Soils - Neshaminy School District€¦ · Destructional -Weathering Landscapes broken down by...
Transcript of Soils - Neshaminy School District€¦ · Destructional -Weathering Landscapes broken down by...
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Soils
Living in the Environment, 15th Edition, Miller
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Soils: Formation
• Soil horizons • Soil profile • Humus
O horizon
_______________
A horizon
________________
B horizon
_________________
C horizon
_________________
________________soil
_________________ soil
Regolith
Bedrock
________________ soil
Fig. 10.12, p. 220
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Soil Properties
• __________________
• __________________
• __________________
• __________________
• ____________
• _____
100%clay
Increasing
percentage silt
Increasing
percentage clay
0
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
0 100%sand 80 60 40 20 100%silt
Increasing percentage sand
Fig. 10.16, p. 224
Water Water
High permeability Low permeability
Fig. 10.17, p. 224
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Soil Quality
Texture Nutrient Infiltration Water-Holding Aeration Tilth
Capacity Capacity
________ Good Poor ____________ Poor Poor
________ Medium Medium ____________ Medium Medium
________ Poor Good _____________ Good Good
________ Medium Medium _____________ Medium Medium
Fig. 10.15b, p. 223
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Soil Chemistry
• Acidity / Alkalinity – _____
• Major Nutrients
–____________________
–____________________ (phosphates)
–____________________ (potash)
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Acidity / Alkalinity – pH
• Proper pH directly affects the ___________ of plant food ____________
• Soil is best if between pH ________(except for certain ________ loving plants)
– ‘Sour’ if too _____________
– ‘Sweet’ if too ___________
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Acidity / Alkalinity – pH
• Too acidic or basic will ______:
– Allow compounds to ________________
– Allow presence of ___________ _______
• If soil is too acidic, add ground ______________
• If soil is too basic, add ___________ ________________like steer _____________.
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Nitrogen Content
• Importance: – Stimulates above ground _____________
– Produces rich __________ __________
– Influences ______________ and _____________ content of fruit
– A plant’s use of _____________ __________________ is stimulated by presence of N
• Taken up by plant as ______ and ____
• Replenished naturally by _________________ on legume ____
• Fertilizer from manure or _____________ reaction.
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Phosphorus for Growth • Abundant in:
– Strong __________ ___________
– Increases ______ yield and ______ development
–Parts of ______ involved in ______ uptake (hair)
• Major role in __________ of __________
• Taken up by _________ as H2PO4- and HPO4
-2
• _____________ is made from rock phosphate
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Potassium Content • Potash
• Important in __________ and ___________ of plant
– Carries ______________________ through the plant
– Improves _______________ of ___________________
– Improves _______________ of ___________________
– Promotes vigorous ____________ _________________
– Offsets too much ___________________
• Found naturally in feldspar and _____________
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Justus von Liebig’s Law of _________________
Plant production can be no greater
than that level allowed by the growth factor present in the lowest amount relative to the
optimum amount for that factor
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Soil Formation
Soils develop in response to:
• ________________
• ____________ ________________
• ____________ ________________
• ________________
• __________
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Climate
• Two most important factors that determine climate are ____________ and ____________ and they affect: –_____________________ processes
–Microenvironmental conditions for soil ________
–_____________ ________________
–_____________________ ___________
– Soil _____
–__________________ ___________________ in the soil
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Parent Material
• Refers to the _______ and ________________ from which the soil _______________(comes from).
• The nature of the _______________ __________ has a direct effect on the soil ________________, _________________ and cycling pathways.
• Parent material may be ___________ or transported to area by __________ , ____________ or glacier.
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Topography • Physical characteristics of location where soil
is formed:
–_________________
–_____________ direction
–___________________
–____________ exposure
• Viewed on Macro-scale (_____________) or microscale (___________________________)
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Time
• After enough time, the soil may reach _____________________.
–Depends on _______________ __________
–Feedback of ___________ and __________ factors may ______________ or _________ mature profile.
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Destructional -Weathering Landscapes broken down by chemical & physical
processes & erosion Physical
• includes temperature changes (freezing and thawing, thermal expansion), crystal growth, pressure, plant roots, burrowing animals
• causes disintegration of parent material and facilitates chemical weathering
Chemical
• always in water
• includes hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, carbonation and exchange
• examples : – oxidation of Fe to form limonite,
deposited in joints, inhibits groundwater flow
– hydrolysis of feldspars to form clay (kaolin) - forms infill for joints
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Destructional - Mass wasting
• Gravitational ________________ of weathered _________ down _____________ without aid of water or wind (landslips)
• transported material is called __________________
• often set off by man’s __________________
• can involve very small to immense volumes of _____________________
• sliding, toppling, unravelling, _________________
• controlled by discontinuities (joints, bedding, schistocity, _________________________ etc)
• (picture on next slide….)
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Destructional - Erosion most significantly by:
_______________ ____________
• Sheet erosion – by ____________ flowing down ____________ sides
– severe when __________________ (plants) removed and ______________________ materials uncemented
• Stream erosion – materials brought downslope by mass wasting and
sheet erosion are transported by _________________
– ___________________ by the streams - meanders etc
– (picture on next slide…)
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Destructional - Karsts
• Forms by dissolution of __________________ - limestone is only common rock __________________ in water - dissolved carbon dioxide in rain water
• form highly variable __________________ conditions
• formation of _______________ _______________- when buried leads to surface subsidence
• (picture on next slide…)
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