geology of the Barambah Creek area, nearBan Ban Springs, south-east Queensland', University of Queensland,Department of Geology, Honours Thesis, unpublished.
53
APPENDIX 1
Detailed descriptions of the s o i l p r o f i l e classes
PrincipalProfile Form
Textures
Colours
As i n Northcote (1979).
As i n Northcote (1979).
Colour codes are those of Oyama and Takehara (1967) formoist s o i l while colour nomenclature i s that of McDonald(personal communication), which i s based on the Value/Chromarating system of Northcote (1979) and u t i l i s e the followingtable:
Value/Chroma 2a = 4/1 - 4/2 to 6/1 - 6/2Value/Chroma 2b = 5/3 - 5/4 to 6/3 - 6/4
Value/Chroma
Hue5Y2.5Y10YR7. SYR5YR2.5YR10R
1
darkdarkdarkdarkdarkdarkdark
2a
greygreygreygrey-browngrey-browngrey-brownred-grey
2b
yellow-greyyellow-greyyellow-brownbrownbrownred-brownred-brown
4
yellowyellowyellowyellowred-brownr e dr e d
5
oliveolive-brownbrownbrownred-brownr e dr e d
Horizons As in McDonald and Isbell (1984).
Profile Most common range of morphology encountered in the s o i l
Morphology p r o f i l e class.
pH Based on f i e l d determinations a t 5, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 cm.
References McDonald, R.C. and I s b e l l , R.F. (1984), ' S o i l p r o f i l e ' , ̂ n
McDonald, R.C, I s b e l l , R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J.and Hopkins, M.S. 'Australian Soil and Land Survey FieldHandbook'_, Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Northcote, K.H. (1979), 'A Factual Key for the Recognitionof Australian Soils '. 4th edition (Rellim TechnicalPublications: Glenside, South Australia).
Oyama, M. and Takehara, H. (1967), 'Revised Standard SoilColour Charts'. (Pujihira Industry Co- Ltd.: Tokyo).
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Bench Uc1.23Uci.24Uc1.43Uci.44
pH6.0 - 7.5
6.0 - 8.0
6 0 - 8 0
300 -
600
6.5 - 8 0 900
6 5 — 8.0 1200
6 . 5 - 8 0 1500-
150
400
Al luv ia l so i l s : Bouldery and stonyphases occur where a l l u v i a l materialhas been deposited amongst bouldersand stone of the Barambah Basaltalong the creek bed and bank
A1 - Dark (7.5YR2/2, 3/2) loamy sandto sandy loam, weak f ine subangularblocky to massive, dry sof t to hard
D1 - Brown or dark (7.5YR2/2, 3/3,4/4, 4/6) sand to loamy sand, mass-ive or single gra in , dry soft tos l i gh t l y hard
D2 - Layered dark to brown (7.5YR2/2,3/2, 4/4, 4/6) sands to sandy loams,weak f ine subangular blocky, massiveor single gra in , dry loose to hard
Level to gentlyundulating plainson creek alluvium
Lower ly ing areas
Channel benchesand banks
Slopes 2-158
Open woodland ofQueensland blue gumfrequently with a shrublayer
Well developed grasslayer of black speargrass and wire grass
Noogoora burr frequentlypresent
Note: Clear or abrupt boundaries are indicated byboundaries.
while indicates gradual or d i f fuse
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Buffel Um6.32Uf6.32Um6.31Um6.12Gn3.22Gn3.5
PH5 . 8 - 6.5
6 . 0 - 7.0
J 4VJ ^ f I
6.5 - 7.8
mm
300-
400-
600-
900-
6 . 5 - 8 . 0 1200-
6.5 - 8.0 1500-
A 1
B 21 *
-B 22/
/
100
450
800
Prairie soils and minimal prair iesoi ls:
A1 - Dark to brown (7.5YR, 10YR2/2,2/3, 3/2, 3/3) loam fine sandy,sandy clay loam, l ight clay orl ight medium clay, weak to strongfine blocky or subangular blocky,dry s l ight ly hard to hard
B1 - (Where present) Red-brown(5YR3/3) l ight clay, strong fineor medium bocky, dry very hard
B21 - Occasionally weakly yellowmottled dark to brown to red-brownC5YR, 7.5YR2/3, 3/2, 3/3, 3/4, 4/4)loam fine sandy, sandy clay loam orl ight clay to medium clay, moderateto strong fine to medium bocky, dryhard to very hard
B22 (Where present) Brown (7.5YR3/3,3/4) loam fine sandy, sandy clayloam or l ight clay, moderate fineblocky, dry hard
D - Dark to brown (7.5YR, 10YR,3/2, 3/3, 4/4, 4/6) loamy sand tomedium clay, moderate fine prismatic,blocky or massive, dry s l ight lyhard to very hard
Level to gentlyundulating plainson creek alluvium
Lower lying areas
Levees
Slopes 1-1 OSS(Usually 1-58)
Extensivly cleared.Evidence suggests openforest of Queensland bluegum, broad leaved appleand carbeen
Well developed grasslayer of black speargrass, blue grasses andkangaroo grass
LTlU1
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Ai rs t r i p Db2.33Dbi.33Dy3.43Db2.43Ddl.33Ddi .43Dy2.43Dy3.33Dbi .43
PH6,0 - 7.0
6.5 - 8.5
7 8 - 9 2
8.5 - 9.2
8.5 - 9.2
mm
300
600
800-
900-
1200
8 0 - 9 . 2 1500J
B 211
B 22tca
,'B 23t
•40•50
•400
Solodic soils and solodized solonetz: Level to gentlyVery few to common surface stones undulating plainsin some areas on creek alluvium
A1 - Dark to grey to brown (7.SYR,10YR, 3/2, 3/3, 3/4, 4/2, 4/3) sandyloam, fme sandy loam, loam fine
Higher lying areas
Stagnant a l luv ia llain
sandy, sandy clay loam, fine sandyclayloam or clay loam, massive to weak Slope 0-43!fine or medium subangular blocky, (Usually 0-1S6)dry hard to very hard, occasionallytrace amounts manganiferousconcretions
A2sb or cb - As above with sporadicor conspicuous bleach
B21t - Frequently weakly yellow,brown or dark mottled brown, grey,yellow-brown or dark (7.5YR, 10YR3/2, 3/3, 4/2, 4/3, 4/4, 5/2, 5/4)l ight medium clay to medium heavyclay, strong coarse prismatic orcolumnar, dry extremely hard,frequently trace to small amountsof manganiferous concretions orsoft patches
B22tca - Occasionally weakly brown oryellow mottled brown to yellow brownto grey (7.5YR, 10YR, 3/3, 4/3, 4/4,4/6, 5/2, 5/4) sandy clay or l ightclay to medium clay, moderate f ineblocky or lent icular, dry very hardto extremely hard, small to moderateamounts soft or concretionarycarbonate and trace amountsmanganiferous concretions
B23t - (Where present) As above butwithout carbonate
Woodland to open wood-land of poplar oox withbeefwood f requentlyassociated and narrowleaved ironbark andcorkwood wattleoccasionally associatedor grassland of blackspear grass, blue grassesand wire grass(Formation apparentlydepends on past timbertreatment)
Timbered formations havepoorly to moderatelydeveloped grass layer ofabove species
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Barambah Ug5.15Ug5.25Ug5.16Ug5.34Ug5.29
PH6 0 - 7.0
7.0 - 8.5
8.5 - 9-0
8.5 - 9.5
8.5 - 9.2
8 5 - 9 0
150-
300-
600-
900-
1200
1 cnn
A 1 ^- - - •
B 21
it
tt
t1
ti
i
B 22 ca
/
/ D
mm
30
450
•1200
Black earths (degraded) and greyclays Incipient to weak gilgai,mound and depression profilessimilar but depression has lightertextured A horizon and l i t t l e selfmulch with carbonate further downprofile
A1 - Hard setting to moderatelyself mulching surface on dark tobrown (7.5YR, 10YR, 2/2, 3/1, 3/2,3/3, 4/3) light clay to medium clay,strong fine blocky, dry very hard,occasionally trace amountsmanganiferous concretions
B21 - Dark, grey or brown (7.5YR,10YR, 2..5Y, 2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3, 4/2)medium clay to medium heavy clay,moderate fine to medium blocky, dryvery hard, trace amountsmanganiferous concretions
B22ca - As above but brown, yellow-brown or grey (7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y,2/3, 3/3, 4/1, 4/2, 4/3, 5/4) withlenticular structure and smallamounts carbonate concretions
D - (Where present) Frequently darkmottled brown to yellow-brown (7.5YR,10YR, 4/6, 5/4) light clay to mediumclay, strong fine lenticular, dryhard, trace amounts manganiferoussoft patches
Level to gentlyundulating plainson creek alluvium
Extensively cleared.Grassland of black speargrass, blue grass andkangaroo grass with
Higher lying areas isolated clumps ofcorkwood wattle
Stagnant alluvialplain
Slope 0-2SS
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
BrigalowFlat
Ug5Ug5Ug5
.24
.16
.345
6.
.5
5
pH- 6
- 9
0
0
mmOf— mm
200
300-
8 0
8.5
7.8
- 8.8
- a e
-8.8
600-
900-
1200-
///t
/
B22/ca/
ii/
/
7.5-6.2 1500-I
B 21
B 23
100
400
Grey clays and black earths: Strongg i l g a i , mound and depressionprofiles similar
A1 - Hard setting to weakly selfmulching surface on dark to brownto grey (10YR, 3/1, 3/2, 4/1, 4/2,4/3, 5/2) light medium clay tomedium clay, strong fine blocky tosubangular blocky, dry very hard.occasionally trace amountsmanganiferous concretions
B21 - Dark to brown to grey OOYR3/1 , 3/2, 4/1 , 4/2,4/3, 5/2)medium clay to medium heavy clay,moderate medium blocky or lenticular,dry very hard to extremely hard,small amounts manganiferousconcretions and soft patches,occasionally trace amountscarbonate concretions
Level to gentlyundulating plainson creek alluvium
Older, higherlying areas
Stagnant alluvialplain
Slope 0-156
Open forest of brigalowwith occasional wilaaand poplar box associated
Poorly developed grasslayer of black speargrass and wire grass
U lCO
B22ca - (Where present) As above butbrown or grey (10YR4/2, 4/3, 5/2)with small amounts concretionarycarbonate
B23 - As above but no carbonateand frequently small to moderateamounts of manganiferous softpatches and veins
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Tel ElKabir
Ug5.15Ug5.34Ug5.1Ug5.3 PH
6 5 - 8.5
6 5 - 8.5
8 5-8.9 600-
8.5 - 8 9 900
8 0 - 9 0 1200-
8 0 - 9 0 1500J
B 22ca
Black earths and brown clays:G i l g a i absent to weak
n A1 - Moderately to strongly s e l f100 mulching surface on dark to
brown (7.5YR, 10YR, 2/2, 2/3, 3/2,3/3) l i g h t medium clay to mediumheavy clay, strong very f i n e tofi n e blocky, dry very hard toextremely hard, occasionallytrace amounts concretionarycarbonate
B21 - Dark to brown (7.5YR, 10YR2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3) l i g h t mediumclay, moderate fine prismatic orblocky or strong medium l e n t i c u l a r ,dry very hard to extremely hard,occasionally trace amountsconcretionary carbonate andmangamferous concretions
B22ca - As above with small ormoderate amounts of soft orconcretionary carbonate andmangamferous concretions
Level to gentlyundulating plainsof local alluvium
A l l u v i a l materialfrom andesite andbasalt
Slope 0-2SS
Grassland of blue
grasses and black spear
grass or open forest of
Queensland blue gum with
poplar box occasionally
associated (Formation
apparently depends on
past timber treatment)
Timbered formation has
strongly developed grass
layer of above species
Variants' Profile may overlayburied soil materials below 500 mm(Ug5.3) or may be overlain by upto 50 mm of hard setting recentlydeposited material
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
MountBambling
Ug5Ug5Um6Um6
.32 _
.12
.21
.23
PH6 0-70
6.5 - 8.5
030
300
400
600-
B2 ̂', 150
Stony brown claysi stony blackearths and stony minimal prairiesoils: Coarse gravel to stonecommon to abundant on surfaceand throughout profile
A1 - Hard setting to moderatelyself mulching surface on dark tobrown (5YR, 7.5YR, 2/2, 2/3. 3/2,3/3) clay loam or light clay tomedium clay, moderate to strongfine blocky, dry hard to very hard
B2 - (Where present) Dark to brown(SYR, 7.5YR, 2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3)light medium clay to medium clay,moderate to strong fine blocky oroccasionally lenticular, dry veryhard, occasionally trace amounts ofcarbonate concretions
BC - (Where present) As above with
frequent inclusions of below
C - L i t t l e weathered basalt orStrongly dark and brown mottledyellow (10YR5/4, 5/6, 6/6) sandyclay loam, clay loam or light clay,massive with ghost rock structure,dry hard, manganiferous andferruginous veins, occasionallysoft patches of carbonate
Gently undulatingrises to rollinglow h i l l s onbasalt
Hillcrests andhillslopes
Slopes 5-40?(Usually 10-25S)
Grassland of black speargrass, blue grasses andkangaroo grass with rednatal grass occasionallyassociated or low wood-land to woodland ofsilver leaved ironbarkand red barked bloodwoodwith narrow leaved iron-bark occasionallyassociated
(Formation depends onpast timber treatment)
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Nursery Ug5.32Ug5.13Ug5.12
pH mm6.0-7.0 °
200'
6 5 - 8 8 300'
mm
7.2 - 8.8 600-
8.5 - 9 0 900-
1000-
1200-
1500J
B 21
B 22 / / 'ca//
/ // ?^BC
•400
Brown clays and black earths: Few Gently undulatingcobbles and stones in some areas. rises to rollingOccasionally weak linear gilgai , low h i l l s onmound and depression profiles similar basalt
A1 - Moderately to strongly selfmulching surface on dark to brown(5YR, 7.5YR, 2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3)light medium clay to medium heavyclay, strong fine blocky, dry hardto very hard
B21 - Dark to brown to red-brown(5YR, 7.SYR, 2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3,3/4) light medium clay, to mediumheavy clay, moderate fine blocky,prismatic or occasionallylenticular, dry very hard toextremely hard, occasionally traceamounts of manganiferous concretions
B22ca - (Where present) Brown tored-brown (5YR, 7.5YR, 2/3, 3/3,3/4) then as above with trace tosmall amounts concretionary or softcarbonate
BC - (Where present) As above withfrequent inclusions of below
C - Strongly dark mottled brown togrey to yellow (7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y,5Y 3/4, 4/4, 5'6, 6/3, 6/4) loamysand equivalent, sandy loam, sandyclay loam, clay loam or light clay,massive with ghost rock structure,manganiferous and ferruginous veins,occasionally soft patches ofcarbonate
Pediments
Slope 1-158(Usually 3-10$)
Extensively cleared.Evidence suggests wood-land or open forest ofs i l ve r leaved ironbarkand red barked bloodwoodwith narrow leaved i ron-bark associated
Well developed grasslayer of black speargrass and blue grasses
SPC Description Landscape unit Vegetat1 on
Graham Ug5Ug5
Lg5
Ug5
Ug5
1534
32
13
37
PH6.0 - 9.0
6.5 - 8 8
7 8 - 9.1
8 0 - 9.4
600-
900-
8.0 - 9.2 1200-
8 5 -8 .7 1500J
B 21
B 22 ca
/ C
D
•400
Black earths and brown clays GentTy undulating
Frequently weak linear g i l ga i , rises to ro l l ing
mojnd and depression prof i les low hilTs on
similar except the mound frequently basalt
tias carbonate to the surface
Pediments
A1 - Moderately to strongly self
mu1ching surface on dark tc brown Frequently on
(SYR, ~i 5YR, 2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3) lower slopeslngnc medium clay to medium hea^y
c^y , strong medium blocky, dry very Slope 1-"%
hard to extremely nard, occasionally (Usually 1-4J)
trace arrounts concretionary carbonate
and mangan^ferous concretions
Extensively cleared
Evidence suggests open
forest of Queensland
blue gum
Well developed grass
layer of blue grasses
and black spear grass
B21 - Cark to brcwn to red-brown
[5YR, 7 5YR2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3, 3/4)
•nedium c^y to medium heavy clay,
moderate f i n e blocky or prismatic
or strong medium l e n t i c u l a r , d r j very
•1000 hard to extremely hard, trace amounts
rranganiferous concretions, occasionally
trace amounts concretionary carbonate
B22ca - Brown to red-brown (SYR, 7 5YR,
2 3, 3/3, 3/4) medum cTay tc medium
hea^y ctay, strong medium l e n t i c u l a r ,
dry very hard, trace amounts
mariganiferous concretions, small to
moderate amounts concretronary
carbonate
C - [Where present) Strongly dark
mottled browr to yellow (7 SYR, 10YR4/6,
5/6) clay loam to l i g h t clay, massive
with ghost rock s t r u c t u r e , mangamferous
and ferruginous veins, occasionally soft
patches carbonate
D - (Where present) Moderately yellowmottled brown (7 5YR4/6) l i g h t mediumclay, strong f i n e blocky, dry hard,trace amounts carbonate concretionsand manganTferous soft patches
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Weaner Uf6.31Uf6.32Um6.12Um6.21Uf6.1Uf6.3Uf6.4Uf6.42Um6.23Um6.41Um6.42Um6.31Gn3.22Gn4.72Gn4.42Um5.41
pH6 . 0 - 7.5
6 5 - 8 2
mmo
200
300-
400-
600-
900'
1200-
1500-1
100
Stony prairie soi ls t stony minimalprairie soils and lithosols: Coarsestone common to abundant on surfaceand throughout profi le
A1 - Dark to browr (7.5YR, 10YR,3/2, 3/3, 2/2, 2/3) sandy clay loam,fine sandy clay loam, clay loam,light clay or l ight medium clay,weak to strong subangular blockyto blocky, dry hard to very hard
B2 - (Where present) Occasionallyweakly yellow mottled dark to brown(7.SYR, 10YR3/2, 3/3, 3/4, 2/2, 2/3)or occasionally rect-brown (5YR3/6)clay loam or l ight clay to mediumclay, moderate to strong subangularblocky, blocky or prismatic, dryhard to very hard, occasionallymanganiferous and ferruginoussoft patches
C - L i t t l e weathered andesite orStrongly dark and yellow mottledbrown to yellow-grey to yellow(10YR, 2.5Y, 5/4, 5/6, 4/6) clayloam, l ight clay or l ight mediumclay, massive with ghost rockstructure, dry hard, manganiferousand ferruginous veins
Gently undulatingrises to rol l ingh i l l s on andesite
Hillcrests andhillslopes
Slopes 5-50S(Usually 10-30?)
Low woodland, woodland oropen forest of narrowleaved ironbark and redbarked bloodwood(Formation apparentlydepends on past timbertreatment)
Frequently poorlydeveloped shrub layerof wattle
Poorly to moderatelydeveloped grass layer ofblack spear grass,kangaroo grass and wiregrass
Note: B3 or BC transitionalhorizons frequently present
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Lindeman Dr2.42Dr2.22Dy3.42Dy2.32Dr3.12Dd2.12Db1.32
PHW 1 . l l 6 . 0 - 7 5Db2.32
6.5 - 7.5
7 . 0 - 7 8
mmo mm
200-
300-
400-
600-
700-
800-
900-
1200-
1500J
A 2
150
-400
Stony red and yellow podzolic soilssoloths and neutral duplex soi ls:Coarse gravel to stone common onsurface and throughout prof i le
A1 - Dark (7.5YR, 10YR, 3 /1 , 3/2,2/2) l ight sandy clay loam, loamfine sandy, sandy clay loam, finesandy clay loam or clay loam, weakto moderate fine to mediumsubangular blocky or massive, dryhard to very hard
A2 - (Where present) As above butconspicuous or sporadic bleach
B2t - Occasionally weakly yellowmottled red-brown to yellow-brownto yellow (5YR, 10YR3/3, 4/6, 4/8,5/4, 5/6) or occasionally dark orbrown (10YR3/2, 3/3) l ight mediumclay to medium clay, strong fineto medium blocky, dry hard to veryhard
B3 - (Where present) Moderatelydark mottled brown (7.5YR4/4) l ightclay, weak fine blocky, dry hard
Gently undulatingrises to rol l ingh i l l s on andesite
Hil lcrests andhillslopes
Areas of intenserock joint ing
Slopes 5-50S(Usually 10-308)
Low woodland, woodland oropen forest of narrowleaved ironbark and redbarked bloodwood.Silver leaved ironbarkoccasionally associated.(Formation apparentlydepends on past timbertreatment)
Frequently poorlydeveloped shrub layerof wattle
Poorly to moderatelydeveloped grass layer ofblack spear grass,kangaroo grass and wiregrass
C - L i t t l e weathered andesite o_rStrongly dark and yellow mottledbrown to yellow-brown 10YR, 2.5Y5/4, 4/6) clay loam to l ight clay,massive with ghost rock structure,dry ^ard, manganiferous andferruginous veins
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Ban Ban Uf6.31
Ug5 34
Uf6.32
Ug5.32
Ug5.15
Uf6.42
Ug5 13
Uf6 43
PH5.9 - 7.0
6.0 - 8.8
6.8 - 8.8
8.0 - 9.0
mm0
250-300-
600-
900 -
8.5 - 9.0 1200-
8.5 — 9.0 1500-1
A1
y/
B
^s^s
B 2 2
ca/
/i
21
11
11
1I
t
I11II
,D Oil
/ /r
j
/
ItII
/ I1 1
1,'
[1
c
mm
-500
-400
Prairie soils, chernozems» brown
clays and black earths Few
cobbles and stones in some areas.
Frequently weak linear gilgai with
Ug PPF's usually confined to
some mounds
A1 - Hard setting to weakly self
mulching surface on dark to brown
{7 SYR, 10YR, 2/2, 2/3, 3/?, 3/3)
light clay, to medium clay, moderate
to strong fine bTocky, dry hard to
extremely hard* occasionally trace
amounts ferruginous and mangamferous
concretions
B21 - Occasionally weakly dark or
yellow mottled dark to brown [7.5YR,
10YR, 2/2, 2/3, 3/2, 3/3, 3/4, 3/6,
4'3) light medium clay to medium
heavy clay, moderate to strong
prismatic or blocky, dry very hard
to extremely hard, frequently trace
to small amounts mang&niferous and
ferruginous concretions, occasionally
trace amounts concretionary carbonate
&22ca - [Where present) As abOh'e but
frequently moderate to strong fine
lenticular and small to moderate
amounts concretionary carbonate
Gently undulating
nses to rol1 ing
h i l l s on andesite
Pediments
Slopes 1-20*
(Usual'y 3-a*)
Extensively cleared.
Evidence suggests wood-
land to open forest of
narrow leaved lronbark
and red barked blocdwood
wi+h si 1ver 1eaved
ironbar<, Queensland blue
gum and poplar box
occasionally associated
Shrub layer of corkwood
wattle and whitewood
frequently present
Moderately to wel1
developed grass layer
of black spear grass,
blue grasses and wire
grass
B2? - [Where present) As for B21
but frequently moderate to strong
flne lenticular
C - {Where present! Strongly dark
•nettled1 brown tc yellow-brown to
yellow (10YR, 2 5Y, 4/6, b/%, 5/6)
c^ay loam, light clay or l i g h t medium
ciay* mass ve with ghost rock structjre,
dry hard, moderate amounts mangamferous
and ferruginous veins
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Browns Dbi.33
Db2.*3
Dd1.33
Dy3.43
Db1.13
Dd2.43
Db2.33
Dd1 43
Dy3.13
Dd2.13
Dy? 33
Db2 13
Dd1.13
PH5.8 - 7.0
6 5 - 8.5
7.0 -8.E
8.5-9.2
mm
200-
300-
600-
900-
8.5 - 9.2 1200-
8.5 - 9.2 1500-1
B27i
50
( -400
B 22t
ca
Solodic soils, solodized solonetzand alkaline duplex soils Fewcobbles and stones in some areas.Occasionally weak linear gilgai,mound and depression profilessimilar
A1 - Dark to brown (7 5YR, 10YR,2/2, ?'3, 3/2, 3/3, 3/4, 4/3) lightsariy clay loam, loan fine sandy,sandy clay loam, fine sandy clayloam or clay loam, massive to weakfine subangu'ar blocky, dry hard tovery hard, occasionally traceamounts mangamferous concretions
Kl cb or sb - (Where sresent) asabove with sproadic or conspicuousbleach
B21t - Frequently dark, red, oryellow mottled dark to grey toyellow-brown to brown {7 5VR, 10VR,3/2, 3/3, 3/4, 4/2, 4/4, A'6, 5/4)light medium clay to rredium heavyclay, strong fine to medium prismaticor columnar, dry extremely hard,frequently trace amounts ferruginousand mangamferous concretions andsoft patches
Gently undulatingrises to rollinghil Is on andesite
Pediments
Slope 1-20*(Usually 3-1?*)
Extensively cleared.Evidence suggests wood-land to open forest ofnarroo leaved ironbarkand red barbed bloodwoodwith silver leaved iron-bark and poplar boxoccasionally associated
Shrub layer of corkwoodwattle and whitenoodfreqjently present
Moderately developedgrass layer of blackspear g-ass, b'uegrasses and wire grass
B22tca - (Occasionally absent) Asabove but grey to yellow-brown tobrown (7 5YR, 10YR3/3, 3/4, 4/?,4/3, 4/4, 4/6, 5/4! and trace tomoderate amounts of concretionaryor soft carbonate
C - (Where present) Strongly darkmottled brown to yellow-brown toyellow (10YR, 2.5Y4/6, 5/4, 5/6),clay loam, light clay or light medium,clay, massive with ghost rock structure,dry hard, moderate amounts mangamferousand ferruginous veins
SPC PPF Description Landscape uni t Vegetation
BackCreek
Uc2.12Uc2.21Um3.12Uc1.Ucl .44Uc3.12
PH
5 . 8 - 6.5
5.5-6.5
mm0
200-
300-
400-
600-
900-
1200-
1500J
A 1 -50
Podzolized lithosols, stony rudi-mentary podzols and lithosols: Stoneabundant on surface and throughoutprofile
A1 - Dark to grey to brown (7.SYR,10YR, 3/2, 3/3, 4/2, 4/3) sandyloami light sandy clay loam oroccasionally sandy clay loam,massive to weak fine subangularblocky, dry slightly hard
A2cb - (Where present) As abovebut conspicuously or occasionallysporadically bleached
B2 - (Where present) Occasionallymoderately brown mottled grey toyellow-brown to brown (7.5YR, 10YR,4/2, 4/4, 5/4, 6/4) loamy sandequivalent to light sandy clayloam, massive, dry slightly hardioccasionally trace amountferruginous and manganiferoussoft patches and concretions
Gently undulating Woodland to open forestrises to steeph i l l s on rhyolite
Hillcrests andhillslopes
Slope 8-602(Usually 20-50$)
of spotted gum and narrowleaved ironbark(Formation apparentlydepends on past timbertreatment)
Frequently poorlydeveloped shrub layerof wattle
Poorly developed grasslayer of wire grass,black spear grass,kangaroo grass andbarbed wire grass
C - L i t t l e weathered rhyolite
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
LadiesMile
Uc2.21Uc2.12Uc2.22
PH
5 8 - 6.5
5.8-7.0
5.8-7.9
6.0 - 7.9
mm
150CH
Rudimentary podzols and podzolizedsands: Very slightly or slightly
100 stony
•400
A1 - Dark to brown to grey (7.5YR3/2,3/3, 4/2, 4/3) loamy sand to sandyloam, massive to weak finesubangular blocky, dry hard
A2cb - As above but conspicuously
bleached
B2 - (Where present) Frequentlyyellow mottled grey (7.5YR4/2, 5/2)loamy sand to sandy loam,massive, dry slightly hard,occasionally trace to small amountsof ferruginous and manganiferoussoft patches or concretions
C - L i t t l e weathered rhyolite
Gently undulatingrises to steeph i l l s on rhyolite
Hillcrests
Slopes 3-15$
Woodland to open forestof narrow leaved ironbarkwith spotted gumfrequently associated(Formation apparentlydepends on past timbertreatment)
Frequently poorlydeveloped shrub layerof wattle
Poorly developed grasslayer of black speargrass, wire grass,kangaroo grass andbarbed wire grass
CD
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Kent Dy3.41Db1 .32Dy2.42Gn1.42
PH
5.5 - 6.5200-
6.0 - 6.5 300-
6.0-7.0 600-
900
1200
1500
100
300
Stony yellow podzolic soi ls, solothsand neutral gradational soi ls: Stonecommon to abundant on surface andincreasing down prof i le
A1 - Dark to brown (7.5YR, 10YR3/2, 3/3) sandy loam, fine sandyloam or l ight sandy clay loam,massive to weak fine subangularblocky, dry sl ight ly hard
A2 - (Where present) As above withsporadic or conspicuous bleach
B2t - Frequently dark or redmottled brown to yellow-brown toyellow (7.SYR, 10YR, 4/4, 5/4, 6/4)clay loam sandy to sandy clay,moderate fine subangular blocky,dry hard to very hard, occasionallytrace amounts manganiferous andferruginous concretions
C - L i t t l e weathered rhyolite
Note: B3 or Be transit ionalhorizons frequently present
Gently undulatingrises to steeph i l l on rhyolite
Hil lcrests andhi 11s lopes
Slopes 8-60SS(Usually 20-50*)
Woodland to open forestof spotted gum and narrowleaved ironbark(Formation apparentlydepends on past timbertreatment)
Frequently poorlydeveloped shrub layerof wattle
Poorly developed grasslayer of wire grass,black spear grass,kangaroo grass andbarbed wire grass
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Pump Db2.33
Dy3.43
Dr2.33
Dbl.33
PH6.0-6.5
5.5 - 9 0
8 2 - 9 0
8.4 - 9.0
mm0
150-
300-
600-
900-1000-
1200-
1500J
A 1
B 211
B 22t/
ca/
/
50
•100
•400
Solodic soils> solodized solonetz
and red-brown earths: Few cobbles
and stones in some areas
A1 - Dark to grey to brown (7.5YR,
10YR, 3 /1 , 3/2, 3/3, 4/2, 4/3) sandy
loam, fine sandy loam, l ight sandy
clay loam, sandy clay loam or fine
sandy clay loam, massive to weak
fine subangular blocky, dry hard
to very hard
A2sb or cb - As above with sporadic
or conspicuous bleach
B21t - Occasionally moderately
yellow mottled grey to red-brown
to brown (5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 3/3,
3/4, 3/6, 4/2, 4/3, 4/4) medium
clay to medium heavy clay, strong
fine prismatic or columnar, dry
extremely hard
B22tca - (Where present) As above
but moderate to strong f ine blocky
and small to moderate amounts of
manganiferous concretions and soft
patches and concretionary carbonate
Gently undulating
rises to steep
h i l l s on rhyolite
Ped iments
Slopes 4-122
Extensively cleared.Grassland of black speargrass, wire grass andkangaroo grass
D - L i t t l e weathered stone orfractured rock
Note - Be or B3 transitionalhorizons frequently present
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Quarry Uc4.13Uc4.22Uc6.nUc4.24
PH
5.8 - 6.5
5.8 - 6.5
5.8 - 6.0
5.5-6.0
mm
900-
1200-
150CH
•100
Rudimentary podzols and l i thosols:Rocky with common stone or boulder
A1 - Dark to brown C7.5YR, 10YR, 3/2,3/3, 4/3) sandy loam to loamy sand,massive to weak fine subangularblocky to crumb, dry s l ight ly hard
A2 - (Where present) Brown (7.SYR,10YR, 4/3, 4/4, 4/6) loamy sand,massive dry s l ight ly hard
B2 - (Where present) Occasionallymoderately yellow mottled brown(7.5YR3/4, 4/4, 5/4) loamy sandmassivei dry s l ight ly hardoccasionally small amountsmanganiferous and ferruginoussoft patches
C - Moderately dark mottled brown(7.5YR5/4) loamy sand> singlegraini dry soft, moderate amountsmanganiferous and ferruginous softpatches or L i t t l e weathered granite
Gently undulatingrises to ro l l inglow h i l l s ongranite
Hil lcrests andhillslopes
Slopes 10-402
Extensively cleared.Evidence suggests wood-land of narrow leavedironbark and red barkedbloodwood
Poorly developed grasslayer of black speargrass and wire grass
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Stylo Uc2.21Uc2.22
PH
5.8 - 6.2
6.0 - 6.5
6 0 - 7 . 0
6.0-7.0
6.0 - 7.0 1200
6.0-7.0 1500-
900
100
Rudimentary podzols:
Al - Dark to brown (7.5YR, 10YR,3/2, 3/3, 4/3) sandy laom toloamy sand, weak f ine subangularblocky or massive, dry s l i g h t l y
300 ha rd
A2cb - As above but conspicuouslybleached
700
Gently undulatingrises to rollinglow h i l l s ongranite
Pediments
Slopes 2-125S
Extensively cleared.Evidence suggests openforest of red barkedbloodwood and narrowleaved ironbark
Moderately developedgrass layer of blackgrass, red Natal grassand wire grass, finestem stylo common
B2 - Occasionally moderatelyyellow mottled brown to yellow-brown C7.5YR, 10YR4/4, 4/b, 5/3,5/4) clayey sand, loamy sandor loamy fine sand, massive,dry slightly hard, occasionallysmall amounts manganiferousconcretions
D - (Where present) Gravel tocoarse gravel
SPC PPF Description Landscape unit Vegetation
Tanlc Dy3.43Db2.33Dy3.33Dy3.42Db2.31Dr3.43Dy3.41
PH
5.8 - 6.2
6 0 - 8.0
6.0 - 8.2
6.0 - 8.5
6 8 - 8.5
6.8-8.5
u
150-
300-
400-
600-
900-
1200-
1500-
A 1
" A V '
*''
B 2t i
/
/
/ D
/
-100-150
-600
Solodic soi ls , solodized solonetzand soloths:
A1 - Dark to grey (7.5YR, 10YR,3/2, 4/2) sandy loam, loamy sandor loam fine sandy, weak fine sub-angular blocky or massive, drysl ight ly hard
A2 cb or sb - As above butconspicuously or occasionallysporadically bleached, frequentlytrace amounts ferruginous andmanganiferous concretions
B2t - Moderately brown mottledred-brown to brown to yellow-brownto grey (5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, 3/6, 4/2,4/3, 4/4, 5/4) sandy clay, l ightmedium clay or medium clay, strongmedium prismatic, columnar oroccasionally blocky, dry very hardto extremely hard, trace to moderateamounts of manganiferous andferruginous soft patches andconcretions
Gently undulatingrises to rol l inglow h i l l s ongranite
Pediments
Slopes 2-1035
Extensively cleared.Evidence suggests wood-land to open forest ofQueensland blue gum
Moderately developedgrass layer of black speargrass, red Natal grass andwire grass, fine stemstylo common
D - (Where present) Gravel, sand orsandy loam
74
APPENDIX 2
Morphological and analytical data for sampled soil profiles
Notes:
AMG
Colours
Structure
HorizonNomenclature
LaboratoryMethods
SoilTaxonomy
References
Australian Map Grid Reference
Those of Oyama and Takehara (1967). A l l colours are moistcolours.
As defined in Soil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 1951).
As defined by McDonald and Isbell (1984)
Are those used by Agricultural Chemistry Branch (Bruce andRayment 1982). Particle size, CEC, exchangeable cations,total element percentages and organic carbon results arereported on an oven dry basis while other results are on anair dry basis.
Classifications to subgroup category of Soil Taxonomy (SoilSurvey Staff 1975) are given. These classifications arebased on limited data and are approximations based on dataavailable.
Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. (1982), 'Analytical methods andinterpretations used by the Agricultural Chemistry Branchfor s o i l and land use surveys', Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries Bulletin QB82004.
McDonald, R.C. and I s b e l l , R.F. ( 1 9 8 4 ) , ' S o i l p r o f i l e 1 I nMcDonald, R.C, I s b e l l , R.F., S p e i g h t , J.G., Walker, J.and Hopkins, M.S. Australian Soil and Land Survey FieldHandbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Oyama, M. and Takehara, H. (19 67), Revised Standard SoilColour Charts. F u j i h i r a Industry Co. Ltd.: Tokyo.
Soil Survey s t a f f (1951), Soil Survey Manual. United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Handbook 18, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C.
Soil Survey Staff (1975), Soil Taxonomy - a Basic System ofSoil Classification for Making and Interpreting SoilSurveys, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook436 U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
74
APPENDIX 2
Morphological and a n a l y t i c a l data f o r sampled s o i l p r o f i l e s
Notes:
AMG
Colours
Structure
HorizonNomenclature
LaboratoryMethods
SoilTaxonomy
References
Australian Map Grid Reference
Those of Oyama and Takehara (1967). A l l colours are moistcolours.
As defined in Soil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 1951).
As defined by McDonald and Isbell (1984)
Are those used by Agricultural Chemistry Branch (Bruce andRayment 1982). Particle size, CEC, exchangeable cations,t o t a l element percentages and organic carbon results arereported on an oven dry basis while other results are on anair dry basis.
Classifications to subgroup category of Soil Taxonomy (SoilSurvey Staff 1975) are given. These classifications arebased on limited data and are approximations based on dataavailable.
Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. (1982), 'Analytical methods andinterpretations used by the Agricultural Chemistry Branchfor s o i l and land use surveys', Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries Bulletin QB82004.
McDonald, R.C. and I s b e l l , R.F. (1 9 8 4 ) , ' S o i l p r o f i l e ' I nMcDonald, R.C, I s b e l l , R.F., S p e i g h t , J.G., Walker, J.and Hopkins, M.S. Australian Soil and Land Survey FieldHandbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Oyama, M. and Takehara, H. (1967), Revised Standard SoilColour Charts. F u j i h i r a Industry Co. Ltd.: Tokyo.
Soil Survey Staff (1951), Soil Survey Manual. United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Handbook 18, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C.
Soil Survey Staff (1975), Soil Taxonomy - a Basic System ofSozl Classification for Making and Interpreting SoilSurveys, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook436 U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
Soil Profile Class
Great Soil Group:
Parent Material:
Topography:
Buffel
Prairie soil
Alluvium
Upper slope position on 3% convex slope
Map Unit: Buffel Site No: 8
Taxonomy Subgroup. Udic A r g i u s t o l l P.P.F•: Um6.31
A.M.G. Ref' 56 J; 373120E, 716197QN
Air PhOtO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 45mmE 143mmN
Location. Brian Pastures Research Station
Buffel grass pasture (cleared)
Profile Morphology: Strongly hard setting surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Al 0-20 Brownish black (10YR 3/2), loam fi n e sandy, weak f i n e subangular blocky, dry hard, clear t o :
B2 2 0-60 As above except f i n e sandy c l a y loam, -noderate medium blocky w i t h a r g i l l a n s , dry hard, c l e a r t o t
2A2b 60-80 Sporadically bleached brown (7.5VR 4/3), sandy loam, weakly massive, dry hard, clear t o :
2B}b 80-100 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/4), f i n e sandy clay loam, moderate medium blocky, dry very hard, smooth ped f a b r i c , gradual t o :
2Bjb 100-150 Dark brown (7.SYR 3/3), l i g h t c l a y , strong f i n e blocky w i t h a r g i l l a n s , dry very hard, t r a c e amounts manganiferous concretions.-JUl
Laboratory Data:
Lab. No.
03170031710317203173031740317503176
Lab. So.
031690317003171
Eepth.em
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthom
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
6 . 26 . 46 . 57 . 27 . 58 . 08 . 2
Org.
1.221.42
. 9 2
E.G.(1:5)mScm '
. 0 5
. 0 2
. 0 1
. 0 1
.03. 0 6. 0 9
C Tot. H%
. 1 1
. 0 8
. 0 7
Cl*
0020 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1003D07
DispersionRatio (Ri)
.53
. 7 1
. 8 3
. 9 8-
. 9 6
Aoid BicarbExtr . P ppm
1 0 17563
1226343
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
25 50
20 5119 5417 50
9 467 49
Eepl. K
13
1211101011
m.equiv/lOOg
. 6 51.22
. 5 6
c% O.D.
12
1515183 13 1
Fe fcfciD.T.P.A
74 20
C.E.Exch.
15
1512152724
Cu. Extr.
0.81
C. Ca++ I4g+ +K +
Cations m. equiv/100 g
7 . 2
9 . 17 . 77 6
3 . 5
4 . 85 . 07 2
10 3 12 49.3 11.3
Znppm
1.12
Bppm
1 . 1
391818
. 2 8
. 2 1
Ma +
' O.D.
. 1 2
. 2 0
. 1 01.022.372.68
P
.049
.041
.027
.022.022.018
K% O .D.
1.98
1.90 .1.93 .1.93 .1.72 .1.75
S
015
0 1 00 0 60 0 6007006
Moisture %
A.D.
1 .61 .72 . 01 82 . 23 . 23 . 0
hlh18
191722
_
3 1
-
I.1?b a r
a
98
10
15
Soil Profile Class: Airstrip
Great Soil Group: soiodized soionetz
Parent Material: Alluvium
Topography: Upper slope position on 2% convex slope
Vegetation: Black spear grass and red Natal grass (cleared)
Map Unit: Airstrip
Taxonomy Subgroup: Typic Natrustalf
Site No:
P.P.F.:
6
Db2.33
A.M.G. Ref: 56J, 374430E, 7162690N
A i r PhOtO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 86iranE 169mmN
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Profile Morphology: Strongly hard s e t t i n g surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2), sandy clay loam, weak very f i n e subangular blocky, dry hard, abrupt t o :
As above except sporadically bleached, abrupt to:
Moderately yellow mottled d u l l yellowish brown (10YR4/3), medium clay, strong f i n e columnar, dry extremely hard, traceamounts raanganiferous concretions, clear t o :
Dull yellowish brown (10YR4/3}, l i g h t medium clay, strong very f i n e blocky, dry extremely hard, small amounts carbonateconcretions and soft manganese, gradual t o :
Brown (7.5YR4/3), l i g h t clay, dry very hard, then as above, gradual t o :
Weakly dark mottled brown (7.5YR4/3), l i g h t medium clay, small amounts soft manganese, then as above
A l
A2sb
B21t
B22t
B23t
D l
0-10
10-15
15-40
40-80
80-120
120-150
Laboratory Data:
Lab.No.
03157031580315903160031610316203163
Lab. No.
031560315703158
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthcir
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
5 . 76 . 77 . 69 . 39 . 39 . 08 . 6
Org.
. 7 1
. 9 1
. 8 2
E.C.(1:5 )mScm '
. 0 3. 0 7. 1 2. 5 3. 7 0.67. 5 5
C Tot. N%
. 0 6
. 0 6
. 0 6
Clofttr
.002.005.012.052.085.083.079
DispersionRatio (Ri)
. 6 5
. 9 9. 9 9. 9 5
. 9 3
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
3 83 92 5
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
37 38
27 2627 32
5
8
68
17 37 1423 30 1522 29 15
Repl. Km. equiv/lOOg
. 3 6
. 4 239
ci O.D.
15
3832333236
Fe MnD.T.P.A
81 12
C.E.Exeh.
10
2 318242324
Cu. Extr
0.51
C. Ca++
Cations m.
2 . 3
4 74 . 03 . 63 . 02 . 7
Zn. ppm
0 . 2
Bppm
"Ml* K +
eq.uiv/100 g
3
101 1131212
7
13434
. 5 1
. 3 6
. 2 6
. 2 8
. 2 6
. 3 2
0
25666
N a +
.D .
46
. 8 8
. 0 2
. 7 0. 2 7. 1 8
P
.022
.014014
.013
.013
.013
K* O.D.
0.98
0.870.981.301.541.56
S
.012
.012
.0250 1 1
.005
.007
Moisture %
A.D.1.4
2 . 92 53 . 02 . 83 . 0
ba"r15
333032
34
bar6
161315
15
Soil Profile Class: Airstrip
Solodized-solonetz
Alluvium
Upper position of 2% convex slope
great Soil Group
Parent Material :
Topography:
Map Unit: Ai rs t r ip Site No: 17Taxonomy Subgroup Typic Natrustalf P.P.F.: Dbl.33
A.M G. Ref' 56J 380100E, 7154870N
Air Photo Ref: Gayndah 1972 Run 5 Photo 85 140mmE 62rnmN
Location: Ridges Block, Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Open woodland of poplar box and beefwood, ground layerof blue grass
Profile Morphology: Strongly hardsetting surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Brownish black (7.5YR3/2), loam fine sandy, weak fine subangular blocky, dry hard, abrupt to:
As above but sporadically bleached, abrupt to:
Brown (7.5Y.R4/4), medium clay, strong medium columnar, dry extremely hard, trace amounts soft manganese, clear to:
As above except strong fine blocky, small amounts carbonate concretions and soft manganese, clear to:
As above but moderate fane blocky, dry very hard, small amounts soft manganese, clear to:
As above except l i g h t clay.
A l
A2sb
B21t
B22tca
B23t
B24t
0 - 8
8-10
10-30
30-80
80-110
110-150
Laboratory Data:
Lab.No.
03232032330323403235032360323703238
Lab. No.
032310323203233
Depthcm.
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1
5679988
:5
9634
. 141
Org
110 .
137
E.G.(1:5) ClmSem '
. 0 30816
. 5 7
. 4 3
. 4 3
. 3 6
C Tot. H%
0.100.090.03
%
0020100220 6 8068056052
DispersionRatio (Ei)
. 5 5
. 9 2. 9 8. 9 8
. 9 9
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm762
1 13.21 11.21 4 . 1
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
27 47
16 3718 4114 4314 4 5
7 46
Repl. Km. equav/lOOg
. 5 2
. 3 3
. 2 7
% 0
L3
9LO111316
KeD.I
70
C.D.
14
353 1302529
Mn.P.A
38
C.E.Exch.
13
232 3242325
Cu. Extr
0.41
C. Ca++
Cations m.
3 . 9
3 . 93 . 12 . 82 . 12 . 0
Zn. ppm
0 6 1
Bppm
Hg++ 1t +
equiv/100 g
3 . 5
12.414.414.513 414.4
0
00001
35
172 4292585
Na1"
O.D.
0.32
3 116 717.858.228.21
P
.028
.020.020.02 2
030033
1
11111
KO.D.
06
. 1 1. 2 0. 2 8. 2 8. 2 3
S
.014
.017.019.011.010.009
Moisture )
A.D.
1 93 73 . 53 . 23 . 32 . 72 . 7
tal18
323234
35
i15bar
7
151515
15
Soil Profile Class; Barambah
Great Soil Group: Black earth _. _ _ _
Parent Material: Alluvium
Topography: Mid slope p o s i t i o n on 0.3* slope
Hap Unit: Bararabah Site No: 5
p p p •Taxonomy Subgroup: Typic P e l l u s t e r t ' -r •' * * Ug5.16
ft.M.G. Ref: S63; 375350E; 7162130H
Air PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 122mmE 160mmH
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Understorey of corkwood wattle, ground layer of blackspear grass (cleared).
Profile Morphology: Moderately cracking surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Al 0-12 Brownish black (10YR 3/1), l i g h t medium clay, strong f i n e blocky, dry extremely hard, trace amounts manganiferous concretions,
clear to:
B21 12-40 Black (10¥R 2/I) , medium clay, moderate f i n e blocky, dry extremely hard, concretions as above, clear to:
B22 40-80 As above except moderate very fane blocky to strong f i n e l e n t i c u l a r , trace amounts carbonate and manganiferous concretions,gradual to:
B23ca 80-110 Greyish brown (7.5YR 4/2), medium clay, structure as above, dry very hard, small amounts carbonate concretions and s o f tmanganese, gradual t o j
D 110-150 Moderately dark mottled d u l l yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), medium clay, then as above.
Laboratory Data:
Lab.No.
03149031500315103152031530315403155
Lab. No.
031480314903150
Depthcm
0-1010-2820-3050-6080-90110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-1010-20
PH1:5
6.36.87.28.38.78.88.2
Org.
1.82.62.4
EX.(1:5) Clnficm 1
.06
.10
.23
.84
.66
.90„ .56
C Tot. N%
.13
.15
.13
%
004012036114109119093
DispersionRatio (Hi)
.65
.79
.93
.99
.99
Acid BicarbExtr. F ppm
6.5.4.
2 12 42 16 62 11.5
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size % 0
13 17
11 169 1612 1714 1821 20
Repl. Km.equiv/100
.585536
23
1919171313
gfeD.r
55
c.D.
45
5457565346
Mnr.P.A
74
C.E.Exch.
43
5046423734
Cu. Extr
2.5
C. Ca++
Cations m.
13.5
20.917 813 711.59.2
Zn. ppm
0.41
Bppm
Hg++ K +
aquiv/100 g
11.4
16.719.917.918.817.7
.68
.48
.45
.43
.35
.30
N a +
O.D.
1.9
5.18.28.98.17.6
P
.035
.022
.016
.015
.016017
Kit O.D.
1.28
1.241.151.191.241.25
S
.023
.019
.019
.013
.010
.005
Moisture
A
3444544
.D.
9656030
hL38
464942
39
%
• bar
2 1
252524
20
SoT Prof le Class
Great Soi 1 Group
Parent f a t e r i a l
Bararnbah
BTack ear th
Al1JVIurn
High l y i ng p o s i t i o n on gent ly unduTatmga 1" L al p am
Si te No 20
P P F Ug5 15
Map Uni t Barambahi
Ta;an«ny Subgroup Typic chrcmLstert
A M G Ref Zone 560, 375350E, 71622-ON
flir FhotJ Ref
Locat ion Brian Pastures F ie ld S ta t i on * Gayndah
Surface Moderately cracking anu mulching
P r o r I l e Morphology
Horizon Depth cm
Ap 0-10
B21
B22
B'J
B-4
01
02
D3
D4
13-30
33-60
63-90
9:-150
150-240
240-300
300-330
333-390
Depth
Brownisti black MOVR3'2), medium c l ay , s t rong f i n e angular b locky, dry very hard consistence, smooth ped f a b r i c , t race amounts ofcarbonate ccncret ens, gradual to
As abo,e except gradual to
Brorfrrsh b'ack (1O :R3/2), medium heavy c l ay , strong medium b locky, then as above, gradual to
Dul l yel "wish hrotn '10VR4/3), medium hea,y " l a y , s t rong mediuT blocky, dry extremely hard, then as abo^e, gradual to
Du 1 brown 17 5YR5 3J , TiediuT heavy c lay , s t ro rg mediun b locky, dry extremely hare1, smooth ped f a b r i c , t race amounts concret ionarycarbonate, coarse sand n siiaM amounts, gradual to
Dul l brown [7 5YR5/4}, mediuT hea*y c lay , strong medun b locky, then as abo e, c lay to
Yellow mot ' led du^l brown (1CYRs'4\ medium hea^y c l ay , strong f i n e b l cck , , dry extremely hard, t race amounts of concret ionarycarbonate, coarse sand in moderate amounts, c lea^ to
As abOhS except sardy c lay ""oam, WEakly ma^si e, dry nard, moderate concret ions of rounded qua- tz , sandy f a b r i c , gradual to
Reddish brown l5 vR4v61, sandy c lay loam, massive, dry hard, large amounts of quartz corcret ons
pH E C [ I S )1 5 raScm-1
Cl Dispersion CS F T Si C C E C CaTT MgTT I T N i T P k S% Ration (R-]) P a r t i c l e Size % 0 D Exch Cations n equi 100g 0 D S O D
Mois t j res
1,3 15H 0 bar bar
834683478348B349835083S1B3528353B35463558366835"83588359
0-1020-3050-608C-90
11C-12O140-150170-180200-210233-240260-270290-3003?3-333350-363330-393
7 78 28.38 38 . 13.27.97 6
S 1
5.85 7
5.45 7
5 9
05820838868509366-7105646105J965760240^334
006027066095128095103083087079055089059049
161513151012
2020Z't171516
151417141415
494848556257
353735363835
18181211109 3
i ;15
rIB19IB
944645475352
136888
798170
029021013020014
.017
111111
1416121118
.21
029016017010007005
34333
91
759
8316834
Cepth Org C Tot N Acid Bicarb
Extr P ppm
Rep] Km equsv '10Og
Fe Mn Cu ZnD T P A. Extr ppm
0-1020-30
1 3454
1006
0 430 42
32 36 2 1 0 2
Soil Profile Class-
Great Soil Group:Parent MaterialTopography:
Brigalow Flat
Black earth
Alluvium
Upper slope position on 2% convex slope
Hap Unit Brigalow Flat Site No:
Taxonomy Subgroup: Typic P e l l u s t e r t F. P . r .:
A.M.6. Ref: 56J, 379730E, 715467ON
18
Ug5.16
Air PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1972 Run 5 Photo 85 132mmE 54mmN
Location. Ridges Block, Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Open woodland of brigalow
Profile Morphology: Strong normal g i l g a i w i t h strongly cracking and weakly s e l f mulching surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Apl 0-20 Brownish black (10YR3/1), medium clay, strong f i n e subangular blocky, dry very hard, gradual t o :
B21 20-50 As above except strong f i n e blocky, trace amounts concretionary and sof t carbonate and manganese, gradual t o :
B22 50-110 Greyish yellow brown (10YR4/2), medium clay, strong f i n e blocky, dry extremely hard, small amounts carbonate concretionsand s o f t manganese, trace amounts of sof t carbonate, gradual to:
B23 110-150 As above except with trace amounts of sof t nanganese (no carbonate).
C3O
Laboratory Data:Lab.No.
03240032410324203243032440324503246
Lab. No.
032390324003241
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
6 . 46 . 87 . 28 . 48 . 17 . 77 . 2
Org.
3 42 81.9
E.G.(1:5) Claficm 1
20. 3 0. 5 4. 7 0. 8 1
1.001.00
C Tot. N%
.2i2319
%
016D320631 1 1146160176
DispersionRatio (Hi)
.56
.6490
.99
99
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
120 157206 249252 321
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
10
94433
27
2724232 12 1
Repl. Km. equiv/lOOg
111
398
17
1717171719
c% O.D.
42
4453545656
Fe JftiD.T.P.A153 55
C.E.Exch.
43
4040393640
Cu. Extr
1.5
C. Ca++
Cations m.
19.7
16.711.5
8 . 37 16 . 3
Zn. ppm
2 . 1
Bppm
Mg"1 - •T K"1"equiv/100 g
10
1522222222
4
69997
2 . 4
1 9. 8 6
606666
N a +
O.D.
0.94
2.826.257 . 9 19.689.57
P
.056
056.023
0170 1 6
.020
*
1
11111
KO.D.
. 3 2
. 2 8. 2 2. 2 2. 2 8
22
S
. 041
03202 2
.009010
.015
Moisture 'A.D.3 . 9
4 34 . 14 . 14 . 14 . 0
blr36
364041
45
15bar18
202121
2"1
Soil Profile Class: Tel El Kabir Map Unit Tei E I Kabir Site Ho:
Sreat Soil Group Blacs earth Taxoron. Subgroup Typic Chromustert ° ° -̂ • *
Parent Material: Alluvium A.** G. Ref: sej, 373910E, 7160090N
Topography. Mid to upper slope position on IS convex slope Air Photo Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 67 167mmE 58mmN
12
Ug5.15
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Blue grass (cleared)
Profile Morphology: Moderately self mulching and moderately cracking surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Al 0-10 Brownish black (10YR3/2), medium clay, noderate very f i n e blocky, dry extremely hard, c l e a r t o :
B21 10-50
B22ca
B2 3
D
50-80
Brownish black (10YR2/2), medium heavy c l a y , then as above w i t h t r a c e amounts manganiferous and carbonate c o n c r e t i o n s ,gradual t o :
As above but with moderate fine blocky to strong f i n e l e n t i c u l a r structure, dry very hard, moderate amounts of carbonateand manganiferous concretions, gradual to
80-120 As above but brownish black (10YR3/2), medium clay, gradual t o i
120-150 Very dark brown (7.5YR3/3), medium clay, moderate amounts carbonate and manganiferous concretions.
Laboratory Data:Lab.No.
03199032000320103202032030320403205
Lab. No.
031980319903200
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH E .C.(l :5) Cl1:5 mScm '
8 . 08 . 18 . 38 . 58 68 68 6
Org. C
1.801.591 49
. 0 7
. 0 7
. 0 8
. 2 9
. 4 4
. 5 3
. 5 2
Tot. K
. 16
. 1 6
. 1 4
*
0 0 10020040340 5 6070069
DispersionRatio (Ri)
. 2 4
. 5 3
. 5 87 1
. 7 6
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
248 39274 46223 26
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
9 19 21
1 19 233 21 24
14 20 1712 20 1812 22 21
Hepl. Km.equiv/100g
.761.2
.81
cif O.D.
45
5652474944
Fe MnD.T.P.A.
2 0 10.6
C.E.Sxch.
52
5252434440
CuExtr
2 . 1
C. Ca++
Cations m.
38.3
32.024.421.116.914.7
Zn. ppm
. 4 2
Bppm
Mg + + K"1"equiv/100 g
13.8
20.326.620.321.02 2 . 1
1.2B
. 4 4
. 2 7. 1 4. 1 4. 1 4
N a +
O.D.
. 3 4
1.172.552 963 483.15
P
.085
.074
.0690 8 00 8 1
.078
K% O.D.
.88
.79
.71
.58
.57
.64
s
.027
.019
.013
.011
.008
.007
Moisture !
A.D.
6 . 36 . 46 . 66 . 35 . 65 . 65 . 0
bal45
454643
42
i15bar
23
252522
2 1
Soil Profile Class:
Great Soil Group:Parent Material:Topography:
Nursery
Brown clay
Basalt
Mid slope position on 4% convex slope
Map brut: Nursery Site No: i
Taxonomy Subgroup Typic Chromustert P.P.F.: Ug5.32
A.U.S. Ref: 56J, 373790E, 7162060N
Air PhOtO Ref1. Gayndah 19 7 9 Run 5 Photo 66 66nmE 1390mmH
Location. Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Green panic pasture
Profile Morphology: Moderately self mulching and cracking surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Very dark brown (7.5VR2/3), medium heavy clay, strong fine blocky, dry extreirely hard, clear toi
As above except moderate fine blocky, trace amounts carbonate concretions, clear to:
As above but with grey mottled light medium clay, moderate fine blocky to strong fine lenticular, dry very hard,small amounts carbonate concretions
Weathered basalt
A l
B2
B3ca
0-10
10-50
50-60
60-65
Laboratory Data:
Lab.Ho.
03165031660316703168
Lab.So.
031640316503166
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-60
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
6 . 57 . 07 . 18 . 1
Org.
2 . 22 . 31 .6
E.C.(1nficm
. 0 40 3 103
. 1 0
:5) ClI
C Tot. N%
191814
atto
0020 0 10 0 1318
DispersionRatio (Ei)
. 3 9
. 3 340
Acid BicaTbExtr. P ppm
37 6032 85
6 16
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size %
6 14 16
6 15 1619 17 16
Repl. Km.equiv/100g
. 7 6
. 4 9
. 2 9
FeD.
65
c3.D.
66
6648
MnT.P.A
66
C.E.Exoh.
60
6345
Cu. Extr
5 . 3
C. Ca+4~Cations in
32 .4
38.93 3 . 1
Zn'. ppm
0 . 9
Bppm
Mg+4" K"1"
equiv/100
17 3
19.411.7
. 4 1
. 2 61 1
H a f
g O.D.
. 3 2
52. 4 3
P
. 0 6 8
. 0 4 2
. 0 6 5
*
0 .
00
KO.D.
29
2516
S
028
.019
.013
Moisture
A8 .
8 .6 .
.D.0
08
fca47
4638
f bar8
152 3
Soil Profile Class: Nursery
Great Soil Group' Black earthParent Material:Topography:
BasaltMid to upper slope position on 8% concaveslope
Map Unit: Nursery Site No: 9
Taxonomy Subgroup. Torrertic A r g i u s t o l l P .P .F • : Ug5.13
A.M G. Ref- 56J, 374550E, 7161200N
Air PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 98mmE 122mmN
Location; Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Black spear grass (cleared)
Profile Morphology: Strongly self mulching and cracking surface on
Brownish black (7.5YR2/2), medium clay, strong f i n e blocky, dry very hard, clear to:
As above except moderate f i n e blocky, gradual to:
Moderately yellow mottled, very dark brown (7.5YR2/3), l i g h t clay with 5« angular basaltic gravel, moderate f i n e blockystructure w i t h a r g i l l a n s , dry very hard, gradual to-
50-60 Dark mottled o l i v e yellow (5YF6/3), loamy sand with 70% angular b a s a l t i c gravel, massive, dry hard
Horizon
A l
B2
B3
Depth cm
0-10
10-30
30-50
CO
Laboratory Data-
Lab. No.
03178031790318003181
Lab.No.
031770317803179
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-60
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH E C ( 1 * S \ P I\J ,\ X* s } Lr-L
1:5 nficm *
6 . 66 . 86 . 97 . 5
Org. C
2.462.131.61
. 0 3
. 0 3
%
) 0 1)02
.03 .001
.03 .(
Tot. H%
. 1 9
. 1 4
. 1 3
)02
DispersionRatio (Ei)
. 5 3
. 4 6
. 5 7
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
250 147230 128177 43
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
17 30 21
9 30 2151 25 11
Repl. Km. equiv/lOOg
. 8 3
. 4 3
. 2 4
c% O.D.
29
401 1
Fe MnD.T.P.A
9i 4;
C.EExch
4 6
475 1
Cu. Extr
4 . 4
C. Ca++
Cations m.
24.5
29.135.0
Zn. ppm
1.5
Bppm
Mg K +
squiv/100
13
1518
8
10
. 6 7
. 14. 0 8
Na+
g O.D.
. 1 6
43. 6 9
P
.011
097.127
K% O.D
. 3 3
. 2 3. 1 0
S
.023
.018
.008
Moisture
A
6776
. D .
4461
b£34
3428
% . .I 1 5
r tar18
1916
SO.L1 Profile Class
Great Soil Group:Parent Material:Topography:
Graham
Black earth
Basalt
Mid to lower siope on 3% concave slope
Map Unit: Graham Site No:
Taxonony Subgroup: Typic Chromustert " °.F. *
A. M. G. Ref: 56J, 375050E, 7161650N
10
Ug5.15
Air PhOtO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 119mmE 130mmN
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Black spear grass (cleared)
Profile Morphology:
Horizon Depth cm
0-10A l
B21
B22
10-40
40-110
B23ca 110-150
Strongly self mulching and cracking surface on
Brownish black (7 5YR3/2), medium heavy clay, strong medium blocky, dry extremely hard, trace amounts manganiferousconcretions, clear to:
Brownish black (7.5YR2/2), medium heavy clay, moderate fine blocky, dry extremely hard, trace amounts manganiferousconcretions, gradual to:
As above except moderate very fine blocky to strong medium lenticular with slickensides faces, trace amounts ofraangamferous and carbonate concretions, gradual to:
As above but dark brown (7.5YR3/3), medium clay, small amounts of manganiferous and carbonate concretions.
Laboratory Data:
Lais.No.
03183031840318503186031870318803189
Lab.No.
031820318303184
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
7.98.48.58.58 78 98.9
Org.
1.91.51.2
E.C.(1:5) (mScm 1
.04 .(
.06
; isfIV
)02)03
. 10 008
.28 (
.39 .(
.42
.33 .(
C Tot. N%
.13
.09
.11
)38)S5)54)42
DispersionRatio (Ri)
49
.56
.68
.74
.76
.90
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
3919.15.
0 39.05 10.81 4.3
C.S. F.S. SIParticle Size
5
54566
m.
17
1818171715
Repl. K
18
1919181820
equiv/lOOg
. 6 133
.22
C% O.D.
62
6263616 157
Fe MnD.T.P.A
42 3"
C.E.Exch.
65
6462645949
Cu. Extr
4.9
C. Ca++
Cations m.
26.2
34.219.516 212.910.3
Znppm
.76
Bppm
IJSg**equiv/100
32.5
32.538.943.139.733.1
.38
.16
.17
.15
.18
.19
g O.D.
36665
.43
.68
.17
.68
.4065
P
.041
.037
.031
.032
.048
.041
K% 0
.30
.1923
.20
.24
.27
-
s.D.
.017
014.014.011.008.005
-
Moisture %
A.D.
8.4
8.38.27 87 46.7
bar4 1
4448504942
15"bar25
2628282625
Soil Profile Class-
Great Soil Group:
Parent Material-
Topography:
Lindeman
Yellow podzlic soil __
Andesite
Mid slope position on a 25% convex slope
Map Unit: weaner Site No: iTaxonomy Subgroup: Aquic Paleustalf P.r.F.: Dy3.42
A.M.G. Ref: 56J, 377200E, 7159800N
Air PhOtO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 182mmE 66mmN
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Woodland of narrow-leaved and silver-leaved ironbark w i t h understorey of w a t t l e ,ground layer of black spear grass and kangaroo grass
Profile Morphology. Strongly hardsetting surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Al 0-10 Brownish black (10YR3/2), l i g h t sandy clay loam w i t h 30% angular coarse f r a c t i o n , moderate medium subangular blocky,dry hard, clear t o :
A2cb 10-40 Conspicuously bleached (10YR8/2 dr y ) , sandy clay loam witH 10% angular coarse f r a c t i o n , weak medium subangularblocky, dry hard, abrupt t o
B2 40-60 Moderately yellow and dark mottled d u l l yelowish brown (10YR5/4), l i g h t medium clay, strong f i n e blocky w i t h a r g i l l a n s ,dry very hard, trace amounts s o f t manganese
Laboratory Data:
Lab.No.
03127031280312903130
Lab. Ho.
031260312703128
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-60
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
5 95 . 86 . 27 . 1
Org.
11 .1 .
772
E.G.(1:5) ClmSem '
.03 . (
%
) 0 102 .001
.02 . 001
.05 .004
C Tot. N
*. 1 1. 1 2. 0 7
DispersionRatio (RL)
60
. 6 8
. 9 0
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
23 2435 24
4 13
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
43 27
39 2720 19
Repl K
12
1412
nuequiv/lOOg
. 5 2
. 6 5
. 2 8
c% O.D.
15
1844
Fe MnD.T.P.A
80 21
C.E.Exch.
14131 12 1
Cu. Extr
> 0 . 1
C. Ca++
Cations m.
5 . 54 . 54 49 . 8
Zn. ppm
0 . 8
tppm
Mte+4" K+equiv/100 g
3227
. 0
. 6
. 8
. 8
0000
. 5 7
. 2 3
. 1 3
. 2 3
M0
0 .l
a +.D.
1010256
P
.028
018.009
K% O.D.
1.67
1.64 .1.42 .
S
015
009008
Moisture
1112
.D. ba:
6 2244 236 32
%
' bar
9
1018
Soil Profile Class:
Great Soil Group:
Parent Material:
Topography:
Vegetation:
Prof i le Morphology:
Horizon Depth cm
A l
B 2 1
B22
B22ca
B23ca
0-20
20-50
50-80
80-110
110-150
Map Unit: Ban Ban Site No:
Taxonony Subgroup: Udic Argiustoll P.P.F.:
A.M.G. Ref: 56J, 375340E, 7160390N
15
Uf6.31
Air PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 130mmE 78mmN
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Ban Ban
Chernozem
Andesite
Crest position on 4% convex slope
Black spear grass
Strongly hardsetting surface on
Brownish black (7 5YR2/2), l i g h t medium clay, strong fine blocky, dry very hard, clear to:
Dark brown (7.5YK3/3), ligh t medium clay, moderate fine blocky, dry very hard, trace amounts ferruginous and manganiferous
concretions, gradual to
As above but medium clay, dry extremely hard, gradual to:
As above but with small amounts carbonate and manganiferous concretions, clear to:
As above but dry very hard, small amounts manganiferous concretions and soft carbonate^
o
Laboratory Data:
Lab.No.
03219032200322103222032230322403225
Lab.No.
0321803219QJ220
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
6 . 26 . 56 87 . 98 . 78 . 88 . 7
Org.
2 . 01 .71 . 1
E . C . t l : 5 ) C lELScm 1 %
.03 .002
.03 002
.04 .004
.27 .037
. 5 1 .066
.61 079
.65 .084
C Tot. Nif
. 1 310
. 0 8
DispersionRatio (Ri)
. 6 0
78. 7 7. 8 5
. 8 1
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
2413
3
583812
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
23 31
25 2715 2018 2717 1914 20
Eepl. Kn.equiv/lOOg
. 5 4
. 2 1
. 1 1
22
2 015162020
C% O.D.
25
2 547404246
Fe I.friD.T.P.A
102 10"
C.E.Exch.
30
2 83529242 6
Cu. Extr
7 . 3
C. Ca++
Cations m.
9 . 8
9 911.510.3
9 . 210 1
Zn. ppm
3 9
Bppm
I4g++K +
equiv/100
9 . 2
9 . 614.713.511 413.5
. 1 9
. 0 8
. 0 7
. 0 8
. 0 809
t.a+
g o
1 ,3 ,4 .4 ,4 .
D.
26
3577785678
P
.070
0 4 4.026.026
027.030
K* O.D
. 2 1
. 2 22 5
. 1 4
. 1 7
. 1 9
s
017
.010
.0150 1 1
.013
.011
Moisture
A.D.
3 . 63 73 74 . 84 . 03 73 . 9
blr28
293632
34
%15bar14
142 118
19
Soil Profile ClassGreat Soil Group:Parent Material:Topography-
Vegetation:
Ban Ban
Chernozem
Andesite
Upper slope position on 5% convex slope
Map Unit: Ban Ban Site No: 13
Taxonomy Subgroup: Udic A r g i u s t o l l P.P.F•: Uf6.32
A.M.G. Ref: 56J, 374200E, 7159770N
Air Photo Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 67 178mmE 48mmN
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Profile Morphology: Strongly hardsetting surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Al 0-20 Brownish black (10YR3/2), l i g h t medium clay, moderate f i n e subangular blocky, dry hard, clear to:
B21 20-60
B22
B23ca
60-80
80-150
Brownish black (7.5YR3/2), medium clay, strong f i n e blocky, dry extremely hard, trace amounts of ferruginous andmangamferous concretions, gradual to:
As above except dark brown (7 5VR3/3), medium clay, clear to:
As above but l i g h t nedium clay, moderate f i n e blocky, small amounts of carbonate and mangan^-ferous concretions.
Laboratory Data:
Lab.No.
03207032080320903210032110321203213
Lab. No.
032060320703208
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
6667888
pH1:5
1. 2. 4. 0. 463
U r g
2 .2 .2 .
E.C.(1nfiom
. 0 3
. 0 3
. 0 254
1 . 1. 8 3. 8 5
:5)1
. C Tot. N%
387050
192015
Clt
0 0 20 0 10 0 1
.093
.167
.132
.130
DispersionRatio {Ri)
. 5 8
. 5 96070
. 8 8
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
84 15585 14344 78
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
24 26
18 2412 1813 2417 2 617 27
Repl. K
27
2617201817
m.equivy'lOOg
1.140.500.33
C% O.D.
22
3353453939
Fe MiD.T.P.A
127 51
C.E.Exeh.
32
353736343 1
Cu. Extr
4 . 9
C. Ca++
Cations m.
10.4
11.410.4
9 . 18 . 27 . 5
Zn. ppm
3 . 8
Bppm
Vfe++ K +
equiv/100
11
l ;2 1242222
4
. 6
.9
. 9
. 8
.9
47
. 1 9
. 1 4
. 1 3
. 1 314
g o
2 .344 .
Na +
. D .
16
687 1933538
P
117
. 0 9 4
. 0 4 6
. 0 5 2
. 0 5 70 6 1
K% 0
. 3 7
. 2 7. 3 2. 3 6. 4 1. 3 0
S. D .
.025
.017.016.018.010.008
3444334
Moisture
A . D9
. 1
. 0
.265
. 2
bai33
343733
33
%15bar
15
172 118
17
Soil Profile Class-
Great Soil Group:
Parent Material.
Browns
Solodic soil
Andesite
Hap Unit: Browns
Taxonony Subgroup: Mollic Natrustalf
A.M G. Ref. 56J, 372660E, 7160770N
Site No:P.P.F.:
11
Ddl.33
Topography:
Vegetation: Blue grass (cleared)
Upper slope position on 3% convex slope ofgently undulating rises
Air PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 67 lllramE 87mmN
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
ProfileHorizon
A l
A2sb
B21
MorphologyDepth cm
0-10
10-15
15-40
B22
B23ca
40-60
60-120
B3 120-150Laboratory Data-
Strongly hardsetting surface on
Brownish black (10YR3/1), f i n e sandy clay loam, weak f i n e subangular blocky, dry hard, clear t o :
As above except sporadically bleached, abrupt t o :
Brownish black (10YR3/1), medium clay, strong f i n e prismatic, dry extremely hard, trace amounts ferruginous andmanganiferous segregations, gradual to '
Greyish yellow brown (10YR4/2), medium clay, moderate f i n e blocky, dry extremely hard, concretions as above,gradual to:
Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2), medium clay, moderate medium blocky, dry very hard, small amounts carbonate andmanganiferous concretions, gradual to:
As above except l i g h t medium clay with angular coarse f r a c t i o n
Lab.No.
03191031920319303194031950319603197
Lab.Wo.
031900319103192
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
110-120140-150
Depthem
0-10B0-10
10-20
PH1:5
6 . 57 . 18 . 18 98 . 98 . 78 . 3
Org.
1.741.741.34
E.C.( 1:5)mScm l
. 0 7
. 0 9
. 2 8
.891 . 1
.77. 5 8
C Tot .%
12. 1 2
07
ClfTt
.006
.010
.044118132107105
N
DispersionRatio (Ri)
AcidExtr.9 . 24 . 14 . 1
. 6 8
. 8 6
. 8 6
. 9 49999
BicarbP ppm
15 310 21 2 . 1
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
15 35
7 246 18
12 1814 2210 29
He-Dl. Km.equiv/lOOg
. 5 8
. 3 8
. 2 1
30
22182 12022
C% O.D,
16
4455484 137
Fe MnD.T.P.A54 27
C.E.CExeh.
27
45454 14035
Cu. Extr.
0.61
. Ca++
Cations m.
6
71210
87
Znppm
0.61
. 9
. 0
. 6
. 383
Bppm
Mg++K +
eq.uiv/100
6 . 2
13.621 120 118 915 7
. 4 6
. 3 1
. 4 0
. 4 9
. 2 9
. 2 6
-
N a +
g o
.
4 .99 .
1 0 .1 0 .
.D .
5
80355
P
.023
.016
.014
.014
.014
.020
K% O.D.
.48 .
.55 .56 .81 .
1 11 .1.26 .
s
014
0160 3 1022017010
Moisture %
A.D.2 . 32 . 74 . 95 . 65 . 75 . 04 . 6
ba"r32
465047
42
bar1 1
202525232 1
0000
Soil Profile Class- Ladies Mile
Great Soil Group: Rudimentary podzoi
Parent Material: Rnyoiite
Topography: Upper slope position on 14% convex slope
Hap Unit1 Ladies Mile
Taxonomy Subgroup. Typic Ostorthent
Site No- 16
P.P.F.. UC2.12
A.M.G. Ref: 56J, 378890E, 7155220N
A i r PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1972 Run 7 Photo 85 89mmE 77mmN
Location: Ridges Block, Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Woodland of narrow-leaved ironbark and spotted gum, groundlayer of black spear grass
Profile Morphology: Strongly hardsettmg surface on
Horizon Depth cm
Al 0-10 Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2), sandy loam with 30% angular siliceous gravel, moderately massive, dry hard, clear to.
A2cb 10-30
B2 30-60
Conspicuously bleached [7.5YR8/2 dry}, sandy loam with 50% angular siliceous gravel, massive, dry sl i g h t l yhard, gradual to:
Moderately yellow mottled greyish brown (7 5Y.R5/2), sandy loam with 80% angular siliceous gravel, then as above
Laboratory Data:
Lab.No.
03227032280322903230
Lab.No.
032260322703228
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-60
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
6666
pH1:5
. 0
. 1
.3
.4
Org.
1.51.41 . 2
E.C.( 1nficm
. 0 2
. 0 3. 0 2. 0 2
:5)I
C Tot. N%
10. 0 7. 0 7
01%
.001
.001
.002
.002
DispersionRatio (Ri)
. 6 7
. 7 2
. 7 8
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
9.2 15 33 . 1 10.23 . 1 6 . 1
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
51 27 10
52 25 954 25 7
Repl. Km.equiv/lGOg
1 . 0 10 . 6 30 . 4 9
C% O . D .
1 1
131 1
Fe lifciD.T.P.A
33 16
C.EExeh
15
1718
Cu. Extr
0 . 1
C. Ca++
Cations m.
5 .
6 .7 .
Zn. ppm
0 . 4
1
03
Bppm
Hg+ + K+
equiv/100
5 . 5 . 6 4
7 . 9 . 4 51 0 . 1 . 4 4
B a *
g O.D.
.12
.26
.34
P
.015
.011
.010
2
33
K% 0
. 8 2
. 2 536
S.D.
O i l
. 0 0 8
. 0 0 6
1222
Moisture
A.D. ba
.a 22
. 0
.3 22
.6 20
% IK
c bar
1 1
121 1
—
Soil Profile Class: Kent
Yellow podzolic soil
Rhyolite
Upper slope position on 20% convex slope
Great Soil Group:Parent Material:Topography:
Hap Unit 1 Back Creek Site No: 14
Taxonomy Subgroup: L i t h i c (Ultic.) Haplusta^f P P -r . : Dy3.41
A.H.G Ref' 56J, 375330E, 7159260N
Air PhotO Ref Gayndah 19 7 9 Run 5 Photo 66 130rmE 2 5mmN
Location, Brian pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Open forest of narrow leaved and silver leaved ironbark.Ground layer of black spear grass and wire grass
Profile Morphology: Moderately loose surface onHorizon Depth cm
Al 0-10 Brownish black (7.5YR3/2), sandy loam with 60S angular s i l i c e o u s gravel, massive, dry s l i g h t l y hard, clear t o :
A2cb 10-20 Conspicuously bleached {7.5VRS/2 dry), sandy loam, then as above, clear to-
B3 20-30 Moderately red mottled b r i g h t brown (7 5YR5/6), clay loam sandy w i t h coarse f r a c t i o n as above, moderate f i n esubangular blocky, dry hard
VDO
Laboratory Data:Lab.No.
032150321603217
Lab. No.
032140321503216
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-30
Depthom
0-10B0-10
10-20
555
PH1:5
.9
.8
.6
Ur-R
11 .0 .
,
315
E.C.( 1:'.mScm *
.0402
.06
C Tot%
•
> )
. N
121003
Cl,»
.002
.002
.007
DispersionRatio (R[)
.52
. 9 1
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
9 1911 21
2 5
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
54 26 12
50 24 14
Repl. Km.equiv/lOOg
63.60.35
c% O.D.
5
15
Fe MnD.T.P .A41 29
C.E.Exoh
10
9
Cu. Extr
0.4
C. Ca++
Cations m.
2.2
.27
Zn. ppm
1.3
Bppm
equiv/100 g
3.2 55
5.5 .24
Na+
; O.D.
.10
.54
P
.030
.012
K% 0 .
1.92
2.07
-
sD.
.013
.005
101
Moisture 'A.D. bar
. 1 15
.8
.3 15
15bar
6
7
\
Soil Profile Class:
Great Soil Group:Parent Material:
Pump
Red-brown earth
Rhyolite
Mad to upper slope position on 10% concave slope
Map Unit: P»™p Site No: 19
Taxonomy Subgroup: Typic Paleustalf P.P.F.: Dr2.33
Topography:
Vegetation: Black spear grass and wire grass (cleared)
P r o f i l e Morphology: Strongly hardsetting surface on
A.M G Ref: 56J, 37932OE, 7154460N
Air PhOtO Ref: Gayndah 1972 Run 5 Photo 85 107mmE 49mmN
Location. Ridges Block, Brian Pastures Research Station
Horizon Depth cm
Al 0-12
A2sb 12-15
B21t 15-50
B22t 50-70
B3ca 70-90
Brownish black (7.5YR3/2), sandy clay loam, weak f i n e subangular blocky, dry hard, clear to.
As above except sporadically bleached w i t h coarse f r a c t i o n of angular siliceous material, abrupt t o :
Dark reddish brown (5YR3/6), medium clay, strong f i n e prismatic, dry extremely hard, gradual t o :
As above but with moderate yellow mottle and strong f i n e blocky, trace amounts soft manganese, gradual to-
Yellow mottled brown (7.5YR4/4), l i g h t medium clay with angular siliceous coarse f r a c t i o n , massive, dry very hard,
small amounts of concretionary carbonate.
Laboratory Data:Lab.No.
0324803249032500325103252
Lab.No.
032470324803249
DepthOK
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
6 46 66 87 . 88 . 5
Org.
1.31 . 00 . 8
E.G.(1:5 )mSom '
020202
. 0 4
. 0 9
C Tot . N%
. 1 2
. 0 906
Cl%
0 0 10 0 1002
. 0 0 2
. 0 0 2
DispersionRatio (Ri)
. 8 2
. 6 5
. 7 2
. 8 0
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
37 4022 22
8 11
C.S. F.S. Si CParticle Size
33
181042
% O.D.
34 18 14
22 20 3817 17 5323 10 22
Repl. Kic.equiv/lOOg
11
23. 0 2
68
Fe Mr.D.T.P.A
43 34
C.E.Exch.
18
223028
Cu. Extr
0 51
C. Ca+t
Cations ir.
9
13192 1
Zn. ppm
1.02
7
. 5
. 9
. 9
BPPm
Mg++ Iequiv/100 g
3 . 4
5 . 07 78 1
0
000
96
524533
N a +
O.D.
. 1 0
. 1 2
. 4 2
. 6 3
P
. 0 3 5
. 0 2 40 1 8079
2
222
KO.D.
. 5 0
. 1 9. 0 5. 19
S
.011
010.010.006
Moisture '
A
l
344
.D.
9
754
ba'r
23
293526
(
bar
10
162 114
Soil Profile Class-
Great Soil Group:
Parent Material •
Topography;
Quarry
Lithosol
Granite
Crest of 18* convex slope
Vegetation: Black spear grass (cleared)
Hap Unit: Quarry Site No: 4Taxoaoiry Subgroup: L i t h i c Ustipsairment P.P .F. : Uc4.13
A.M.6. Ref: 56J, 3759G0E, 7162370N
A i r PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 photo 66 143mmE 163mmN
Location: Brian Pastures Research Station
Profile Morphology: Moderately loose surface on
Dark brown (7.5¥R3/3), loamy sand with 20% angular siliceous gravel, massive, dry s l i g h t l y hard, clear to:
Brown (7.5YK4/3), loamy sand with 20% angular siliceous gravel, massive, drj s l i g h t l y hard
Laboratory Data:Lab.No.
03145
Lab.Mo.
031440314503146
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-30
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH1:5
6.06.36.3
Org.
.70
.70
.60
mScm
.02
. 0 1
. 0 1
i
C Tot . N
.05
.0404
Cl
.001001
.001
DispersionRatio (Ri)
AcidKxtr.25.22 2 . 12 0 . 1
.38
.55
BicarbP ppm
30 233.231.2
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
61 28 6
60 28 6
Repl. Km.equiv/lOOg
.40
.33
.25
*
FeD.
17
CD.D.
4
4
MnT.P.A. 1 5
C.EExch.
5
4
Cu. Extr
0 . 1
C. Ca++
Cations m.
2 . 2 1
1.91
Zn. ppm
0.6
Bppm
equiv/100
.77 .25
.93 .17
g O.D.
.10
.10
p
.025
.019
3
3
KO.D.
.65
.74
S
.012
.006
Moisture %
A.D. bar
0.60.60.7
10
8
15bar
3
3
Soil Profile Class:
Great Soil Group:Parent Material:Topography:
Stylo
Rudimentary podzol
Granitic colluvium
Midslope position on 4 % concave slope
Kap Unit: stylo Site No:
Taxonomy Subgroup• Typic UstipsammentA.W.G. Ref: 56J, 375900E, 7161080N
P.P.F.:3Uc2.21
Air PhotO Ref: Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 148mmE 112mmN
Location. Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Black spear grass and f i n e stem s t y l o (cleared)
Profile Morphology:
Horizon
A l
A2cb
B21
B22
Depth cm
0-2 2
22-70
70-100
100-150
Moderately hardsetting surface on
Brownish black (10YR3/2), loamy sand, w i t h 20% subangular siliceous gravel, massive, dry s l i g h t l y hard, clear to:
Conspicuously bleached {7.5YR7/4 dry), loamy sand, coarse f r a c t i o n as above, structure as above, gradual to.
As above except brown (7.5YR4/6), loamy sand, gradual to:
As above except loany f i n e sand.
Laboratory Data:
lab.No.
03137031380313903140031410314203143
Lab. Ho.
031360313703138
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-6080-90110-120140-150
Depthcm
0-10B0-1010-20
pH1:5
6.16.16 46.5
6.66.7
6.8
Org
1.
EX.(1:5)mScm '
02
0 1. 0 1
.01
.01
.01
.01
. C Tot. N%
0 .0681 .0681 .04
Cls
.001
.0010 0 1
.001
.001
.001
.001
DispersionRatio (Hi )
.42
.56
6283
.99
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
1813
6
1 26.21 21.10 11.1
C.S. F.S. Si CParticle Size
56 34
50 4148 4055 3554 3752 41
Bspl. Km.equiv/100g
.39
.35
.26
c
a
iC
2
% O.D.
4
2
311
1
Fe MnD.T.P.A
28.2 20
C.E.Exch.
7
63
33
33
Cu. Extr
.1 0.2
C. Ca++
Cations m.
2.52.9
1.2.94
.911.0
85
Zn. ppm
2.0
Bppm
Mg++ K +
equiv/100 g
.85
.83
.41
.5885
1.0
1.31
.26
.20
.13
.13
.08
09.10
Na +
O.D.
. 10
. 10
.10
.10
.10
. 10
.10
p
.024
.020
.016
.0120120 1 1
K% O.D.
3.14
3.163.113.112 802.88
S
.010
.006
.001004
003004
Moisture %
A.D.
0.70.60.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
bar
n
8
87
6
bar
3
222
2
Soil Profile Class
Sreat Soil Group.
Parent Mate r ia l :
Topography:
Tank
Soloth
Granite colluviura
Hap U n i t : Tank S i t e No: 2
Taxonomy Subgrcip: Udic Haplustalf P.P.F. : Db2.31
A.H.G. Ref- 56J, 376550E, 7161195N
Mid to upper slope position on 3% convex slope A i r PhotO Ref Gayndah 1979 Run 5 Photo 66 172mmE 115mmN
Location. Brian Pastures Research Station
Vegetation: Black spear grass (cleared)
Profile MorphologyHorizon Depth cm
0-10Al
A2cb
B2t
10-22
22-40
40-60
Strongly hardsetting surface on
Greyish brown (7 5YR4/2), sandy loam with 10% subangular siliceous gravel, weakly massive, dry s l i g h t l y hard, clear to:
Conspicuously bleached 110YR8/2 dry), sandy loam with 10% subangular siliceous gravel, weakly massive, dry s l i g h t l y hard,trace amounts ferruginous and manganiferous concretions, abrupt to:
Moderately yellow and grey mottled brown (7.5YR4/4), sandy clay, coarse fraction as above, moderate fine prismatic,
dry very hard, concretions as above but soft, gradual to-
Brown mottled d u l l yellow orange (10YR6/3), sandy loam, coarse fr a c t i o n as above, weakly massive, dry very hard,
concretions as above
Laboratory Data:Lab.Ho.
03132031330313403135
Lab.Ho.
031310313203133
Depthcm
0-1010-2020-3050-60
Depthcm
0-10B0-10
10-20
pH E .C.(l:5)1:5 mScm l
6 . 06 . 46 . 95 . 7
Org . C
1 . 1 1. 8 0. 4 0
. 0 3
. 0 1
. 0 5. 1 3
Tot. N%
. 1 1
. 0 5
. 0 4
Cl%
0 0 10 0 1
.004
.016
DispersionRatio (Ei)
. 6 7
83. 8 0
Acid BicarbExtr. P ppm
3 6 . 3 6 5 . 52 5 . 1 4 5 . 2
8 . 0 1 5 . 1
C.S. F.S. SiParticle Size
52 35 6
43 27 753 28 6
Repl. Km.equiv/lOOg
. 4 0
. 4 2
. 3 5
c% O.D.
5
228
Fe MhD.T.P.A.
71 1 3 . 1
C.E.Exch.
53
1 15
CuExtr
0 . 3
C. Ca++
Cations m.
1 .61.313.350.92
Zn. ppm
3 . 4
Bppm
Mg++ K +
equiv/100 g
. 8 4
. 5 24.362.21
0000
. 3 529
. 7 1
. 2 3
N0
00
a +
.D .
. 10
. 10
. 4 1
. 5 0
P
0 2 1
. 0 1 5
. 0 0 9
K* O.D
3 26
3.103.27
S
0 1
.008
.007
Moisture JA
0010
.D. bar5 954 166 9
tt a r
3
95
APPENDIX 3
Details of soil profiles at a l l ground observation points examined during mapping
Site
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Soil p ro f i le
class
Bench
Airstrip
Airstrip
Quarry
Airstrip
Bench
Airstrip
Barambah
Barambah
Stylo
Quarry
Barambah
Airstrip
Graham
Buffel
Graham
Graham
Graham
Nursery
Graham
Ba rambah
Weaner
Weaner
Barambah
Tank
Stylo
Stylo
Tank
Graham
Nursery
Principle
prof i le
form
Ucl.23
Dy2.43
Dy3.43
Uc4.24
Db2.43
Ucl.43
Dy2.43
Ug5.16
Ug5.25
Uc2.21
Uc4.24
Ug5.29
Dd1.33
Ug5.34
Um6.32
Ug5.15
Ug5.32
Ug5.34
Ug5.32
Ug5.34
Ug5.15
Uf6.42
Uf6.3
Ug5.34
Dy3.41
Uc2.21
Uc2.21
Dy3.43
Ug5.15
Ug5.32
Great so i l group
A l luv ia l s o i l
Solodic so i l
Solodized solonetzRudimentary podzol
Solodized solonetz
A l l uv ia l so i l
Solodic so i l
Black earth
Grey clay
Rudimentary podzol
Rudimentary podzol
Grey clay
Solodic so i l
Brown clayPrairie soi l
Black earth
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Black earth
Minimal prairie soi l
Minimal prairie soi l
Brown clay
Soloth
Rudimentary podzol
Rudimentary podzol
Solodic
Black earth
Brown clay
A horizon
depth (mm)
150
100
50
200
150
150
60
100
30
200
100
150
150
100
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
180
150
250
250
100
200
150
A horizon texture
loamy sand
clay loam sandy
sandy clay loam
loamy sand
clay loam sandy
sandy loam
sandy clay loam
medium clay
l ight clay
sandy loam
loamy sand
medium heayy clay
clay loam
light medium clay
sandy clay loam
medium clay
medium clay
medium clay
medium clay
med ium clay
light clay
light clay
light clay
l ight medium clay
fine sandy clay loam
sandy loam
sandy loam
loamy sand
heavy clay
medium clay
Soil
reaction
trend
acid
alkaline
alkaline
acid
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
acid
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
neutral
alkaline
acid
acid
acid
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
Profi le
depth*
(mm)
900+
1200+
1000+
700
600+
500+
600+
1200+
1500+
900+
600
1500+
1200+
1200+
600+
1200+
1200
1100
900
1200
900+
600
300
1200+
600
1200
1200
600
1500+
600
Site
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Soxl profileclass
BuffelBuffelNurseryGrahamMt. BamblingNurseryGrahamNurseryBrownsBrownsWeanerBrownsStyloLindemanQuarryStyloTankAirstripTank
Tank
Weaner
Weaner
Browns
Ban Ban
Browns
Nursery
Mt. Bambling
Mt. Bambling
Mt. Bambling
Nursery
Graham
Mt. Bambling
Graham
Graham
Principleprofi le
form
Ura6.32
Um6.12
Ug5.13
Ug5.34
Ug5.32
Ug5.13
Ug5.34
Ug5.32
Db2.33
0b2.43
Uf6.31
Db2.43
Uc2.21
Dy2.32
Uc4.22
Uc2.21
Dy3.43Db2.33
Db2.33
Dr3.43
Um5.41
Um5.41
Db.243
Uf6.31
Db2.43
Ug5.13
Ug5.12
Ug5.52
Ug6.21
Ug5.13
Ug5.15
Ug5.32
(Jg5.34
Ug5.34
Great s o i l group
Prair ie so i lPrairie so i lBlack earthBrown clayBrown clayBlack earthBrown clayBrown claySolodic so i lSolodic so i lPrair ie so i lSolodic so i lRudimentary podzolYellow podzolic so i lRudimentary podzolRudimentary podzolSolodized solonetzSolodic so i lSolodized solonetzSolodic so i lLithosolLithosolSolodic so i lChernozemSolodic so i lBlack earthBlack earthBlack earthMinimal pra i r ie so i lBlack earthBlack earthBrown clayBrown clayBrown clay
A horizondepth (mm)
300
200
100
150
100
100
120
120
180
300
150
300
200
120
200
100
150
150
150
150
150
200
250
3 20
250
100
100
100
150
100
100
100
150
100
A hor izon t ex tu re
f i n e sandy c lay loam
loam f i n e sandy
l i g h t medium c lay
medium c lay
l i g h t medium c lay
medium c lay
l i g h t medium c lay
l i g h t medium c lay
sandy c lay loam
sandy c lay loam
l i g h t medium c l a y
sandy c lay loam
sandy loam
sandy c lay loam
sandy loam
loamy sand
sandy loam
l i g h t sandy c lay loam
sandy loam
loamy sand
sandy c lay loam
c lay loam
l i g h t sandy c lay loam
l i g h t medium c lay
f i n e sandy c lay loam
medium c lay
light claylight clayclay loamlight medium claylight medium claymedium claylight medium claylight medium clay
Soilreaction
trend
neutralneutralalkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineneutralneutralalkalineneutralalkalineneutralneutralacidneutralalkalinealkalineneutralneutralneutralacidalkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineneutralneutralneutralneutralalkalineneutralalkalinealkaline
Profiledepth*
(mm)
900+
1200+
600
1200+
500
900
1200
700
400
600
400
1200
800
600
900
1100
1000
300+
300
600
350
200
600
1200
1000
800
400
300
150
700
900
400
1100
T000
Site
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
8182
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Soil profile
class
Graham
Graham
Mt. Bambling
Mt. Bambling
Graham
Nursery
Nursery
Graham
Barambah
Barambah
Tel El Kabir
Buffe l
Buf fe l
Weaner
Graham
Tel El Kabir
Nursery
Graham
Mt. Bambling
Graham
Graham
Ban BanMt. Batnbling
Graham
Ban Ban
Lindetnan
Ban Ban
Ban Ban
Nursery
Weaner
Lmdeman
Ba rani bah
Lindeman
Principle
profile
form
Ug5.34
Ug5.34
Ug5.32
Ug5.32
Ug5.34
Ug5.32
Ug5.32
Ug5.34
Ug5.15
Ug5.15
Ug5.1
Uf6.32
Uf6.32
Uf6.3
Ug5.15
Ug5.3
Ug5.32
Ug5.15
Ug5.12
Ug5.15
Ug5.15
Uf6.31
Ug5.32
Ug5.15
Uf6.4
Dd2.13
Uf6.4
Uf6.31
Ug5.32
Uf6.32
Dr3.22
Ug5.16
Dr2.42
Great so i l group
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Black earth
Black earth
Black earth
Prair ie so i l
Prairie so i l
Minimal prair ie so i l
Black earth
Brown clay
Brown clay
Black earth
Black earth
Black earth
Black earth
Chernozem
Brown clay
Black earth
Chernozem
No suitable group
Chernozem
Chernozem
Brown clay
Prair ie so i l
Non-calcic brown so i l
Black earth
Red podzolic so i l
A horizon
depth (mm)
100
150
100
150
100
200
200
100
100
40
100
350
350
150
100
150
120
100
100
200
150
200
100
100
150
150
250
200
150
100
300
80
250
A horizon texture
l ight medium clay
l ight medium clay
medium clay
medium clay
medium heavy clay
medium clay
medium clay
l ight medium clay
medium clay
l ight clay
l ight medium clay
l ight clay
l ight medium clay
l ight clay
l ight medium clay
l ight clay
l ight medium clay
medium heavy clay
l ight clay
medium heavy clay
medium heavy clay
l ight medium clay
medium clay
l ight medium clay
l ight medium clay
l ight sandy clay loam
l ight clay
l ight clay
medium clay
l ight medium clay
clay loam sandy
l ight medium clay
loam fine sandy
Soil
reaction
trend
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
neutral
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
alkal ine
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
acid
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
neutral
alkaline
acid
neutral
alkaline
neutral
Profile
depth*
(mm)
1000
1100
400
350
1150
700
700
1100
1100
1200
900
1000
1500
150
1200
1200
520
1100300
1500
1500
1500
300
900
1000
400
600
800
700
350
600
700
600
VO-J
Site
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
1!5
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Soil prof i le
class
Lindeman
Browns
Browns
Browns
Barambah
Airstrip
Airstrip
Barambah
Weaner
Ban Ban
Browns
Browns
Lindeman
Browns
Browns
Lindeman
Browns
Ban Ban
Graham
Tel El Kabir
Mt. Bambling
Nursery
Graham
Buffe l
Nursery
Graham
Ban Ban
Ban Ban
Weaner
Weaner
Tel El Kabir
Weaner
Browns
Principle
profile
form
Dr2.42
Db1.33
Dd2.43
Db2.43
Ug5.35
Db1.43
Db2.33
Ug5.34
Um5.41
Uf6.31
Db1.13
Db1.13
Dy3.32
Dbl.33 •
Dy3.43
Dy3.42
Dy3.43
Uf6.31
Ug5.34
Ug5.34
Ug5.12
Ug5.12
Ug5.15
Gn3.22
Ug5.32
Ug5.34
Ug5.32
Ug5.32
Uf6.32
Uf6.32
Ug5.38
Uf6.31
Odl .13
Great s o i l group
Red podzlic s o i l
Solodic s o i l
Solodic s o i l
Solodic s o i l
Brown clay
Solodic s o i l
Solodic s o i l
Brown clay
Li thosol
Chernozem
No sui tab le group
No sui tab le group
Yellow podzl ic s o i l
Solodic s o i l
Solodized solonetz
Yellow podzlic s o i l
Solodized solonetz
Chernozem
Brown clay
Brown clay
Black earth
Black earth
Black earth
Brown earth
Brown clay
Brown c lay
Brown clay
Brown clay
Prair ie so i l
Prair ie so i l
Brown clay
Chernozem
No suitable group
A horizon
depth (mm)
350
70
120
80
180
200
150
50
100
!00
150
150
300
150
150
120
150
100
100
100
200
100
100
200
150
140
100
60
100
90
too60
150
A horizon texture
fine sandy clay loam
fine sandy clay loam
loam fine sandy
l ight sandy clay loam
light clay
clay loam sandy
sandy clay loam
medium clay
sandy clay loam
light medium clay
sandy clay loam
clay loam
fine sandy loam
clay loam
light sandy clay loam
sandy clay loam
sandy clay loam
light clay
l ight medium clay
medium clay
l ight medium clay
medium clay
medium heavy clay
clay loam
medium clay
medium clay
medium clay
l ight medium clay
medium clay
l ight clay
medium clay
l ight clay
clay loam fine sandy
Soil
reaction
trend
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
acid
alkaline
alkal ine
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
alkal ine
neutral
alkal ine
alkaline
alkal ine
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
alkal ine
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
Profile
depth*
(mm)
800
1200
1100
700
800+
1200
600
1200
400
900
1200
900
900
900
600
600
750
1200
900
900
300
800
1300
900
800
1200
1000
700
400+
440
900
250
600
Site
131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163
Soil profileclass
NurseryBan BanBrownsBrownsTel El KabirBan BanMt. BamblingTel El KabirTel El kabirBan BanGrahamTel El KabirTel El kabirBan BanGrahamBan BanLindemanBan BanBan BanBan BanBan BanB rownsBan BanBrownsGrahamWeanerWearierWeanerMt. BamblingBack CreekBack CreekWeanerBack Creek
Principleprofileform
Ug5.32Ug5.15Dy3.13Dd2.13Ug5.15Uf6.42Ug5.32Ug5.15Ug5.12Ug5.15Ug5.15Ug5.15Ug5.3Ug5.13Ug5.32Ug5.32Dd1.11Uf6.31Uf6.32Ug3.3Uf6.42Dy2.33Uf6.31Db2.13Ug5.34Uf6.4Uf6.42Um6.23Um6.23Uci .44Uc2.12Uf6.34Uc2.21 -
Great s o i l group
Brown clayBlack earthNo suitable groupSolodic soilBlack earthChernozemBrown clayBlack earthBlack earthBlack earthBlack earthBlack earthBrovin clayBlack earthBrown clayBrown clayMo suitable groupChernozemChernozemBrown clayChernozemSolodic soilChernozemSolodic s o i lBrown clayMinimal prairie s o i lPrairie s o i lMinimal prairie s o i lMinimal prairie s o i lLithosolRudimentary podzolMinimal prairie soilRudimentary podzol
A horizondepth (mm)
5010080150200100120801001001002002001502005050301007010020020012010080905050
350450100200
A horizon texture
medium claylight medium clayclay loam sandylight sandy clay loammedium claylight medium claymedium claymedium heavy claymedium heavy claymedium claymedium claymedium claymedium claylight claymedium claymedium clayloam fine sandylight medium claymedium claylight medium claymedium claysandy clay loamlight medium clayclay loam sandymedium claylight claylight clayclay loamclay loamsandy loamloamy sandlight claysandy loam
Soilreactiontrend
alkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineacidalkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineneutralalkalinealkalineneutralacidacidneutralacid
Profiledepth*(mm)
80010009009009001000+3609001000100011709009006001200600+50060011001200100090090011001100420320300100350450150350
Site
164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196
Soil p r o f i l eclass
WeanerBan BanBan BanBan BanBan BanBan BanGrahamBrownsLindemanBack CreekPumpBan BanPumpBan BanBan BanWeanerWaanerBan BanBan BanGrahamBan BanTel E l KabirGrahamBan BanBrownsGrahamGrahamNurseryNurseryNurseryGrahamWeanerBrowns
Principleprofileform
Uf6.32Ug5.32Ug5.34Ug5.32Ug5.32Uf6.32Ug5.13Db1.13Db1.12Uc3.12Db2.43Ug5.34Dy3.43Ug5.34Ug5.34Um6.23Uf6.32Ug5.34Ug5.15Ug5.34Ug5.34Ug5.15Ug5.15Ug5.34Dbi.33Ug5.34Ug5.15Ug5.32Ug5.32Ug5.12Ug5.15Um6.21Ddl .43
Great s o i l group
Prairie soilBrown clayBrown clayBrown clayBrown clayChernozemBlack earthNo suitable groupNo suitable groupNo suitable groupSolodic soilBrown claysolodized solonetzBrown clayBrown clayMinimal prairie soilPrairie soilBrown clayBlack earthBrown clayBrown clayBlack earthBlack earthBrown claySolodic soilBrown clayBlack earthBrown clayBrown clayBlack earthBlack earthMinimal prairie soilSolodized solonetz
A horizondepth (mm)
5030050
20080150100605050
2001002501008015010020010030015030010050
250500100200100100100150250
A horizon texture
s i l t y claymedium claylight medium claylight medium claylight claylight claymedium clayclay loam sandyclay loam sandyloamy sandsandy loammedium clayloamy sandmedium claylight medium claylight claylight medium claymedium claymedium claymedium claylight medium claylight medium claymedium claylight clayclay loam sandylight medium claymedium claymedium claylight claymedium claymedium clayclay loamfine sandy clay loam
Soilreactiontrend
alkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineneutralalkalinealkalineneutralacidalkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineneutralneutralalkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineneutralalkalinealkalineneutralalkaline
Profiledepth*(mm)
3501000450800600600100010003001509001000600700500150+200
1000900900650900150040090090015004005006001200300600
Site
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
Soil prof i le
class
Ban Ban
Weaner
B rowns
Weaner
Kent
Mt . Bambling
Ban Ban
Weaner
Weaner
Lmdeman
Weaner
Graham
Weaner
Weaner
Lindeman
Weaner
Weaner
Weaner
Weaner
AirstripLindeman
Back Creek
Ban Ban
Ban Ban
Weaner
Weaner
Weaner
Weaner
Bench
Back Creek
Browns
Weaner
Brown
Principle
profile
form
Uf6.32
Um6.31
Dd1.33
Uf6.32
Dbl.32
Ug5.32
Ug.513
Uf6.31
Um6.21
Dbl.32
Um1 .21
Ug5.37
Uf6.31
Gn4.42
Dd1.32
Gn4.72
Um6.21
Um6.23
Uf6.31
Db2.33
Db2.32
Uc2.12
Uf6.31
Uf6.32
Uf6.31
Uf6.1
Um6.21
Uf6.13
Uci .44
Uc3.12
Ddi.33Uf6.11
Ddl.33
Great s o i l group
Chernozem
Minimal prairie soi l
Solodized solonetz
Prairie soil
Red brown earth
Brown clay
Black earth
Prairie soil
Lithosol
No suitable group
Lithosol
Brown clay
Prairie soil
Minimal prairie soi l
No suitable group
Minimal prairie soi l
Lithosol
Minimal prairie soil
Prairie soil
Solodic soil
Solodic soil
Rudimentary podzol
Prairie soil
Chernozem
Prairie soil
Lithosol
Minimal prairie soil
Minimal prairie soil
Minimal prairie soil
No suitable group
Solodized solonetz
Minimal prairie soil
Solodized solonetz
A horizon
depth (mm)
100
100
250
50
120
50
100
150
200
150
200
100
150
150
250
100
200
150
200
150
200
220
200
100
100
120
200
150
150
150
50
150
50
A horizon texture
l ight medium clay
clay loamclay loamlight clay
fine sandy clay loam
medium clay
medium clay
l ight medium clay
sandy clay loam
clay loam
fine sandy clay loam
medium clay
light clay
clay loam
fine sandy clay loam
clay loam
sandy clay loam
clay loam
light medium clay
snady clay loam
sandy clay loam
light sandy clay loam
l ight clay
l ight medium clay
light clay
l ight clay
fine sandy clay loam
light clay
sandy loam
light sandy clay loam
clay loam
light clay
clay loam
Soil
reaction
trend
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
neutral
neutral
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
neutral
acid
alkaline
neutral
neutral
neutral
neutral
neutral
neutral
neutral
alkaline
neutral
acid
neutral
alkaline
neutral
acid
acid
neutral
neutral
acid
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
Profile
depth*
(mm)
600
300
900
400
500
400
900
500
300
400
200
1100
350
300
500
300
300
250
900
900
600
220+
500
750
350
150
200
300
600
200
450
200
800
Site
230
231
232
233
234
235
236237
238
239
240241
242
243
244
245
246247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255256
257
258
259
260261
262
263
Soil prof i leclass
LindemanBack CreekBack CreekWeaner
Ban Ban
Pump
Ladies M i l e
BuffelAirstr ipAirstr ipStyloStyloKentBack CreekBack CreekWeanerBack CreekBack CreekKentBack CreekLaides MileWeanerBack CreekLadies MileBack CreekPump
Brigalow
AirstripBrigalowPump
BrigalowAirstr ipAirstr ipBack Creek
Principleprofileform
Dr3.12Uc2.12Uc2.12Uf6.12Uf6.31Db1.33Uc2.12Gn3.22Dd1.33Dd1.43Uc2.22Uc2.22Dy3.41Uc3.12Uc2.21Um6.23Uc2.12Um3.12Gn1 .42Uc2.21Uc2.21UIJI6.12Uc2.21Uc2.21Uc2.12Dy3.43Ug5.34Db1.33Ug5.24Dd2.43Ug5.24Db2.33Dy3.33Ural.31
Great so i l group
No suitable groupRudimentary podzolRudimentary podzolMinimal p ra i r i e s o i lChernozemSolodicPodzolized l i t hoso lPrairie soi lSoledIC soi lSolodic soi lRudimentary podzolRudimentary podzolYellow podzolic soi lNo suitable groupPodzolized l i thosolNo suitable groupRudimentary podzolPodzolized l i thosolNo suitable groupPodzolized l i thosolPodzolized l i thosolMinimal prairie soi lPodzolized l i thosolPodzolized l i thosolRudimentary podzolSolodic soi lBrown claySolodic soi lGrey claySolothGrey claySolodic soilSolodic soi lPodzolized l i thosol
A horizondepth (mm)
250
100
400
150
100
50
100
300
120
50
150
150
300
150
450100
400
200
200
200
100
100
100
120
250
150
100
150
100
150
100
120
50
50
A horizon texture
clay loamsandy loamsandy loamlight clayl ight clayfine sandy clay loamsandy loams i l t y clay loamfine sandy clay loamfine sandy clay loamsandy loamsandy loamsandy clay loamsandy loamsandy loamsandy clay loamsandy loamsandy clay loamlight sandy clay loamlight sandy clay loamlight sandy clay loamclay loam sandysandy loamsandy loamsandy loamlight sandy clay loammedium clayfine sandy clay loammedium clays i l t y clay loamlight medium clayfine sandy loams i l t y clay loamlight sandy clay loam
Soilreactiontrend
neutralneutralacidneutralneutralalkalineacidneutralalkalinealkalineneutralneutralacidacidacidacidacidacidneutralacidacidalkalineacidacidacidalkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalinealkalineacid
Profi ledepth*
(mm)
500
100
420
300
500
700
500
1200
600
900
1200
1200
450
350
700
280400
220
400
250
750
400
600
600
250
500
1200
12001500
750
1200
1200
1200
300+
Site
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280281
282
283
284
285
Soil prof i le
class
Back Creek
Back Creek
Buffel
Back Creek
Back Creek
Back Creek
Weaner
Pump
Back Creek
Pump
Airstrip
Airstrip
Airstrip
Weaner
Browns
Airstrip
Airstrip
Airstrip
Airstrip
Airstrip
Weaner
Ban Ban
Principle
profile
form
Uc3.2
Uc2.21
Gn3.52
Uc2.12
Uc2.12
Uc2.12
Um6.41
Db2.43
Uc2.12
Dy3.43
Dy3.43
Db2.33
Db2.33
Gn3.22
Dd2.13
Dbl.13
Dy3.33
Dy3.43
Dy3.43
Db2.33
Uf6.13
Ug5.34
Great s o i l group
No sui table group
Rudimentary podzol
Brown earth
Podzolized l i t h o s o l
Rudimentary podzol
Rudimentary podzol
Minimal p ra i r i e s o i l
Solodic s o i l
Rudimentary podzol
Solodized solonetz
Solodized solonetz
Solodic s o i l
Solodic s o i l
Prairie soi l
Solodic soi l
Solodized solonetz
Solodic soi l
Solodized solonetz
Solodized solonetz
Solodic soi l
Minimal prairie so i l
Brown clay
A horizon
depth (mm)
300
150
100
150
200
200
150
150
200
150
200
120
120
100
120
100
100
250
150
150
200
100
A horizon texture
sandy loam
light sandy clay loam
sandy clay loam
light sandy clay loam
light sandy clay loam
sandy loam
clay loam sandy
clay loam sandy
sandy loam
fine sandy loam
fine sandy loam
loam fine sandy
fine sandy loam
clay loam
clay loam
clay loam sandy
fine sandy loam
loamy sand
sandy loam
sandy clay loam
light clay
l ight medium clay
Soil
reaction
trend
acid
acid
neutral
acid
acid
acid
neutral
alkaline
acid
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
neutral
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
alkaline
acid
alkaline
Profi le
depth*
(mm)
350+
300
1200
350
200
200
150
350
200
900
1200
900
1100
400
1200
900
1200
900
900
1200
300
1000
+ indicates maximum depth of exposure, not necessarily depth of profile.
104
APPENDIX 4
Vegetation - Common and specific names
Trees:
BeefwoodBrigalowBroad-leaved appleCarbeenNarrow-leaved ironbarkPoplar boxQueensland blue gumRed barked bloodwoodSilver-leaved ironbarkSpotted gumWhite cedar
Grevillea striataAcacia harpophyllaAngophora subvelutmaEucalyptus tessellarisE. crebraE. populneaE. tereticormsE. dichromophloiaE. melanophloiaE. maculataMelia azedarach
Shrubs:
Corkwood wattleLeucaenaMeemeeiSmall-leaved cupaniaWattlesWeeping red bottle brushWhitewoodWilga
Acacia b i d w i l l nLeucaena leucocephalaPittosporum phylliraeoidesCupaniopsis parvifoliaAcacia spp.Callistemon viminalisAtalaya hemiglaucaGeijera parviflora
Grasses and Forbs:
Barbed wire grassBlack spear grassBlue grassesBuffel grassFine stem styloGreen panicKangaroo grassLablab beanLucerneRed natal grassRhodes grassSiratroWire grass
Cymbopogon refractusHeteropogon contortusBothriochloa and Dichanthium spp.Cenchirus c i l i a r i sStylosanthes guianensisPanicum maximumThemeda australisLablab purpureusMedicago sativaRhynchelytrum repensChloris gayanaMacroptilium atropurpureusAristida spp.
105
APPENDIX 5
The relationship between the s o i l p r o f i l e classes,the s o i l types of Clark and Fergus (1952) andthe s o i l assocxations of de Mooy, Hubble and
Beckmann (1977)
Soil profile Soilclass type
SoilAssociation
Comments on contributionsto associations
BenchBuffelAirstripBarambahBrigalow FlatTel El KabirMount BamblingNurseryGrahamWeanerLindemanBan BanBrownsBack CreekLadies MileKentPumpQuarry
Stylo
Tank
—8-7-6-21--33---4-
5
4
Gravelly CreekGravelly CreekBarambah CreekBarambah CreekBarambah CreekGayndahBasalt H i l lGayndah )Gayndah )Mount DebatableMount DebatableMount DebatableGravelly CreekMount Walla )Mount Walla )Mount Walla )Gravelly CreekAranbanga
Aranbanga
Aranbanga
Only very minor s o i lOnly very minor s o i lOnly minor s o i lDominant s o i lOnly very minor s o i lOnly minor s o i lDominant s o i l
Dominant soils
Dominant soils
Dominant soils on lower slopesDominant s o i l
Dominant soils
Dominant s o i lDominant s o i l on upper slopes
of steep h i l l sSoil with weak texture contraston c o l l u v i a l slopes
Soil with strong texturecontrast on co l l u v i a l slopes
Reference:
Clark, R. and Fergus, I.F. (1952), 'Brian Pastures reconnaissance s o i lsurvey', Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock Report.
de Mooy, C.J., Hubble, G.D. and Beckmann, G.G. (1977), 'The soi l s of theCentral Burnett area, Queensland', CSIRO Australia, Soils and LandUse Series 56.
105
APPENDIX 5
The relationship between the soil profile classes,the soil types of Clark and Fergus (1952) andthe soil associations of de Mooy, Hubble and
Beckmann (1977)
Soil profile Soilclass type
SoilAssociation
Comments on contributionsto associations
BenchBuffelAirstripBarambahBrigalow FlatTel El KabirMount BamblingNurseryGrahamWeanerLindemanBan BanBrownsBack CreekLadies MileKentPumpQuarry
Stylo
Tank
-8-7-6-21--33---4-
5
4
Gravelly CreekGravelly CreekBarambah CreekBarambah CreekBarambah CreekGayndahBasalt H i l lGayndah )Gayndah )Mount Debatable )Mount Debatable )Mount DebatableGravelly CreekMount Walla )Mount Walla )Mount Walla )Gravelly CreekAranbanga
Aranbanga
Aranbanga
Only very minor s o i lOnly very minor s o i lOnly minor s o i lDominant s o i lOnly very minor s o i lOnly minor s o i lDominant s o i l
Dominant soils
Dominant soils
Dominant soils on lower slopesDominant s o i l
Dominant soils
Dominant s o i lDominant s o i l on upper slopes
of steep h i l l sSoil with weak texture contraston collu v i a l slopes
Soil with strong texturecontrast on colluv i a l slopes
Reference:
Clark, R. and Fergus, I.F. (1952), 'Brian Pastures reconnaissance s o i lsurvey1, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock Report.
de Mooy, C.J., Hubble, G.D. and Beckmann, G.G. (1977), 'The soils of theCentral Burnett area, Queensland1, CSIRO Australia, Soils and LandUse Series 56.
