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Soil-to-GroundwaterLeaching Approaches
Georgia Brownfield Association (GBA)Leaching WorkshopFebruary 28, 2020
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Presentation Overview
1. Introduction and Background
2. Five Leaching Assessment Approaches
3. Potential Modifying Factors
4. Case Studies (Len Diprima, United Consulting)
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Leaching Introduction
Assessing Threats from Drinking Water• Containing Regulated Substances • That Have Leached From Soil and • Migrated in Groundwater
Leaching Assessment Process Has Broad Applicability• Brownfield Act• Hazardous Site Response Act (HSRA)• Voluntary Remediation Program (VRP)• Hazardous Waste Management Act
Field Sampling and Testing• Appropriate Number of Representative Soil and/or
Groundwater Samples at Sufficient Times and Locations
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Introduction - Continued
Lab Testing• Total and/or Leachate Levels
Range of Assessment Approaches• Default or Site-Specific
Verify Underlying Assumptions
Level-of-Effort Should Match Site Complexity
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Site ComplexityLe
vel-
of-
Effo
rtLow
Low
(Def
ault
)
HighH
igh
(S
ite-
Spec
ific
)
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Conceptual Site Model
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Well
Regulated
Substance
Groundwater
Entire Soil
ColumnSurface
Soil
Subsurface
Soil
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Improvement OpportunitiesRecommendations from GaEPD
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Failure to Address Groundwater Protection via Soil Leaching• Improper Coefficient Calculations
(Kd)
• Coefficients from Improper Reference
• Incorrect Dilution Attenuation Factor (DAF)
• Using Incorrect Organic Carbon Content (foc) Source: Sophocleous et al., 2006
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Soil-to-Groundwater Pathway
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Downgradient Distance
Source Area Length (L) Well
Accetable Soil
Concentration
Unstaurated (Vadose)
Zone
q
Field Leacahte
Concentration Accetable
(mg/L) Mixing Zone Groundwater
Groundwater Thickness (d) p Concentration
(mg/L)
Aquifer
Thickness (da)
Source: Leach GBA 2019- 06- 07.xls
(mg/kg)
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Assessment Approaches
1. Preliminary Screening
2. Partition Equation
3. Vadose Zone Modelling
4. Leaching Test
5. Direct Measurement
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LowerComplexity/LOE
HigherComplexity/LOE
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1. Preliminary Screening Approach GBA Leaching Workshop
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Preliminary Screening Approach
Compare Measured Soil Concentrations to Pre-Calculated Acceptable Screening Levels
GaEPD has Default “Look-up” Tables of Screening Levels• USEPA has Similar “Look-up” Tables
‒ Regional Screening Levels or RSLs
Use for Small Sites • Less Than or Equal to 0.5 Acres
• Similar to Average Residential Lot
Use for Single Regulated SubstanceGBA Leaching Workshop 10
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Flow Chart for Screening
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Step 1
No Yes
No Yes Step 2
Yes
Step 3 No
(Discuss Later)
Yes No
CAccept & Meas < CSat
or
More Pathway Evaluation
Source ≤ 0.5 Acres
CMeas < CAccept
(Default DAF = 20)
Calc. Site Specific DAF
CMeas < CAccept
(Site Specific DAF)
Remediate Soil
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Type 3 RRS “Look-up” Table
GBA Leaching Workshop 12Version 10/12/18
Source: https://epd.georgia.gov/comparison-existing-contamination-risk-reduction-standards-391-3-19-07
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Regulated Substance
Soil
Saturation
(Csat)
Non-
Residential
(surface soil)
Excavation
Worker
(subsurface soil)
Protect
Groundwater
(all soil)
Type 3 RRS
(surface Soil)
Type 3 RRS
(subsurface Soil)
Drinking
Water
(ug/L)(c )
Volatile Organic Compounds
Benzene 1,820 50.8 176 0.0511 0.0511 q 0.0511 q 5
Chloroform 2,540 13.8 104 0.68 0.68 q 0.68 q 80
Trichloroethylene 692 18.7 2.84 0.13 0.13 q 0.13 q 5
Vinyl Chloride 3,920 16.8 45.9 0.04 0.04 q 0.04 q 2
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds
Benzo[a]pyrene - - - 21.1 71.4 4.7 4.7 q 4.7 q 0.2
Benzo[b]fluoranthene - - - 211 3,360 784 211 784 q 32.7(d)
DDT - - - 85.3 155 64.9 64.9 q 64.9 q 9.62(d)
PCBs ("high risk")(a) - - - 9.42 138 1.56 1.56 q 1.56 q 0.5
Inorganics
Arsenic - - - 30 146 41 30 41q 10
Cadmium - - - 982 150 39 39 q 39 q 5
Lead(b) - - - 400 5,140 400 400 400 15
Mercury - - - 45.6 6.82 17 17 q 6.82 2Unit of measure = mill igrams per kilogram (mg/kg), ug/L = micrograms per l iter
(a) = For other Aroclors or congeners screening levels may be higher or lower, (b) = See Rule 391-3-19-.07(8)(d)(4)
(c) = Maximum contaminant level (MCL), treatment technique or risk-based, (d) = GaEPD risk-based screening level at target risk of 10 -5
Using “Look-up” Table
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2. Partition Equation Approach GBA Leaching Workshop
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Partition Equation Approach
Compare Measured Soil Concentrations to Screening Levels Calculated from Partition Equation
Depends on Several• Soil Parameters• Chemical-Specific Factors
Default/Site-Specific Factors• Soil Parameters• Soil-Water Partition Coefficient (Kd)
‒ Leaching Test‒ Ionizing Organic and Inorganic Substances
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Leaching Through Soil
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After: Buddemeier, 2000
Organic Carbon(foc)
Water(w)
Air(a)
Mineral Particle(b & s)
Regulated Substance
Release
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Simple Partition Equation
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Source: USEPA, 11996; Eq. No. 10, page 29
Chemical-specific
Soil-specific
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Site-Specific Soil Values
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Gravel Sand Silt Clay Organic
Moisture
Density
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Ionizing Organics & InorganicsUsing USEPA “Look-up” Tables
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Source: USEPA, 2002; Exhibits C-2 and C-4
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Cadmium (Cd)
Georgia Average
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USEPA RSL Calculator
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3. Vadose Zone Modelling Approach GBA Leaching Workshop
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Vadose Zone Approach
Vadose Zone is Unsaturated Subsurface Above the Groundwater• Complex Mixture of Air, Water, Organic Carbon,
Roots, and Microorganisms Between Soil Particles
Models Can Estimate Downward Migration of Regulated Substances• Detailed Discussion Beyond Scope of This Workshop;
But . . .
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Common Vadose Models
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Groundwater
Release
After: Raffensperger, 1997
Seasonal Soil Compartment Model (SESOIL)
Vadose Zone Leaching Model (VLEACH)
Other Popular Models• University of California, Divn. of
Agriculture & Natural Resources• U.S. Geological Survey• U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
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4. Leaching Test Approach GBA Leaching Workshop
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Leaching Test Approach
Run Site-Specific Leaching Tests
Field Work• Collect Sufficient, Representative Samples Over Range of
Expected Regulated Substance Concentrations
Lab Testing• Total Concentrations
• Leaching Tests
Data Analysis• Direct Tabular Comparison
• Line of Best Fit
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Collect Enough Samples
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Total Analysis – mg/kg(Percentage Moisture)
Leaching Analysis – ug/L[e.g., Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP)]
Collect Range of Samples and Test for:
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Tabular Comparison Method
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Total Leachate Criterion
Smpl ID (mg/kg) (ug/L) (ug/L)
Smpl 001 5 2 10
Smpl 002 10 3 10
Smpl 003 30 9 10
Smpl 004 50 11 10
Smpl 005 75 20 10
Smpl 006 100 17 10Notes/Comments:
Leachate = From USEPA SPLP of other applicable leaching test
Criterion = Risk-based screening value
Site-Specific Data for Regulated Substance "X"
Low
High
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Line of Best Fit Method(aka Regression Method)
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5. Direct MeasurementApproach GBA Leaching Workshop
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Direct Groundwater Sampling
At Least Two Conditions Should be Met:• Has Enough Time Elapsed Since
Release?
• Are Measuring Points in Correct Location?
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Potential Modifying Factors
Background Subtraction Declining Groundwater Trends
Risk Assessment• Single or Combination of Regulated Substances• Mutagenic Carcinogens• Critical (Target Organ) Effect for Non-Carcinogens
Mass-Limit Considerations
Downgradient Attenuation In Groundwater• Regulatory Compliance Point or Actual Exposure
‒ Dilution Attenuation Factor (DAF)‒ Groundwater Fate and Transport Models
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Site-Specific DAF
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Source: USEPA, 11996; Eq. No. 11 & 12, page 31
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Thank YouStephen B. Ellingson, Ph.D.
Principal
Vatten Associates
3600 Dallas Hwy, Suite 230-375
Marietta, GA 30064
P 678.512.9688 F 678.331.3881
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File: GBA Leach Workshop 2020-02-28Proj. No.: 209999
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