Software Development Processes
description
Transcript of Software Development Processes
1The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Software Development Processes
Kun Niu
Spring, 2011
April 7th
05-899D Human Aspects of Software Development (HASD)
The Information Networking Institute is a cooperative endeavor of:
College of EngineeringSchool of Computer Science
Tepper School of BusinessHeinz College
2The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Agenda Definition Software Development Lifecycle Software Programming Process Software Development Activity Summary
3The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Agenda Definition
4The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Definition• Software Development Lifecycle
- Also known as a software development process, is a structure imposed on the development of a software product. (Agile, Waterfall, etc.)[Wikipedia]
• Software Programming Process- The process of designing, writing, testing, debugging / troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs (Test Driven Development, Model Driven Development, etc.)
• Software Development Activity- Detailed technique used in software programming process (Pair programming, Rubber duck debugging, etc.)
5The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Why do people do research in these fields?
• Improve the probability of project success – Software development lifecycle
• Improve the productivity of the whole programming processes – Software programming process
• Improve the productivity of a specific phase of software programming process – Software programming activity
6The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Agenda Definition Software Development Lifecycle
7The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Usage and Perceptions of Agile Software Development in an Industrial Context: An Exploratory Study [Begel, 2007]
• Contribution• Try to understand how Agile Software Development methodologies
are used in large scale industry• Dominant agile practices and methodologies• Common benefits and problems associated with ASD
8The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Exploratory Study Design• A web-based survey
Email to 2,821 recipients out of 28,000
• Demographic (response) 18% for developers 18% for testers 10% for managers Average 9.2 years of software development experience (0 - 35 y)
• Survey Design Survey sections: Demographic, Agile development, Pair
programming Card sort: free response for benefits and issues
9The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Collocation Data Use Agile?Collocated dynamics Yes No
Not-collocated 12 29Same country 4 10 Same city 1 2 Same campus 8 12 Same building 24 35 Same floor 68 138 Same hallway 25 76 Same office 14 18 Total 156 321
Many respondents using Agile of survey collocate in the same place
10The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Methodologies used
11The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Practices used
12The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Team attitudes and morale factors
60% people agree Agile work well for them and their team.Less than 40% people think Agile can work for large groups.
13The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Benefits and problemsBenefits
Problems
Why not use?
14The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Threats to validity• Participants bias• Unknown team size and group size• Difficult to generalize because of different Microsoft’s
product context
15The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Rapid Software Developmentthrough Team Collocation [Stephanie, 2002]
• A field study conducted at a fortune 500 auto mobile company
• Collocated software development team using Rapid Software Development Center
• Six projects from different areas of the company• Prototyping, iterative development using “timeboxing”• Report by a combination of case study and empirical
evaluation
16The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Room Layout
17The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Measures• Productivity Metrics
Function points normalized by certified Functional Points Foundation Group Member
• Cycle Time Number of months per 1000 functions
• User Satisfaction Composite of factors like ease of use, system performance etc.
• Measures of Team Experiences How often they will use rooms and hoteling space, conference room
18The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Measure results(pilot teams)
Productivity Measures
Satisfaction Measures
19The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Measure results (with subsequent team)Productivity Measures
Satisfaction Measures
Entry versus Exit questionnaire data
20The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Conclution• Benefits
Improve productivity (timeboxing and facilities)
• Issues Large projects No accurate quality information Don’t know if the increased productivity was due to Hawthorne
21The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Agenda Definition Software Development Lifecycle Software Programming Process
22The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Test Driven Development
23The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Evaluating the Efficacy of Test-Driven Development: Industrial Case Studies
• Bhat, 2006 from Microsoft• Two case studies, Windows and Messenger (A and B)
Project organizationsProcess timelines and defect
density measurement
24The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Case Study AContext Factors
Outcome measures
Product measures
25The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Case Study BContext Factors
Outcome measures
Product measures
26The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Result
27The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Threats to validity• High quality code resulted from a new process
Alleviated by the fact that all were professional programmers who had their own tasks
• The projects may be easier and the comparison may be in accurate Alleviated by the projects in the same organization and the
complexity may be to the same degree
• Hard to generalize in different environment and different contexts The authors are trying to collect data from other TDD projects
28The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
A Survey of Evidence for Test DrivenDevelopment in Academia• Chetan, 2008• Surveys the current state of TDD experiments
conducted at universities
29The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Misconceptions about TDD• You create a 100% regression test suite.
Not always cost-effective(UI)
• Unit tests form 100% of your design specification. Design document is necessary
• You only need to unit test. System integration test, performance test
• TDD does not scale. Divide into small suites
30The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Research conducted by someone else
31The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
TDD introduction & learning• Introduction
Courses include> Explaining automated unit test> Describing TDD> Providing document> Supplying examples
Edward introduced at the beginning of the class, and used throughout the entire experiment
> Reinforce may be a key
• Learning Incremental instructional approach Test driven learning – Learn by example
32The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Conclusion• TDD exposes students to analytical and
comprehension skills needed in software testing• TDD tends to help students with the design of complex
projects, and increases student confidence.• Test-driven development reveals valuable software
testing skills to fledgling programmers; the next step is figuring out how and when to introduce it into a curriculum.
33The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Agenda Definition Software Development Lifecycle Software Programming Process Software Development Activity
34The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
The Social Dynamics of Pair Programming• Jan 2007• The paper presents a series of pair programming
interactions drawn from a long term ethnographic study of two software development teams
• Term used in pair programming such as “driver” and “navigator” may not be right
35The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Pair programming history• Beck’s book <<Extreme Programming Explained>>There are two roles in each pair. One partner, the one with the
keyboard and the mouse, is thinking about the best way to implement this method right here. The other partner is thinking more strategically:
- Is this whole approach going to work?- What are some other test cases that might not work yet?- Is there some way to simplify the whole system so the current
problem just disappears?
• Few studies focuses on the nature of interactions
36The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Research• Four months ethnographic study• Two software development teams• Have a long history of pair programming
37The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Findings• Both software development teams differed greatly
from the driver and navigator roles described in the academic and practitioner literature
• When the two programmers had equivalent expertise, they engaged jointly in programmer activities.
• When the distribution of task-relevant expertise differed, the programmer with more expertise dominated the interaction.
• Keyboard control had a subtle, but consistent effect on decision making.
38The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Implication of the research• The pairs appeared to be most effective when both programmers
took on driver and navigator responsibilities• Programmers felt more engaged in their tasks when they either
had keyboard control or keyboard control was imminent• Expertise emerges as a particularly important factor influencing
pair interactions Pairing less knowledgeable programmers with more knowledge
programmers did seem to be effective when the less knowledgeable programmer was new to the team and code base
• Programming partner rotation appeared to be effective in ensuring increased dispersion of code knowledge across the team, rotating late in the task may break up an effectively functioning pair and introduce a new programmer in a disadvantaged position
39The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Pair Programming: What’s in it for Me? • Begel, 2008• Report on a longitudinal evaluation of pair
programming at Microsoft Corporation• Understand how pair programming methodologies are
used, what kinds of problems and benefits they are perceived to have, the types of partners people would like to work, and a general consensus on PP‟s usefulness in the software engineering professional community
• A web-based survey of Microsoft developers
40The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Contribution1. Quantitative data on the adoption of pair programming in a large software company. 2. The perceived benefits and problems of pair programming. 3. The characteristics an engineer looks for in an ideal pair programming partner and team. 4. The perception that pair programming produces higher quality code at the expense
41The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Previous study result• Different universities have opposite results in PP
research• Different industrial projects also have different result• Conclusion from the author
Pair programming appears to be very different in academic than in industry
In academia, pair programming is used for education and has positive effects on student retention.
In industry, there is little research on pair programming, and what little there is shows conflicting results.
No good qualitative assessment of how professional programmers might explain these results.
42The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Effect of Pair Programming on Work
43The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
PP benefits & problemsBenefits Problems
44The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Attributes of good programming partners and teams
Attributes of Good Partners Attributes of Good Teams
45The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Agenda Definition Software Development Lifecycle Software Programming Process Software Development Activity Summary
46The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Session Summary• Software development lifecycle
• Tools tend to provide quantitative data to help manager’s judgment• How to generalize the result is still a problem (Can be solved?)• How to improve the accuracy of result?
• Software programming process TDD is a widely researched field both in industry and in academic How to make people accommodate it is still a problem
• Software development activity Pair programming in XP is popular Industry studies show difference real use and academic research
47The INI is a cooperative endeavor of: College of Engineering School of Computer Science
Tepper School of Business Heinz College
Questions & Comments