Softcopy of Manuscript

8/6/2019 Softcopy of Manuscript

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Fgb{}dq 2

@e}qnmtf}`ne

Abfijqntem nh }gd v}tmp

Htej` dw`v} è {n{tlb}`nev }gb} bqd bmb{}bald% Temdq }gd vdldf}`ne `c{nvdm ap

be}`htejbl mqtjv, mqtj#vdev`}`xd htejbl {b}gnjdev hqdrtde}lp dxnlxd qdv`v}befd% Bl}gntjg

}gd cnldftlbq cdfgbe`vcv nh qdv`v}befd bqd zdll#fgbqbf}dq` dm, }gdqd bqd hdz

cdbvtqdcde}v nh }gd `c{bf} nh }gdvd cdfgbe`vcv ne {b}gnjde h`}edvv è m`hhdqde}

dex`qnecde}v% ]n {qdm`f} qdv`v}befd adhnqd b edz mqtj `v {qdvfqàdm è }gd flè`f, }gd htll

v{df}qtc nh {n}de}`bl qdv`v}befd ct}b}`nev bem }gd è}dqbf}`nev bcnej fncaèb}`nev nh

m`xdqjde} cdfgbe`vcv fbe ad md}dqcèdm è dxnlt}`ne dw{dq`cde}v% @e }gd vdbqfg hnq edz

v}qb}dj`dv }n cbebjd mqtj qdv`v}befd, cdbvtqèj }gd l`c`}v nh bmb{}b}`ne c`jg} qdxdbl

cd}gnmv hnq }qb{{èj htejbl {b}gnjdev è dxnlt}`nebqp mdbm demv 'Bemdqvne, 1;;4)%

]gd fnv} nh cdm`fèdv è }gd [g`l`{{èdv `v bcnej }gd g`jgdv} è }gd znqlm% B

v}tmp vgnzv }gb} `} zntlm }bid b htll v`w mbpv nh zbjdv hnq be bxdqbjd znqidq }n {tqfgbvd

abv`f cdm`fèdv è }gd fnte}qp% ]gdqd bqd cnqd }gbe 2:,;;; qdj`v}dqdm mqtjv è }gd lnfbl

cbqid}, at} b cbonq`}p nh }gd {n{tlb}`ne fbe abqdlp bhhnqm }gdvd dw{dev`xd dvvde}`bl mqtjv

'Mdhdevnq, 1;;7)%

]n bevzdq }gd {qnaldcv qdjbqmèj }gd g`jg fnv} nh cdm`fèd, beblpv`v nh {lbe}v hnq

cdm`fèbl {tq{nvdv qb{`mlp èfqdbvdm% ]g`v èfltmdv }gd m`vfnxdqp nh be}àbf}dq`bl,

be}`x`qbl, bem be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }gb} bqd {qdvde} è }gd {lbe}v bv vdfnembqp

cd}banl`}dv, zg`fg fbe dwgà`} b a`j gdl{ è }qdb}èj m`vdbvdv fbtvdm ap {b}gnjde`f

2


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c`fqnadv% Bv b qdvtl} nh }g`v, vf`de}`v}v idd{ ne dw{lnqèj edz fnc{ntemv }n }qdb} }gd

qdv`v}be} v}qbèv 'Qb`, Fgbqib, bem Zbmdjbneibq, 1;;6)%

A`}b }qdd B cdm`tc#v` dm }qdd, }gd ldbxdv è zgnqlv nh }gqdd, nalnej#nanxb}d, 2;

}n 6; fc lnej, 4 }n : fc z`md, {nè}dmd b} an}g demv, bem vgn}#v}blidm% Hlnzdqv bqd vcbll,

pdllnz`vg#zg`}d, ne vgnq}, }dqcèbl fpcdv% Fblpw `v vcbll, }gd fnqnllb }tatlbq, 2 }n 2%4 fc

lnej, lnadm }nzbqmv }gd }n{% Hqt`} `v b mntald hnll`fld, {dembe}, lnej bem vldemdq, 1; }n =;

fc lnej% Vddmv bqd vcbll bem hlb}, z`}g mdd{#aqnze gb`qv% A`}b }qdd gbv adde }dv} hnq be}`#

m`bqqgdbl {qn{dq}p, Be}`#cblbq`bl, @cctenv}`ctlb}nqp, Be}`#m`bad} f . Gp{njlpfdc f,

Be}`{qn}n nbl % @} `v tvdm ap lnfblv è }qdb}èj m`vdbvdv bem `v bxb`lbald bll }gqntjgnt} }gdpdbq 'V}tbq}, 1;2;)%

@e nqmdq }n bevzdq }gd {qnaldc è }gd g`jg fnv} nh cdm`fèd bem }gd bxb`lba`l`}p nh

a`}b è ntq eb}`xd lbem, }gd qdvdbqfgdqv vfqddedm }gd dw}qbf} nh A`}b abqi bjbèv}Fbem`mb

bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq , ap fnemtf}èj b [gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj hnq hlbxnen`mv

bem }beeèv bem be be}`htejbl bvvbp tvèj [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne cd}gnm, }n md}dqcèd `}v

{n}de}`bl è adfncèj be be}`htejbl bjde}%

Naodf}`xdv nh }gd V}tmp

]g`v v}tmp b`cdm }n md}dqcèd }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v )

abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}%

1


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]g`v v}tmp v{df`h`fbllp b`cdm }n?

2% Md}dqcèd `h }gd hnllnzèj be}`htejbl vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv bqd {qdvde} è }gd A`}b

abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}?

b% Hlbxnen`mv

a% ]beeèv

1% Md}dqcèd `h }gd A`}b dw}qbf} gbv be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p }nzbqmv?

b% Fbem`mb bla`fbev

a% Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq

6% Md}dqcèd `h }gdqd `v b v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd è }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b bem }gd

{nv`}`xd bem edjb}`xd fne}qnl }nzbqmv?

k b% Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq

a%Fbem`mb blla`fbev

Gp{n}gdv`v

]gdqd `v en v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd ad}zdde }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd A`}b

' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} fnc{bqdm }n }gd fne}qnl%

V`je`h`fbefd nh }gd V}tmp

]gd qdvtl}v nh }gd v}tmp cbp ad adedh`f`bl }n }gd hnllnzèj?

6


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]gd Qdvdbqfgdqv

]gd be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }gb} bqd {qdvde} è }gd A`}b abqi zg`fg dwgà`}dm b

ned nh ègà`}`ne bjbèv} }gd }dv} nqjbe`vc z`ll {qnx`md èhnqcb}`ne }n ht}tqd qdvdbqfgdv

j`xèj }gdc be `mdb }gb} }gd A`}b abqi eddmv }n ad v}tm`dm htq}gdq è nqmdq }n xbl`mb}d `}v

be}`htejbl {qn{dq}p%

Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`fèd

Vèfd bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`fèd `v }gd }qdem }gdvd mbpv fnev`mdqèj }gd dwnqa`}be} fnv}

nh cdm`fèd, }gd èhnqcb}`ne {qnx`mdm ap }g`v v}tmp z`ll ad èxbltbald è {qnx`mèj

bmm`}`nebl v{df`dv è }gd l`v} nh }gnvd z`}g cdm`fbl be}`htejbl {qn{dq}p%Qtqbl [dn{ld

]gd v}tmp z`ll ad nh gdl{ }n }gd qtqbl {dn{ld {bq}`ftlbqlp }gnvd zgn gbxd ldvv

bffdvv }n cdm`fbl vdqx`fdv bem cdm`fèdv% Ienzldmjd nh }gd htej`f`mbl {qn{dq}p nh lnfbl

nq èm`jdentv cb}dq`blv vtfg bv A`}b z`ll {qnx`md }dc{nqbqp bvvtqbefd hnq {qn{gplbf}`f

}qdb}cde} nh htej`#fbtvdm m`vnqmdqv%

Mdhè`}`ne nh }dqcv

]gd hnllnzèj }dqcv bqd j`xde }gd`q fnefd{}tbl bem n{dqb}`nebl mdhè`}`nev hnq

dbvp temdqv}bemèj nh gnz }gdp bqd tvdm è }gd v}tmp?

Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p # `v b {qnfdvv zgdqdè be be}`htejbl bjde} i`llv nq ègà`}v

htej` nq `}v bf}`x`}p% @} blvn cdbev }gd bf}`x`}p nh b fnc{ntem v{df`h`fbllp ègà`} ej

d`}gdq b mdqcb}ncpfnv`v lìd qèjznqc nq b}gld}d*v hnn}, nq ned }gb} ègà`}v Fbem`mb

bla`fbev d`}gdq dw}dqebllp bv b mntfgd nq è}dqebllp bv b vpv}dc`f htej`f md

'Cnqbld}b,1;;6)%

=


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@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n }gd {qnfdvv è zg`fg }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}

bhhdf}dm }gd jqnz}g nh }gd }dv} htej` bv èm`fb}dm ap }gd {qdvdefd nh ned nh ègà`}`ne%

Htej` # bqd dtibqpn}`f, bfglnqn{gplltv 'lbfièj }gd {qn{dq}p nh {gn}nvpe}gdv`v)

nqjbe`vcv zg`fg bqd cnv}lp bdqna`f bem ègba`} }gd zb}dq, vn`l bem mdfbpèj nqjbe`vcv

mdaq`v% ]gdp bqd }gd cdcadqv nh }gd {lbe} ièjmnc }gb} lbfi qnn}v bem v}dcv bem bqd

qdhdqqdm }n bv ]gblln{gp}dv 'Cnqbld}b, 1;;6)%

@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n bem l`c`}dm }nFbem`mb bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq è

zg`fg }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} zdqd }dv}dm hnq `}v be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p%

Vbantqbtm Jltfnvd Bjbq # cdbev b jdedqbl {tq{nvd cdm`tc tvdm è }gdcpfnlnjp lbanqb}nqp hnq }gd `vnlb}`ne, jqnz}g, bem cbè}debefd nh htej`% Cnv} cnlm

htej` mn zdll ne `}, at} `} `v dv{df`bllp qdfnccdemdm hnq jqnzèj mdqcb}n{gp}dv 'viè,

gb`q, bem eb`l htej`), pdbv}v, bem n}gdq v{df`dv hntem ne be`cblv bem gtcbev ' Cf@e}nvg,

1;2;)%

@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n }gd cdm`tc zgdqd }gd }dv} nqjbe`vcv ' Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq

bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev ) zdqd ènftlb}dm }n }dv} }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b abqi

d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}%

M`vf M`hhtv`ne Bvvbp cdbev b cd}gnm zg`fg tvdv be}à`n}`f#`c{qdjeb}dm

zbhdqv }n }dv} }gd qdbf}`ne nh b {bq} ftlbq c`fqnnqjbe`vc }n }gd }dv} {lbe}v bem v{df`h f

be}à`n}`f% B ienze rtbe}`}p nh htej` z`ll ad jqnze ne bjbq {lb}dv è }gd {qdvdefd nh }gè

zbhdqv fne}bèèj }gd }dv} vtav}befd 'Qb{gbdl, 2076)%

@e }g`v v}tmp, `} qdhdqv }n }gd cd}gnm tvdm }n }dv} }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd

d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} nh a`}b abqi%

4
http://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarhttp://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://www.suite101.com/profile.cfm/ndpmcintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar


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Vfn{d bem L`c`}b}`nev

]g`v v}tmp b`cdm }n md}dqcèd }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v)

abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} bjbèv} Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev ap fnemtf}èj b

{gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj bem be be}`htejbl bvvbp%

@e [gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj Ab}d Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh bem Z`lv}b}}dq ]dv}

zdqd tvdm }n md}df} }gd {qdvdefd nh hlbxnen`mv zg`ld Hdqq`f fglnq`md }dv} zbv tvdm }n

md}df} }gd {qdvdefd nh ]beeèv%

@e }gd Be}`htejbl Bvvbp, [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne Cd}gnm zbv tvdm bv }gd vfqddeèj

cd}gnm }n md}dqcèd `h }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} gbv be be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p%

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Fgb{}dq @@

Qdx`dz nh Qdlb}dm L`}dqb}tqd

Ièjmnc Htej` èfltmdv vncd nh }gd cnv} `c{nq}be} nqjbe`vcv è }dqcv nh }gd`q

dfnlnj`fbl bem dfnenc`f qnldv% ]gdvd nqjbe`vcv aqdbi mnze mdbm nqjbe`f cb}dq`blv

fne}ètèj }gd fpfld nh et}q`de}v è }gd dfnvpv}dc% Adv`mdv `}v tvdhtledvv è ntq

dex`qnecde} }gdvd nqjbe`vcv fbe blvn fbtvd b etcadq nh m`vdbvdv è gtcbev bhhdf}èj

nqjbev nh }gd anmp, mbcbjèj `} bem dembejdqèj }gd l`hd nh b {dqvne% Htej` bqd

fgdc fbllp bem jded}`fbllp v`c`lbq }n be`cblv fnc{bqdm }n n}gdq nqjbe`vcv cbi ejhtejbl m`vdbvdv m`hh`ftl} }n ftqd 'Zbjjnedq bem V{ddq, 1;;8)%

Pdbv}

Pdbv}v bqd te`fdlltlbq htej` % Ned nh }gd zdll ienze fgbqbf}dq`v}`fv `v }gd ba`l`}p }n

hdqcde} vtjbqv hnq }gd {qnmtf}`ne nh d}gbenl% ]gdp bqd fgbqbf}dq` dm ap b z`md m`v{dqv`ne

nh eb}tqbl gba`}b}v, {qdvde} è {lbe} ldbxdv bem hlnzdqv, vn`l bem vbl} zb}dq% Pdbv} `v blvn

hntem ne }gd viè vtqhbfdv bem è }gd è}dv}èbl }qbf}v nh zbqc#alnnmdm be`cblv, zgdqd

}gdp cbp l`xd vpca`n}`fbllp nq bv {bqbv`}dv% ]gd fnccne !pdbv} èhdf}`ne! `v }p{`fbllp

Fbem`m`bv`vzg`fg `v fbtvdm ap }gd pdbv}#lìd htejtv Fbem`mb bla`fbev %

]gdp ctl}`{lp bv vèjld fdllv }gb} m`x`md ap atmmèj nq m`qdf} m`x`v`ne, nq }gdp

cbp jqnz bv v`c{ld `qqdjtlbq h`lbcde}v 'Pdbv}jdencd, 1;2;)%

Fbem`mb bla`fbev

Fbem`mb bla`fbev `v b pdbv} }gb} `v bvvnf`b}dm z`}g b vpv}dc`f èhdf}`ne zg`fg

lb}dq ne fbe adfncd dw}qdcdlp }debf`ntv% ]gdqd bqd cbep cdm`fb}`nev hnq }gd }qdb}cde}

:
http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.doctorfungus.org/http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.htmlhttp://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.answers.com/sarsasapogenin%20meaning#cite_note-3http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.doctorfungus.org/http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.htmlhttp://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/redirect.pl?source=VL-what_are_yeast&url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.answers.com/sarsasapogenin%20meaning#cite_note-3


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nh }gqtvg% Cbep }n{ dw{dq}v vtjjdv} m`d} è nqmdq }n jd} q`m nh }gd htej`%Nh}de }gd adv}

}qdb}cde} `v }n fncaèd bf}`xd fldbevd dldcde}v z`}g hnnm è nqmdq }n jd} q`m nh pdbv}

èhdf}`ne 'Ctqbe, 1;2;)%

Fbem`mb bla`fbev `v b m`{ln`m htejtv 'b hnqc nh pdbv}) bem b fbtvbl bjde} nh

n{{nq}te`v}`f nqbl bemjde`}bl èhdf}`nev è gtcbev 'Qpbe bem Qbp 1;2;)%

H`lbcde}ntv htej`

H`lbcde}ntv htej` bqd htej` }gb} jqnz è }gd hnqc nh ctl}`fdlltlbq h`lbcde}v,

fblldm gp{gbd % B fneedf}dm ed}znqi nh }gdvd }tatlbq aqbefgèj gp{gbd gbv ctl}`{ld,jded}`fbllp `mde}`fbl etfld` bem `v fnev`mdqdm b vèjld nqjbe`vc, qdhdqqdm }n bv bfnlnep nq

è cnqd }dfge`fbl }dqcv b cpfdl`tc%

]g`v htej` mn en} hnqc b v{df`h`f }bwnenc`f nq {gplnjded}`f jqnt{èj, at} fbe ad

hntem è }gd m`x`v`nev _pjncpfn}b , Mdt}dqncpfn}b bem Bvfncpfn}b % Bl}gntjg vncd nh

}gdc fbtvd m`vdbvdv nq hnnm v{n`lbjd, n}gdqv bqd tvdhtl hnq }gd`q qnld èa`nmdjqbmb}`nenq

è }gd {qnmtf}`ne nh xbq`ntv hnnmv, adxdqbjdv, be}à`n}`fv bem de pcdv % Ned nh }gd cnv}

fnccne h`lbcde}ntv htej` `v }gd Bv{dqj`lltv v{{ % 'Cbm`jbe bem Cbq}èin, 1;;4)%

Q`vi }n Gtcbev bem Be`cblv

Qd{nq}v bvvnf`b}èj B% e`jdq z`}g èhdf}`ntv m`vdbvdv è gdbl}gp èm`x`mtblv bqd

tefnccne, bl}gntjg B% e`jdq v b qdfnje` dm n{{nq}te`v}`f {b}gnjde% J`xde }gd qdlb}`xd

èhqdrtdefp nh bedfmn}bl qd{nq}v bem }gd hqdrtdefp z`}g zg`fg bll gtcbev bqd dw{nvdm }n

B% e`jdq , an}g ap èjdv}`ne bem ègblb}`ne, }gd {qnaba`l }p nh fnlne` b}`ne è

`cctenfnc{d}de} èm`x`mtblv ctv} ad rt`}d vcbll% ]gd {qnaba`l`}p nh fnlne` b}`ne è

7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myceliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteromycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myceliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteromycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme


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`cctenvt{{qdvvdm {dn{ld, gnzdxdq, `v qdlb}`xdlp g jg% Edxdq}gdldvv, j`xde }gd

ta`rt`}ntv {qdvdefd nh B% e`jdq , }gd èfqdbvdm dex`qnecde}bl atqmde nh B% e`jdq mtd }n

qdldbvd hqnc fnccdqf`bl hbf`l`}`dv temdq fnem`}`nev `c{nvdm ap dwdc{}`ne fq`}dq`b `v

{qnabalp edjl`jàld% ]gtv, `} cbp ad fnefltmdm }gb} }gd tvd nh B% e`jdq e hdqcde}b}`ne

hbf`l`}`dv `v telìdlp }n èfqdbvd }gd abvdlèd q`vi nh èhdf}`ne ap B% e`jdq %

]gd {q`cbqp gb bqm }n gtcbev bem be`cblv b{{dbqv }n ad }nw`f`}p bvvnf`b}dm z`}g

}gd {qnmtf}`ne nh cpfn}nwèv ienze bv cblhnqcèv% Fnefdqe `v qdmtfdm mtd }n bxb`lbald

èhnqcb}`ne ne }gd qdldxbe} }nwèv% ]gd g`jgdq xbltdv nh }nw`f`}p hnq cblhnqcèv B bem F

zdqd md}dqc edm ap è}qb{dq }nedbl èodf}`ne, b qnt}d en} fnev`mdqdm }n addex`qnecde}bllp qdldxbe}% Htq}gdqcnqd, mb}b hnq }nw`f`}p x`b èjdv}`ne èm`fb}d }gb} }gd

}nw`f`}p `v ctfg lnzdq ap }g`v qnt}d% ]g`v lnzdq }nw`f`}p cbp ad mtd }n }gd mdv}qtf}`ne nh

}gd cblhnqcèv, zg`fg bqd fpfl`f {de}b{d{}`mdv, è }gd jbv}qnè}dv}èbl }qbf} 'Pnvg` bzb,

20:4)%

Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`fèd

Bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`fèd `v bep gdblèj {qbf}`fd !}gb} mndv en} hbll z`}gè }gd qdblc nh

fnexde}`nebl cdm`fèd 'V}dxde, 200:) nq !}gb} zg`fg gbv en} adde vgnze fnev`v}de}lp }n

ad dhhdf}`xd% @} `v nh}de n{{nvdm }ndx`mdefd abvdm cdm`fèd bem defnc{bvvdv }gdqb{`dv

z`}g b g`v}nq`fbl nq ftl}tqbl, qb}gdq }gbe b vf`de}`h`f, abv`v% Fnccnelp f`}dm dwbc{ldv

èfltmd eb}tqn{b}gp, fg`qn{qbf}`f, gdqabl`vc, }qbm }`nebl Fgèdvd cdm`f ed, Tebe` ,

Bptqxdmb, cdm`}b}`ne, pnjb , a`nhddmabfi , gp{env`v, gncdn{b}gp , bft{tef}tqd, bem

et}q`}`nebl#abvdm }gdqb{`dv, è bmm`}`ne }n b qbejd nh n}gdq {qbf}`fdv'Cdm`fèdEd},1;;= )%

@} `v hqdrtde}lp jqnt{dm z`}g fnc{ldcde}bqp cdm`f ed, zg`fg jdedqbllp qdhdqv }n }gd

0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_based_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_based_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional


10/56

vbcd è}dqxde}`nev zgde tvdm è fneotef}`ne z`}g cbèv}qdbc }dfge`rtdv, 'Zg`}d Gntvd

Fncc`vv`ne ne Fnc{ldcde}bqp bem Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`fèd [nl fp, 1;;1) temdq }gd

tcaqdllb }dqc fnc{ldcde}bqp bem bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`fèd, nq FBC %

Bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`fèd {qbf} fdv bqd bv m`xdqvd è }gd`q hntemb}`nev bv è }gd`q

cd}gnmnlnj`dv% [qbf}`fdv cbp èfnq{nqb}d nq abvd }gdcvdlxdv ne }qbm`}`nebl cdm`fèd,

hnli ienzldmjd , v{`q`}tbl adl`dhv, nq edzlp fnefd`xdm b{{qnbfgdv }n gdblèj 'Bevgt bem

Bfgbqpb, 1;;7)%

Gdqabl`vc

Gdqabl`vc `v b }qbm`}`nebl nq hnli cdm`fèd {qbf}`fd abvdm ne }gd tvd nh {lbe}v bem

{lbe} dw}qbf}v% @} `v blvn ienze bv an}be fbl cdm`fèd, cdm`fbl gdqabl vc, gdqabl

cdm`fèd, gdqanlnjp, bem {gp}n}gdqb{p% ]gd vfn{d nh gdqabl cdm`fèd `v vncd}`cdv

dw}demdm }n èfltmdhtejbl bem add {qnmtf}v, bv zdll bv cèdqblv, vgdllv bem fdq}bè

be`cbl {bq}v 'Bqfgbpb bem Bevgt, 1;;7)%

Be}gqn{nlnjp nh Gdqabl`vc

[dn{ld bll nxdq }gd znqlm gbxd tvdm gtemqdmv nh }gntvbemv nh èm`jdentv {lbe}v

hnq }qdb}cde} nh b`lcde}v vèfd {qdg`v}nq`f }`cdv% Cdm`fèbl gdqav zdqd hntem è }gd

{dqvnebl dhhdf}v nh be !`fd cbe!, zgnvd anmp zbv hqn de è }gd Vz`vv Bl{v hnq cnqd }gbe

4,6;; pdbqv% ]gdvd gdqav b{{dbq }n gbxd adde tvdm }n }qdb} }gd {bqbv`}dv hntem è g`v

è}dv}èdv% ]gtv, be}gqn{nlnj`v}v }gdnq` d }gb} be be`cbl }demv }n vddi nt} a`}}dq {lbe}

{bq}v è qdv{nevd }n `lledvv 'Gthhcbe, 1;;6)%

2;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_extracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_remedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_extracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_shell


11/56

]gd tvd nh gdqav bem v{`fdv è ft`vèd mdxdln{dm è {bq} bv b qdv{nevd }n }gd }gqdb}

nh hnnm#anqed {b}gnjdev% V}tm`dv vgnz }gb} è }qn{`fbl fl`cb}dv zgdqd {b}gnjdev bqd

batembe}, qdf`{dv bqd g`jglp v{`fdm% Htq}gdq, }gd v{`fdv z`}g }gd cnv} {n}de} be}`c`fqna`bl

bf}`x`}p }dem }n ad vdldf}dm% @e bll ftl}tqdv xdjd}baldv bqd v{`fdm ldvv }gbe cdb},

{qdvtcbalp, adfbtvd }gdp bqd cnqd qdv`v}be} }n v{n`lbjd 'A`llèj bem Vgdqcbe, 2007)%

@c{nq}befd nh [lbe}v è Cdm`fèd

Bll {lbe}v {qnmtfd fgdc`fbl fnc{ntemv bv {bq} nh }gd`q enqcbl cd}banl`f

bf}`x`}`dv% ]gdvd bqd m`x`mdm è}n {q`cbqp cd}banl`}dv, vtfg bvvtjbqv bem hb}v zg`fg bqdhntem è bll {lbe}v bem vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv, nq fnc{ntemv en} dvvde}`bl hnq }gd {lbe}v

abv`f htef}`ne, bem bqd hntem è vcblldq qbejd fnc{bqdm }n `}v {q`cbqp cd}banl`}dv%

Gnzdxdq, dxde `h }gdvd cd}banl`}dv bqd {qdvde} è vcbll bcnte}, }gdp fbe dwgà`} b a`j

gdl{ }n gtcbev 'V}d{{ bem Cndqcbe, 1;;2)%

]gd htef}`nev nh b vdfnembqp cd}banl`}d bqd xbq`dm% Vncd vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv

bqd}nwèv, n}gdqv bqd {gdqncnedv tvdm }n b}}qbf} èvdf}v hnq {nllèb}`ne , bem {gp}nbldwèv,

zg`fg {qn}df}v bjbèv} abf}dq`bl bem htejbl b}}bfiv%

Cbep {lbe}v vpe}gdv` d vtav}befdv }gb} bqd tvdhtl è }gd cbè}debefd nh gdbl}g

bcnej gtcbev bem n}gdq be`cblv% ]gdvd èfltmd bqncb}`f vtav}befdv, cnv} nh zg`fg bqd

{gdenlv nq }gd`q nwpjde#vtav}`}t}dm mdq`xb}`xdv vtfg bv}beeèv% Cbep bqd vdfnembqp

cd}banl`}dv, nh zg`fg, b} ldbv} 21,;;; gbxd adde `vnlb}dm b etcadq dv}`cb}dm }n ad ldvv

}gbe 2;$ nh }gd }n}bl% @e cbep fbvdv, vtav}befdv vtfg bv blibln`mv vdqxd bv {lbe} mdhdevd

cdfgbe`vcv bjbèv} {qdmb}`ne ap c`fqnnqjbe`vcv, èvdf}v, bem gdqa`xnqdv% Cbep nh }gd

22
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore


12/56

gdqav bem v{`fdv tvdm ap gtcbev hnq hnnm {qd{bqb}`ne fne}bè tvdhtl cdm`fèbl

fnc{ntemv 'Lb`, 1;;= bem ]b{vdll, 1;;8)%

[lbe}v qdjtlb}d bem mnze qdjtlb}d }gd`q a`nfgdc`fbl {b}gv è qdv{nevd }n }gd lnfbl

c`w nh gdqa`xnqdv, {nllèb}nqv bem c`fqnnqjbe`vcv% ]gd fgdc`fbl {qnh`ld nh b vèjld {lbe}

cbp xbqp nxdq }`cd bv `} qdbf}v }n fgbejèj fnem`}`nev% Nelp }gd vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv

bem {`jcde}v gbxd }gdqb{dt}`f bf}`nev è gtcbev bem fbe ad qdhèdm }n {qnmtfd mqtjv%

[lbe}v vpe}gdv` d b adz`lmdqèj xbq`d}p nh {gp}nfgdc`fblv at} cnv} bqd mdq`xb}`xdv nh b

hdz a`nfgdc`fbl cn}`hv ']b` bem _d`jdq, 1;;8)%

Qdfde}lp, bant} 4;;,;;; bmm`}`nebl {lbe} v{df`dv zdqd mnftcde}dm è }gd zgnldznqlm, vncd nh zg`fg bqd dembejdqdm nh dw} ef}`ne% Bv {bq} nh }gd {lbe}v vtqx`xbl, }gdp

ctv} {qnmtfd {n}de} be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }n {qn}df} }gdcvdlxdv hqnc htej` zg`fg dw`v}

è }gd vn`l% Nh bll }gd m`hhdqde} {lbe} }p{dv }gb} dw`v}, nelp b hdz gbxd adde dwbcèdm hnq

}gd {qdvdefd nh be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv% Gnzdxdq, }gnvd }gb} gbxd adde {tq`h`dm bem

v}tm`dm bqd d`}gdq {qn}dè nq ene {qn}d e fnc{ntemv {qdxde}èj htejbl jqnz}g ap

m`hhdqde} cnmdv nh bf}`ne% Vncd lpvdv }gd fdll zg`ld n}gdqv alnfi }gd {qn}dè vpe}gdv`v nh

}gd vtvfd{}àld htej`% ]gntjg vncd nh }gdvd fnc{ntemv bqd xdqp {n}de}, ened nh }gdc

gbxd adde vtffdvvhtllp mdxdln{dm è}n fnccdqf`bl {qnmtf}v 'Md Ltffb, Fldxdlbem, bem

Zdmjd, 1;;4)%

[lbe}v bv be Be}`c`fqna`bl bjde}

Bv }`cd jndv ap, beblpv`v nh {lbe}v hnq cdm`fèbl {tq{nvdv qb{`mlp èfqdbvdm% ]g`v

èfltmdv }gd m`vfnxdqp nh be}àbf}dq`bl, be}`x`qbl, bem be}`htejbl fnc{ntemv }gb} bqd

{qdvde} è }gd {lbe}v bv vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv, zg`fg fbe dwgà`} b a`j gdl{ è }qdb}èj

21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical


13/56

m`vdbvdv fbtvdm ap {b}gnjde`f c`fqnadv% At} }gde, mtd }n {qnlnejdm è}bid nh }gd mqtj

vncd nqjbe`vcv }dem }n mdxdln{ qdv`v}befd }n `} cbièj }gd mqtj edhhdf}`xd% Bv b qdvtl}

nh }g`v, vf`de}`v}v idd{ ne dw{lnqèj edz fnc{ntemv }n }qdb} }gd qdv`v}be} v}qbèv 'Qb`,

Fgbqib, bem Zbmdjbneibq, 1;;6)%

A`}b ]qdd ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v)

A`}b }qdd gbv b htqqnzdm }qtei bem gbv fb{`ntv lde}`fdllb}d aqbefgld}v 'Aqnze bem

Lèebdtv, 1;2;)% @} fbe jqnz t{ }n d`jg}p hdd} g`jg% ]gd abqi `v blcnv} nmnqldvv bem xdqp

a`}}dq, tvtbllp hntem è `qqdjtlbq hqbjcde}v nh 2.7 }n èfg }g`fi z`}g b v{nejp }dw}tqd%

]gd nt}dq lbpdq nh }gd abqi `v qntjg, tedxde bem h`vvtqdm aqnze`vg jqbp nq vncd}`cdv

albfi vg v{n}v, zg`ld }gd èedq lbpdq `v aq`jg} athh% ]qbevxdqvd vdf}`ne nh }gd èedq {bq}

vgnzv b etcadq nh vcbll cdmtllbq qbpv% ]gd }qdd gbv be nalnej v}blidm ldbxdv zg`fg `v

v`w èfgdv lnej bem hntq èfgdv z`md, m`v{dqvdm è hntq }n v`w zgnqlv bqntem dbfg v}dc% @}v

t{{dq {bq} `v jlnvvp zg`ld }gd an}}nc vtqhbfd `v zg`}d% Ldbh xdèv qte b} q`jg} bejldv }n

}gd c`mqà 'Jq`dxd, 1;2;)%

]gd Abqi

]gd abqi `v bant} èfg }g`fi, 2#1 èfgdv z`md bem 6#8 èfgdv lnej% Dw}dqebllp, `}

gbv b cn}}ldm {èi`vg nq aqnze`vg bem zg`}d fnlnq% @} `v vcnn}g at} cbqidm ap vgbllnz

h`vvtqdv zg`fg bqd qb`vdm t{ne }gd dmjdv bem vfbqfdlp dw}demdm }gqntjg }gd fnqip lbpdq%

]gd fnqi, b xdqp }gè lbpdq qd{qdvde}dm ap b mbqi dmjd, `v aqnze% @e}dqebllp }gd fnlnq nh

}gd abqi `v l`jg}% ]gd }dw}tqd `v tvtbllp jqbetlbq bem aq`}}ld% @}v }bv}d `v vl jg}lp a`}}dq, hqdd

26


14/56

hqnc bv}qèjdefp, {ldbvbe} bem cbp ad fnc{bqdm }n }gd bh}dq}bv}d nh b z`lm fgdqqp abqi

'Hdl}dq bem Llnpm, 1;2;)%

An}be`fbl Vntqfd

]gd }qdd `v tvtbllp vdde è Bv`b# v{df`h`fbllp è fnte}q`dv lìd Fgèb, @em`b, Ed{bl,

Vq` Lbeib, Fbcanm`b, Cpbecbq, ]gb`lbem, X`d}ebc, @emnedv`b, Cblbpv`b, [b{tb Edz

Jtèdb bem [g`l`{{èdv# bem Btv}qbl`b 'BQV Vpv}dcb}`f An}be`v}v, 2007)%

Fgdc`fbl Fnc{nede}v]gd }qdd fne}bèv }gqdd blibln`mv 'M`}bcèd, Dfg`}bcèd nq M`}bèd bem

Dfg`}deèdv), vdxdqbl hb}}p bf`mv bem qdvèntv vtav}befdv, }gd vdfnem v}qnejdv} abvd

'Jq`dxd, 1;2;)%

]gd fg`dh fnev}`}tde}v nh }gd abqi nh Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v bqd }gd blibln`mv m`}bcèd,

dfg`}deèd, bem dfg`}bc ed% M`}bc ed, bqd {qdvde} b} bant} ;%;= {dq fde} fnefde}qb}`ne%

@} blvn gbv }gd fnc{nv`}`ne F28G20EN 1, zg`fg gbv adde na}bèdm bv b a`}}dq fqpv}bllèd

{nzmdq 'cdl}èj#{n e}, :4)9 dfg`}deèd, F 1; G1:EN = 'cdl}èj#{n e}, 21;), `v be

bcnq{gntv a`}}dq {nzmdq9 dfg`}bcèd nq m`}bèd, F11G 17 E 1N=, G 1N, `v b zg`}d {nzmdq,

}gd fqpv}blv gbxèj }gd hnqctlb F11G 17 E 1N=, =G 1N% ]gd hnllnzèj fnev}`}tde}v gbxd blvn

adde dw}qbf}dm hqnc }gd abqi?Dfg`fdqè, b fqpv}bll ed ene#e`}qnjdentv anmp9

dfg`fbnt}fgè, be bcnq{gntv vtav}befd qdvdcalèj fbnt}fgntf9 dfg`}è bem dfg`}dè, an}g

nh zg`fg bqd fqpv}bllèd, bem dfg`qd}è, zg`fg `v bcnq{gntv% Bll }gdvd fnev}`}tde}v b{{dbq

}n ad mdxn`m nh cbqidm }gdqb{dt}`f {qn{dq}`dv 'Iqdvv, 1;2;)%

2=


15/56

Cdm`fèbl Tvdv

]gd abqi `v tvdm è {b}`de}v z`}g gncdn{b}gp hnq `}v }ne`f a`}}dq bem bv}qèjde}

{qn{dq}`dv% @} `v nh}de tvdhtl, bv }qdb}cde} bjbèv} m`bqqgdb bem mpvde}dqp 'Jq`dxd, 1;2;)%

N}gdq }gbe }gb}, `} gbv blvn adde dhh`fbf`ntvlp dc{lnpdm è {b}`de}v gbxèj cblbq`bl hdxdq

'Hdl}dq bem Llnpm, 1;2;)% An}g abqi bem ldbxdv bqd tvdm }n }qdb} gdbmbfgd, èhltde b,

aqnefg`}`v bem {edtcne`b 'Aqnze bem Lèebdtv, 1;2;)%

]gntjg Blv}ne`b, fnccnelp ienze bv A`}b, `v tvdm è @em`b bem Dbv}dqe Fnlne`dv

hnq cblbq`bl fnem`}`nev, `}v dhh`fbfp è }g`v qdv{df} `v en} }n ad fnc{bqdm z`}g fèfgneb

abqi, }gntjg `} mndv en} {qnmtfd }gd abm dhhdf}v fèfgneb mndv% @} `v blvn dc{lnpdm bv b a`}}dq }ne`f, xdqc`htjd, bem bv b ftqd hnq fgqne f m`bqqgdb bem anzdl fnc{lbè}v 'Iqdvv,

1;2;)%

Fnccne Ebcdv

Dxdqp fnte}qp gbv b m`hhdqde} eb}`xd znqm }n }g`v }qdd% ]gd ebcdv nh }gd {lbe}v }gb}

`v fnccnelp tvdm ap {dn{ld bqntem }gd znqlm bqd Albfianbqm }qdd, Mdx`l }qdd, M`}b Abqi,

C`liznnm#{èd, Zg`}d Fgddvdznnm, bem [tlb` 'BQV Vpv}dcb}`f An}be`v}v, 2007)%

Epv}b}è ' Cpfnv}b}è Q)

Epv}b}è 'Cpfnv}b}è Q) `v be be}à`n}`f }gb} `v dhhdf}`xd bjbèv}Fbem`mb v{{%bem

Bv{dqj`lltv v{{% , Qg`zn{tv bem Ctfnq htejbl èhdf}`nev% @} `v {bld pdllnz bem vnltald è

zb}dq% Epv}b}è 'Cpfnv}b}è Q) `v be be}`htejbl be}à`n}`f }gb} fbcd hqnc V}qd{}ncpfdv

entqdv` ']tvidjdd Te`xdqv`}p, 1;2;)%

24


16/56

B {nlpded be}`htejbl mqtj }n zg`fg cbep cnlmv bem pdbv} èhdf}`nev bqd

vdev`}`xd, èfltmèj Fbem`mb v{{% Mtd }n `}v}nw`f`}p {qnh`ld, }gdqd bqd ftqqde}lp en

èodf}bald hnqctlb}`nev nh }g`v mqtj ne }gd cbqid} 'Gbge, 1;;7)%

Cdfgbe`vc nh Epv}b}è

Epv}b}è 'Cpfnv}b}`fQ), lìd bc{gn}dq`fè A bem eb}bcpfè , aèmv }ndqjnv}dqnl, b

cbonq fnc{nede} nh }gd htejbl fdll cdcaqbed % Zgde {qdvde} è vthh`f`de} fnefde}qb}`nev,

`} hnqcv {nqdv è }gd cdcaqbed }gb} ldbm }n I ldbibjd bem mdb}g nh }gd htejtv%

Dqjnv}dqnl `v hb`qlp te`rtd }n htej`, vn }gd mqtj mndv en} gbxd vtfg fb}bv}qn{g`f dhhdf}v ne

be`cblv 'Dv{èdl, 1;;6)%

Qdlb}dm V}tm`dv

]g`v {bq} {qdvde}v vncd nh vdxdqbl v}tm`dv bant} }gd abqiv dwgà`}èj be be}`htejbl

bf}`x`}p bjbèv} vdldf}dm pdbv} bem h`lbcde}ntv htej`% Blvn, qdvtl}v nh [gp}nfgdc fbl

beblpv`v vgnzèj vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv gbxèj be}`htejbl {qn{dq}`dv% B v}tmp zbv fbqq`dm nt} z`}g be naodf}`xd }n èxdv}`jb}d }gd be}`htejbl {n}de}`bl

nh Abqi nh Ancabw cblbabq`ftc% ]gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd dw#}qbf}v zbv dxbltb}dm

ne }zn fnccne {b}gnjde`f htej` Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev % ]gd }dv}èj

zbv mned ap }gd bjbq m`hhtv`ne cd}gnm% _nedv nh ègà`}`ne nh dw}qbf}v zdqd fnc{bqdm

z`}g }gb} nh v}bembqm Id}nfneb nld hnq be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p% ]gd dw}qbf}v vgnzdm be}`#

htejbl bf}`x`}`dv fnc{bqbald z`}g }gb} nh v}bembqm bjbèv} }gd nqjbe`vcv }dv}dm% ]gd

qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} }gd [d}qnldtc d}gdq bem fglnqnhnqc dw}qbf}v vgnzdm en bf}`x`}p zg`ld

}gd blfngnl`f dw}qbf} vgnzdm cnqd bf}`x`}p }gbe }gd bfd}ned bem brtdntv dw}qbf}v 'J`qòb

d} bl, 1;2;)%

28
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene_antimycotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natamycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene_antimycotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natamycinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium


17/56

]gd be}`htejbl {qn{dq}`dv nh brtdntv bem d}gbenl dw}qbf}v nh Hte}tc`b dlbv}`fb

bemCblln}tv n{{nv`}`hnl`tv zdqd fbqq`dm nt} tvèj }gd m`vf m`hhtv`ne bjbq bvvbp% ]gd

fqtmd dw}qbf}v dwgà`}dm mdhè`}d v`je`h`fbe} be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p ne cnv} nh }gd htej`%

[qdl`cèbqp {gp}nfgdc`fbl v}tm`dv nh H% dlbv}`fbbemC% n{{nv`}`hnl`tvdw}qbf}v

qdxdbldm }gb} }gdp fne}bè hlbxnen`mv bem }beeèv 'Bmditeld, 1;;8)%

V}tm`dv vgnzdm be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh H`ftv vpfncnqtv Gdwbed, [d}qnldtc D}gdq

bem Fglnqnhnqc abqi dw}qbf} bjbèv} C`fqnv{nqtc jp{vdtc , Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq ,

Bv{dqj`lltv hlbxtv bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev % Hqbf}`nev nh }gd dw}qbf} qdxdbldm {qdvdefd nh

fnemdevdm }beeèv, V}dqn`mv bem Vb{neè 'Gbvvbe, 1;;:)%@exdv}`jb}`ne nh }gd [gp}nfgdc`fbl fnev}`}tde}v bem }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd

v}dc abqi dw}qbf}v Ld{}bmde`b lbef`hnl`b zdqd fbqq`dm nt} tvèj xbq`ntv vnlxde}v 'zb}dq,

bfd}ned bem cd}gbenl)% [gp}nfgdc`fbl beblpv`v vgnzdm }gd {qdvdefd nh }beeèv% ]gd

dw}qbf}v zdqd dhhdf}`xd bjbèv} Bv{dqj`lltv hlbxtv , Bv{dqj`lltv htcjb}tv , Fqp{}nfnfftv

ednhnqcbev bemFbem`mb bla`fbev 'Mntjgbq` d}% bl%,1;;7)%

[gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqdde ej qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} }gd m`hhdqde} vnlxde} dw}qbf}v

vgnzdm }gd {qdvdefd nh blibln`mv, {gdenl`fv, vb{neèv bem }beeèv è Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v%

V}tm`dv gbxd vgnze }gb} }beeèv }gb} bqd {qdvde} è }gd abqi vgnzdm be}`htejbl

bf}`x`}p bjbèv} b z`md xbq`d}p nh htej` 'Cbgctm d} bl%, 1;;0)%

2:


18/56

Vtccbqp nh Qdx`dz nh Qdlb}dm L`}dqb}tqd

Htej` bqd ned nh }gd cnv} `c{nq}be} nqjbe`vcv è }dqcv nh }gd`q dfnlnj`fbl bem

dfnenc`f qnldv% Gnzdxdq, `} fbe blvn fbtvd b etcadq nh m`vdbvdv è gtcbev bhhdf}èj

nqjbev nh }gd anmp, mbcbjèj `} bem dembejdqèj }gd l`hd nh b {dqvne%

Ne }gd n}gdq gbem, bl}dqeb}`xd cdm`fèd `v bep gdblèj {qbf}`fd }gb} mndv en} hbll

z`}gè }gd qdblc nh fnexde}`nebl cdm`fèd% ]gdqdhnqd {qbf}`fdv mned temdq }g`v h`dlm

eddmv }n ad fneh`qcdm ap vf`defd }n {qnxd bem dw{lbè }gd qdbvnev adgèm }gd dhhdf} nh }gd

{lbe} tvdm bv }qdb}cde}%

Vèfd htejbl èhdf}`nev bqd {qdvde}, vf`de}`v} }demv }n beblp d cnqd {lbe}v ènqmdq }n md}df} `h `} gbv b htej`f`mbl dhhdf} bjbèv} {b}gnjde`f htej`% Vt{{nq}èj }gd`q v}tmp

qdjbqmèj }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p bem {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj, vf`de}`v}v }dem }n fgnnvd

}gd abqi adfbtvd nh }gd v}tm`dv vgnzèj }gb} cnv} nh }gd vdfnembqp cd}banl`}dv bqd v}nqdm

è }gd abqi nh }qddv%

A`}b `v b }qdd z`}g b h`qcdm }qtei bem b fn{`ntv lde}`fdllb}d aqbfgld}v% @} fbe jqnz

t{ }n 7; hdd} g`jg% ]gd abqi `v nmnqldvv bem a`}}dq adfbtvd nh `}v {n}de}`bl }qdb}cde},

gdqabl`v} tvd `} bv }qdb}cde} bjbèv} m`bqqgdb, mpvde}dqp, gdbmbfgd, èhltde b, aqnefg`}`v,

èhdf}`ne bem cblbq`b%

27


19/56

Fgb{}dq @@@

Cb}dq`blv bem Cd}gnmv

Qdvdbqfg mdv`je

]g`v v}tmp tvdm be dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg cd}gnm, v{df`h`fbllp }gd Fnc{ld}dlp

Qbemnc` dm Mdv`je 'FQM)% ]g`v dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg cd}gnm hnllnzdm }gd v}bembqm

{qn}nfnlv bem zbv fnemtf}dm temdq v}q`f} lbanqb}nqp fnem`}`nev% ]gd qdvdbqfgdqv tvdm b

v}bembqm {qn}nfnl hnq pdbv} bem h`lbcde}ntv htej`%

Epv}b}è zbv tvdm bv {nv`}`xd fne}qnl% ]gd be}`htejbl bvvbp zbv {dqhnqcdm tvèj[b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne%

Mb}b Jb}gdqèj [qnfdmtqd

]g`v vdf}`ne èfltmdv }gd cd}gnmv hnq }gd dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg v}tmp% ]gd

v}bembqm {qn}nfnl zbv }bide hqnc B Jt`mdanni hnq [lbe} Vfqddeèj ap TV]#QFEV,

1;;=% ]gd dw{dq`cde}bl qdvdbqfg v}tmp fnxdqdm?

[lbe} Cb}dq`bl

Fnlldf}`ne bem Xdq`h`fb}`ne

]gd {lbe} cb}dq`bl zbv jb}gdqdm b} Abqbejbp Vbe C`jtdl, Vbe C`jtdl @ln`ln% ]gd

{lbe} zbv {qdvvdm tvèj b v}bembqm {qdvv bv mdvfqàdm ap }gd Te`xdqv`}p nh Vbe}n ]ncbv#

Qdvdbqfg Fde}dq hnq }gd Eb}tqbl Vf`defd '1;;=)% ]gd {qdvvdm {lbe} zbv ldh} è }gd vgbmd

hnq }zn zddiv bem {qdvde}dm bv gdqabq`tc v{df`cde hnq `mde}`h`fb}`ne ap be dw{dq} hqnc

}gd Te`xdqv`}p nh }gd [g`l`{{èdv è }gd X`vbpbv, C`bjbn @ln`ln%

20


20/56

]dv} Nqjbe`vc @mde}`h`fb}`ne

]gd }dv} nqjbe`vcv, zg`fg bqd B% e`jdq bem F% bla`fbev, zdqd xdq`h`dm ap b

cpfnlnj`v} hqnc }gd Te`xdqv`}p nh }gd [g`l`{{èdv è }gd X`vbpbv, C`bjbn, @ln`ln%

[lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne

Ned gtemqdm jqbcv nh jqntem hqdvg {lbe} cb}dq`bl zbv {lbfdm è be Dqldecdpdq

hlbvi bem }qdb}dm z`}g vthh`f`de} 04$ d}gpl blfngnl }n fnc{ld}dlp vtacdqjd }gd cb}dq`bl%

]gd xnltcd nh }gd blfngnl tvdm zbv en}dm% ]gd hlbvi zbv v}n{{dqdm bem }gd cb}dq`bl zbv

id{} vnbidm hnq =7 gntqv% ]gd c`w}tqd zbv h`l}dqdm z`}g }gd tvd nh b jlbvv hteedl% [lbe}qdv`mtd zbv m`vfbqmdm% ]gd h l}qb}d zbv }gde fnefde}qb}dm temdq xbftn 'Qn}bqp

dxb{nqb}nq) b} }dc{dqb}tqdv adlnz 4; n F% 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%

[gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqddeèj

]dv} hnq {qdvdefd nh Hlbxnen`mv

Ab}dv#Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh cd}gnm? ]dv} hnq Ldtfnbe}gnfpbeèv ' TV]# QFEV, 1;;=)

]gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl h`l}qb}d zbv }qdb}dm z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh 21C gpmqnfglnq`f

bf`m bem navdqxdm hnq bep fnlnq fgbejd% ]gd }qdb}dm h`l}qb}d zbv zbqcdm tvèj b zb}dq

ab}g% Htq}gdq fnlnq fgbejd zbv navdqxdm z`}gè be gntq%

Hnq {nv`}`xd qdvtl}, b v}qnej qdm nq x`nld} fnlnq èm`fb}dm }gd {qdvdefd nh

ldtfnbe}gnfpbe`mèv%

Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`mè }dv}? ]dv} hnq #adezn{pqned etfldtv ' TV]# QFEV, 1;;=)

1;


21/56

]gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl h`l}qb}d zbv }qdb}dm z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh 21C gpmqnfglnq`f

bf`m% ]gqdd cbjedv`tc }tqeèjv zdqd bmmdm% Bep fnlnq fgbejd zbv navdqxdm z`}gè 2;

cèv% ]gd c`w}tqd zbv gdb}dm z`}g }gd b`m nh b zb}dq ab}g%

Hnq {nv`}`xd qdvtl}v, fnlnqv qbejèj hqnc nqbejd }n qdm, }n fq`cvne }n cbjde}b, bem

nffbv`nebllp }n jqdde nq altd zdqd navdqxdm%

]dv} hnq }gd [qdvdefd nh ]beeèv

Hdqq`f Fglnq`md ]dv} 'TV]# QFEV, 1;;=)

Ned cl nh }gd blfngnl`f h`l}qb}d zbv }qdb}dm z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh 4 $ hdqq`f fglnq`md

qdbjde}%

]gd b{{dbqbefd nh jqdde }n albfi {qdf`{`}b}d èm`fb}dv }gd {qdvdefd nh }beeèv%

Be}à`n}`f [qd{bqb}`ne

B {qd{bqdm Epv}b}è }bald} zbv tvdm è }gd v}tmp, }gde }gd nt}dq vgdll zbv

qdcnxdm, bem èedq {nq}`ne zbv {nzmdq` dm z`}g }gd tvdm nh cnq}bq bem {dv}ld% 4;; cj

nh {nzmdq` dm Epv}b}è zbv c`wdm z`}g 4 cl v}dq`ld m`v}`lldm zb}dq bem zbv {ntqdm }n b

v}dq`ld bcadq an}}ld bem qdhq`jdqb}dm% ]gd fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd be}à`n}`f tvdm zbv

2;;cj.cl%

12


22/56

Be}`htejbl bvvbp

B% [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne

[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd @enftltc

Pdbv}

B lnn{htl nh nqjbe`vc hqnc ftl}tqd vlbe}v nh Fbem`mb bla`fbev zbv ènftlb}dm è

4 cl nh Vbantqbtm jltfnvd aqn}g cdm`tc hnllnzdm ap èftab}`ne hnq 27 gntqv b} qnnc

}dc{dqb}tqd% Bh}dq èftab}`ne, bmotv}cde} nh pdbv} fdll vtv{dev`ne `v hnllnzdm tvèj ;%4

CfHbqlbem v}bembqm% ]g`v vdqxdv bv }gd enftltc hnq vzbaaèj 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%

H`lbcde}ntv htej`

B fnlnep nh Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq zbv ènftlb}dm }n [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd Bjbq {lb}d% ]gd

{lb}d zbv èftab}dm b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd, bllnzèj `} }n jqnz zdll% Nefd }gd fne`m`b gbxd

ltwtq`be}lp mdxdln{dm, vfqb{{èj nhh nh h`xd lnn{htlv nh fne`m`b zbv mned% ]gde }gd

fne`m`b zdqd `ccdqvdm è b 4cl v}dq`ld `vn}ne`f vblèd#]zdde 7; vnlt}`ne fne}bèdm è b

vfqdz fb{{dm }tad% ]gd fb{ zbv qd{lbfdm bem }gd fne}de}v zdqd vgbide hnq 2 cèt}d%

Bh}dq vgbièj, }gd fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd v{nqd vtv{dev`ne zbv fnc{bqdm }n ;%4 CfHbqlbem

v}bembqm, bmotv}cde}v zbv mned è nqmdq }n bfg`dxd be `mde}`fbl }tqa`m`}p nh ;%4cl nh }gd

v{nqd vtv{dev`ne% ]g`v vdqxdv bv }gd ènftltc hnq vzbaaèj 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%

[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd bvvbp {lb}dv

]zde}p cl nh cdl}dm [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd Bjbq zbv {ntqdm è b mqp bem v}dq`ld {d}q`

m`vg hnllnzdm ap vnl`m`h`fb}`ne nh }gd bjbq% ]gd vtqhbfd nh }gd bjbq zbv v}qdbidm }gqdd

}`cdv, qn}b}èj }gd {lb}d b{{qnw`cb}dlp 8; mdjqddv bh}dq dbfg b{{l`fb}`ne }n devtqd be

11


23/56

dxde m`v}qàt}`ne nh }gd ènftltc, z`}g }gd tvd nh b v}dq`ld fn}}ne vzba m`{{dm è }gd }dv}

nqjbe`vc vtv{dev`ne% ]gd {lb}d zbv bllnzdm }n v}bem hnq h`xd cèt}dv 'TV]#QFEV,

1;;=)%

[lbfèj nh {b{dq M`vf

Hnllnzèj }gd bvd{}`f }dfge`rtdv, }gd v}dq`ld hnqfd{v zbv tvdm }n {`fi bem lbp ne

}gd bjbq vtqhbfd }gd {b{dq m`vf }gb} gbv adde `ccdqvdm è {lbe} dw}qbf}v, Epv}b}è

'{nv`}`xd fne}qnl) bem m`v}`lldm zb}dq 'edjb}`xd fne}qnl) 'TV]#QFEV, 1;;=)%

Qdbmèj }gd Bvvbp [lb}dv bem Mnftcde}èj }gd Qdvtl}

B gbln nq fldbqèj, fblldm ned nh ègà`}`ne zbv navdqxdm bqntem dbfg m`vf% ]g`v

ned zbv cdbvtqdm, è c`ll`cd}qdv, tvèj }gd qtldq% ]gd qdvtl}v zbv dw{qdvvdm bv

èbf}`xd, {bq}`bllp bf}`xd, bf}`xd, bem xdqp bf}`xd zgde }gd cdbe ned nh

ègà`}`ne }gb} zbv navdqxdm `v


24/56

D}g`fbl Fnev`mdqb}`ne

Bll }gd tvdm bjbq bem aqn}g ftl}tqdv zdqd m`v{nvdm è }gd }n ad bt}nflbxdm aè%

]gde ftl}tqdv zdqd mdfne}bcèb}dm `ccdm`b}dlp ap bt}nflbxèj adhnqd fldbeèj }gd

jlbvvzbqd bem m`v{nvèj `ccdm`b}dlp }gd v{de} bjbq bem aqn}g cdm`b 'TV]#QFEV,

1;;=)% Bll }gd b{{bqb}tv tvdm, zdqd bt}nflbxdm }n bvvtqd }gb} bll c`fqnnqjbe`vcv bqd

i`lldm% ]gd ftl}tqd zbv gbemldm z`}g fbt}`ne% Zdbqèj nh }gd {dqvnebl {qn}df}`xd

'fln}gèj) nq jdbq zbv `c{nvdm mtqèj }gd dw{dq`cde} {qn{dq }n bxn`m èhdf}`ne%

Mb}b Beblpv`v [qnfdmtqd

Cdbe

Cdbe ned nh ègà`}`ne zbv fnc{t}dm hnq dbfg }qdb}cde} abvdm ne }gd xbltdv hnq

}gd }gqdd }q`blv%

Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd 'Ned#Zbp BENXB) hnq FQM

]g`v zbv tvdm }n md}dqcèd `h }gdqd `v b v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd è }gd be}`htejbl

bf}`x`}p nh A`}b abqi fnc{bqdm }n Epv}b}è bem zbv xbl`mb}dm ap }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl%

Ldbv} V`je`h`fbe} M`hhdqdefd

]gd ldbv} v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd 'LVM) zbv tvdm }n md}dqcèd }gd v`je`h`fbe}

m`hhdqdefd ad}zdde }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} bjbèv} }gd {nv`}`xd bem

edjb}`xd fne}qnl%

1=


25/56

Fgb{}dq @X

Qdvtl}v bem M`vftvv`ne

[gp}nfgdc`fblv [qdvde} è }gd [lbe} Dw}qbf}v nh A`}b Abqi

[gp}nfgdc fbl vfqddeèj zbv fnemtf}dm }n md}dqcèd }gd {qdvdefd nh vdfnembqp

cd}banl`}dv gbxèj htej`f`mbl fnc{nede}% V{df`h`fbllp, }gd {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj zbv

è}demdm }n md}df} }gd {qdvdefd nh hlbxnen`mv bem }beeèv% ]g`v zbv mned tvèj v}bembqm

{qnfdmtqdv%

[gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj nh }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} vgnzdm {qdvdefd nh }beeèv bembavdefd nh hlbxnen`mv è }gd {lbe} dw}qbf}v%

]g`v `c{l`dv }gb} A`}b, zg fg `v {nv`}`xd hnq }beeèv, gbv }gd {n}de}`bl bv b

htej`f`md adfbtvd `} fne}bèv }gd }beeè hntem bcnej {lbe}v }gb} dwg a`} be}`htejbl

bf}`x`}p%

H`jtqd 2% Qdvtl}v nh Hlbxnen`m Vfqddeèj 'B) Ab}d#Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh Cd}gnm bem 'A)

Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`mè }dv} Vèfd hlbxnen`mv bqd bavde} è A`}b abqi dw}qbf} }g`v èm`fb}dv }gb} }gd {lbe}

dw}qbf}v cbp en} ad tvdhtl hnq }gdqb{dt}`f bf}`nev%

14

B A


26/56

H`jtqd 1% Qdvtl} nh ]beeè Vfqddeèj 'Hdqq`f Fglnq`md ]dv})

Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh }gd [lbe} Dw}qbf}

% ]gd qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} gbxd be be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p,

v{df`h`fbllp ne Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq at} en} ne Fbem`mb bla`fbev%]gd fne}qnl jqnt{v è }g`v

v}tmp zdqd Epv}b}è '{nv`}`xd fne}qnl) bem m`v}`lldm zb}dq 'edjb}`xd fne}qnl)%

]bald 2 Dhhdf} nh A`}b Abqi D}gbenl`f Dw}qbf} }n ]dv} Nqjbe`vcv Abvdm ne }gd Cdbe _nednh @egà`}`ne

]dv} Nqjbe`vc Cdbe _ned nh @egà`}`ne 'cc) Epv}b}è ' ) M`v}`lldm zb}dq '#) A`}b

Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq

Fbem`mb bla`fbev

16%0

18%0

;

;

26%;

4%2

]bald 2 vgnzv b g`jg vdev`}`x`}p nh Fbem`mb bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq }n

Epv}b}è zg`fg `v }gd {nv`}`xd ' ) fne}qnl tvdm e }g`v v}tmp% Ne }gd n}gdq gbem A`}b abqi

18


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dw}qbf} zbv {bq} bllp qdbf}`xd bjbèv} Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq at} èbf}`xd hnq Fbem`mb

bla`fbev%

H`jtqd = Qdvtl}v nh Be}`htejbl Vfqddeèj 'D}gbenl`f dw}qbf} ne Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq)

]bald 1% Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd hnq B% e`jdq _ned nh @egà`}`ne z`}g A`}b Abqi Dw}qbf}bem Fne}qnl ]qdb}cde}v

/v`je`h`fbe} b} {


28/56

'@) ]qdb}cde}

'O) Fne}qnlvCdbe

M`hhdqdefd '@#O) V}m% Dqqnq V`j%

A`}b [nv`}`xd #2;%7888:/ 2%;40:; %;;;

Edjb}`xd 26%;;;;; / 2%;40:; %;;;/v`je`h`fbe} b} }gd ;%;4 ldxdl

Beblpv`v nh xbq`befd hnq FQM vgnzdm v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefdv è }gd be}`htejbl

bf}`x`}p nh m`hhdqde} }qdb}cde}v bjbèv} Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq ']bald 1)% ]gd H xbltd zbv

14=%107 b} %;;; ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd% Fnc{bq`vne nh }gd ned nh ègà`}`ne nh B% e`jdq

ad}zdde A`}b abqi d}gbenl f dw}qbf} bem Epv}b}è ' fne}qnl) vgnzdm v`je`h`fbe}lp z`mdq

ned nh ègà`}`ne hnq }gd fne}qnl fnc{bqdm z`}g A`}b abqi dw}qbf}% Ne }gd n}gdq gbem,

}gd ned nh ègà`}`ne nh B% e`jdq zbv v`je`h`fbe}lp z`mdq hnq A`}b d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}

fnc{bqdm z`}g }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl% ]gdqdhnqd, A`}b fbe ad tvdm bv }qdb}cde} bjbèv}

m`vdbvdv fbtvd ap B% e`jdq #è }gd bavdefd nh Epv}b}è # fnc{bqdm }n en }qdb}cde} b} bll%

]gd mb}b `v j`xde è ]bald 6%

H`jtqd =% Qdvtl}v nh Be}`htejbl Vfqddeèj 'D}gbenl`f dw}qbf} ne Fbem`mb bla`fbev)

]bald =% Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd hnq Fbem`mb bla`fbev _ned nh @egà`}`ne z`}g A`}b Abqi Dw}qbf} bem Fne}qnl ]qdb}cde}v

17


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Vntqfd nh Xbq`befd

Vtc nh Vrtbqdv Mh Cdbe Vrtbqd H V`j%

Ad}zdde jqnt{v 211=%78; 1 821%=6; 21:%2=7 %;;;Z`}gè jqnt{v 17%0;; 8 =%72:]n}bl 2146%:8; 7/v`je`h`fbe} b} ;%;4 ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd

]bald = `v }gd qdvtl} nh }gd beblpv`v nh xbq`befd ne }gd ned nh ègà`}`ne nh

Fbem`mb bla`fbev }qdb}dm z`}g A`}b abqi d}gbenl f dw}qbf}% ]gdqd zdqd v`je`h`fbe}

m`hhdqdefdv è }gd ned nh ègà`}`ne nh F% bla`fbev zgde jqnze è Epv}b}è ' fne}qnl)

fne}b eèj cdm`tc, A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}, bem m`v}`lldm zb}dq '# fne}qnl)% ]gd H

xbltd zbv 21:%2=7 b} %;;; ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd %

]bald 4% LVM Fnc{bq`vne nh _ned nh @egà`} ne hnq Fbem`mb bla fbev

'@) ]qdb}cde} 'O) Fne}qnlv

Cdbe

M`hhdqdefd '@#O) V}m% Dqqnq V`j%A`}b [nv`}`xd #12%7;;;; / 2%:0208 %;;;

Edjb}`xd 4%2;;;; / 2%:0208 %;10/v`je`h`fbe} b} ;%;4 ldxdl nh v`je`h`fbefd

]gd fnc{bq`vne nh ned nh ègà`}`ne nh F% bla`fbev tvèj }gd LVM `v j`xde è

]bald 4% ]gd qdvtl}v vgnzdm }gb} ned nh ègà`}`ne zbv v`je`h fbe}lp z`mdq zgde

Epv}b}è zbv tvdm fnc{bqdm z`}g A`}b abqi d}gbenl f dw}qbf}% Htq}gdqcnqd, ned nh

ègà`}`ne nh F% bla`fbev }qdb}dm z`}g A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf} zbv v`je`h`fbe}lp a`jjdq

nxdq }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl%

]gd qdvtl}v {qdvde}dm èm`fb}d }gb} Epv}b}è `v }gd adv} }qdb}cde} hnq an}g

Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bem Fbem`mb bla`fbev % @e }gd bavdefd nh Epv}b}è, a`}b abqi d}gbenl f

10


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dw}qbf} fntlm vdqxd }gd {tq{nvd {bq}`ftlbqlp hnq }qdb}èj èhdf}`nev fbtvdm ap Bv{dqj`lltv

e`jdq %

]gd qdvtl} nh }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd abqi dw}qbf} vgnzdm be dhhdf} ne }gd

nqjbe`vcv }dv}dm% ]g`v `v mtd }n }gd {qdvdefd nh }beeèv }gb} bqd hntem è }gd abqi% Blvn, `}

gbv adde mdcnev}qb}dm }gb} }beeèv gbxd b {nzdqhtl be}`#htejbl bem bv}qèjde} bf}`ne è b

ctl}`}tmd nh flè`fbl v}tm`dv '_bgntqi, 1;;:)% V}tm`dv gbxd vgnze }gb} }beeèv }gb} bqd

{qdvde} è }gd abqi vgnzdm be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p bjbèv} b z`md xbq`d}p nh htej` 'Cbgctm d}

bl%, 1;;0)%

Fgb{}dq X

Vtccbqp, Fnefltv`nev bem Qdfnccdemb}`nev

6;


31/56

Vtccbqp

]g`v v}tmp zbv mned }n md}dqcèd }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh a`}b abqi dw}qbf}

bjbèv} Fbem`mb bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq ap fnemtf}èj b {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj

bem be}`htejbl bvvbp% V}bembqm {qnfdmtqdv hnq {gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj zdqd tvdm }n

vfqdde hnq }gd {qdvdefd nh vdfnembqp cd}banl }dv hlbxnen`mv bem }beeèv% ]gd v{df`h`f

{qnfdmtqdv tvdm zdqd }gd Ab}d Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh Cd}gnm bem Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`mèj }dv}

hnq }gd {qdvdefd nh hlbxnen`mv% Hdqq`f fglnq`md }dv} zbv tvdm }n md}dqcèd }gd {qdvdefd nh

}beeèv%

Be}`htejbl bvvbp zbv fnemtf}dm }n md}dqcèd }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f dw}qbf}% H lbcde}ntv htej` ' Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq) bem pdbv} 'Fbem`mb

bla`fbev ) zdqd tvdm bv }dv} nqjbe`vcv hnq }gd v}tmp% [b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`ne Cd}gnm zbv

tvdm hnq }gd be}`htejbl bvvbp% Epv}b}è zbv tvdm bv }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl hnq an}g B% e`jdq

bem F% bla`fbev zg ld m`v} lldm zb}dq zbv tvdm bv }gd edjb}`xd fne}qnl% ]gd cdbe,

beblpv`v nh xbq`befd hnq FQM, bem LVM zdqd }gd v}b}`v}`fbl }nnlv tvdm% ]gd hèmèjv

m`vflnvdm }gd bavdefd nh hlbxnen`mv ne A`}b abqi dw}qbf} zg`ld }beeèv zdqd {nv`}`xdlp

md}df}dm% B{{bqde}lp, }beeèv bqd qdv{nevàld hnq }gd htej`f`mbl {qn{dq}p nh }gd a`}b abqi

dw}qbf} bv èm`fb}dm è xbq`ntv l`}dqb}tdv% ]gd ned nh ègà }`ne nh an}gFbem`mb

bla`fbev bem Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq zbv v`je`h`fbe}lp vcblldq fnc{bqdm }n }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl

'Epv}b}è), èm`fb}èj }gb} Epv}b}è `v xdqp bf}`xd fnc{bqdm z`}g }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl`f

dw}qbf} zg`fg `v vl`jg}lp bf}`xd% An}g }gd Beblpv`v nh Xbq`befd è FQM bem }gd LVM

vgnzdm }gb} }gdqd `v b v`je`h`fbe} m`hhdqdefd ne }gd be}`htejbl bf}`x`}p nh }gd {lbe} dw}qbf}

fnc{bqdm }n }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl 'Epv}b}è)%]gdqdhnqd, }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} `v en} bv dhhdf}`xd

bv }gd {nv`}`xd fne}qnl è }dqcv nh }qdb}cde} nh htejbl èhdf}`nev%

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Fnefltv`nev

Hqnc }gd hèmèjv {qdvde}dm, }gd qdvdbqfgdqv fnefltmd }gb} A`}b abqi gbv be

be}`htejbl {qn{dq}p, abvdm ne }gd ned nh ègà`}`ne en}dm hnq Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq %

]gdqdhnqd, `} fbe ad b {n}de}`bl be}`htejbl bjde} è }qdb}èj m`vdbvdv fbtvdm ap Bv{dqj`lltv

e`jdq %

Qdfnccdemb}`nev

Abvdm ne }gd hèmèjv {qdvde}dm, }gd hnllnzèj bqd qdfnccdemdm?

2% Dv}bal vg }gd }beeè ldxdl è xbq`ntv {bq}v nh A`}b {lbe} }n `mde} hp }gd {lbe} {bq}v z`}g }gd g`jgdv} fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd vtav}befd b{{bqde}lp qdv{nevàld hnq }gd

htej`f`mbl {qn{dq}p%

1% @e bqdbv zgdqd vpe}gd} f mqtjv bqd en} bxb lbald }n }qdb} dw}dqebl cnlm

èhdf}`ne, fne}ètntv nq\ qd{db}dm bem hqdrtde} b{{l`fb}`ne nh A`}b abqi dw}qbf} fntlm

vdqxd }gd {tq{nvd%

6% N}gdq {b}gnjde`f h`lbcde}ntv htej` cbp ad }dv}dm bv }n }gd`q vdev`}`x`}p }n

dw}qbf}v hqnc xbq`ntv {bq}v nh A`}b {lbe}%

=% Dv}bal vg }gd Cè`ctc @egà`}nqp Fnefde}qb}`ne nh }gd A`}b abqi d}gbenl f

dw}qbf} bjbèv} }gd }dv} nqjbe`vcv tvdm%

4% N}gdq Be}`htejbl Bvvbp cbp ad tvdm lìd }gd Bjbq#Zdll#M`hhtv`ne Cd}gnm%

Qdhdqdefdv

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Bfgbqpb, Mdd{bi bem Bevgt, Vgq`xbv}bxb '1;;7)? @em`jdentv Gdqabl Cdm`fèdv? ]qàblHnqctlb}`nev bem ]qbm`}`nebl Gdqabl [qbf} fdv, Bbx`vgibq [tal vgdqvM`v}qàt}nq, Ob`{tq# @em`b%@VAE 0:772:02;141: % {{ ==;

Bmditeld,, Mq% BB '1;;8) % Zdv} @em`be Cdm`fbl Ontqebl% Be}`htejbl [qn{dq}p bem

[gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqdde ej nh }gd fqtmd dw}qbf}v nh Hte}tc`b dlbv}`fb bemCblln}tv n{{nv`}`hnl`tv % Xnltcd 44 En% = % @VVE ;;=6#62=% qd}q`xdm ne Oted10, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?.. Fbqàadbe% Vf`dln%nqj.vf`dln%{g{%

Bemdqne, Obcdv '1;;4)% Eb}tqd Qdx`dzv C`fqna`nlnjp 6,4=:#448% Dxnlt}`ne nh Be}`htejbl Mqtj Qdv`v}befd bem Cdfgbe`vc bem [b}gnjde H`}edvv%Qd}q`dxdm Btjtv} :,1;2;

Blxbqd , Bqenlm B% '1;2;)% Bant} [g l`{{èd Gdqabl Cdm`fèd% [g l`{{èd GdqablCdm`fèd% Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 27, 1;2; hqnc

g}}{?..zzz%{g`l`{{èdgdqablcdm`fèd%nqj.

BQV Vpv}dcb}`f An}be`v}v % '2007) % ]bwne? Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v 'L%) Q% Aq% % JQ@E}bwnencp hnq {lbe}v %Te`}dm V}b}dv Md{bq}cde} nh Bjq`ftl}tqd ,Bjq`ftl}tqd Qdvdbqfg Vdqx`fd, Adl}vx`lld Bqdb % Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 11, 1;2;hqnc g}}{?..zzz%bqv#jqè%jnx.fj`#aè.e{jv.g}cl.}bwne%{l>1877%

A`llèj, Odee`hdq bem Vgdqcbe , [btl Z% '2007)% Be}`c`fqna`bl Htef}`nev nh V{`fdv? ZgpVncd Lìd `} Gn}% Fg`fbjn Ontqeblv # ]gd Rtbq}dqlp Qdx`dz nh A`nlnjp%Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%ontqeblv%tfg`fbjn%dmt.mn`.bav.2;%2;78.=1;;47%

Aqb}cbe, CM, V}dxde '200:)% ]gd Bl}dqeb}`xd Cdm`fèd Vntqfdanni % Lnzdll Gntvd% {% :%@VAE2484848182

Aqnze, Q% bem L eebdtv, Cbe}% ' 1;2;)% Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v % Hlnqb nh Fgèb % Qd}q`xdmB{q`l 11, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%dhlnqbv%nqj.hlnqb}bwne%bv{w

Mdhdevnq, C`q`bc V% '1;;7)%Beetbl Cbqid}èj Dw{devdv Qd{nq} hnq Mqtj Cbethbf}tqdqvBf} nh 1;;7%[g`ll {èdv Fnev}`}t}`ne% Qd}q`dxdm Btjtv} 7, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%vdeb}d%jnx%{g%

Md Ltffb @@, B%O%, Fldxdlbem, ]%D%, Zdmjd, M%D%'1;;4)% [lbe}#Mdq`xdm Be} htejblFnc{ntemv bem Ftqqde}lp Dc{lnpdm C`fqna`bl#Abvdm Bjq`ftl}tqblHtej`f`mdv % Fbebm`be Ontqebl nh C`fqna`nlnjp%Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2=, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%bqv%tvmb%jnx.qdvdbqfg.{tal`fb}`nev.{tal`fb}`nev%g}cl

Mntjgbq`,OG d}% bl%,'1;;7)% @e}dqeb}`nebl Ontqebl nh @e}djqb}`xd A`nlnjp% @e X`}qnBe}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh V}dc Abqi Dw}qbf}v nh Ld{}bmde`b lbef`hnl`b%@VVE20:1#7676 {j% 222 #22:%

66
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179102527http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565656261http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179102527http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565656261http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx


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Dll v, Mbx`m %'1;2;)% Vfgnnl nh Cnldftlbq bem A`ncdm`fbl Vf`defd% Te`xdqv`}p nh Bmdlb`md% Btv}qbl`b 4;;4% Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14, 1;2; hqnc

g}}{?..zzz%cpfnlnjp%bmdlb`md%dmt%bt.Htejbl^Mdvfq`{}`nev.Gp{gncpfd}dv^ $17gpblèd$10.Bv{dqj`lltv.e`jdq%g}cl

Dv{èdl#@ejqnhh, Beb%' 1;;6)%Cdm`fbl cpfnlnjp è }gd Te`}dm V}b}dv? b g`v}nq`fbl beblpv`v '270=#2008) % {% 81%

Hdl}dq, Gbqxdp Z`fidv C%M%, bem Onge Tq` Llnpm Onge Tq`, [gq% C%, [g% M% '1;2;) %Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v%M }b Abqi% Qd}q`xdm ? B{q`l 11, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%gdeq`d}}dvgdqabl%fnc.dfldf}`f.ièjv.blv}ne`b#vfgn%g}cl

H`l`{èn Gdqav Gdblèj Znemdqv% '1;;0) % [QDCEB NMNQB]B Albefn 'BLBJBT) %Qd}q`xdm ? B{q`l 11, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%jnnjld%fnc%{g.&gl3}l(r3{qdceb nmnqb}b albefn(cd}b3(br32(br`3j4(brl3(nr3[qdceb(jv^qhb`3(h{38=bmhhfm1=2=f4df%

Hlbemdqv, Cbtqdde %'1;;6)% ]gd @e}dqeb}`nebl Hnl bjd bem Jbqmde Vnf`d}p, @ef%24Vzddedp V}%

Enq}g Atembadqj Rtddevlbem =8:; %Btb}qbl`b%Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 1=, 1;2; hqncg}}{9zzz%fnqmplèdKmnmn%fnc%bt

J`qòb d} bl%'1;2;)% Dxbltb}`ne nh be}`c`fqna`bl bf}`x`}p nh xbq`ntv abqi dw}qbf}v nh ancabw cblbabq`ftc% Md{bq}cde} nh [gbqcbfnjenvp, [DV Fnlldjd nh [gbqcbfp, Abejblnqd#48;;4;, Ibqeb}bib% Qd}q`dxdm Otlp 28,1;2; hqnczzz%òq{v%{gbqcbvfn{d%nqj%

Jq`dxd, C% ' 1;2;)% Blv}ne`b % B Cnmdqe Gdqabl % Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 11, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%an}be`fbl%fnc.an}be`fbl.cjcg.b.blv}n;17%g}cl%

Gbge, Ib}d% '1;;7)% Qwl`v} ]gd @e}dqed} Mqtj @emdw% Vbe Fldcde}d, Fbl`hnqe`b% Qd}q`dxdmB{q l 21, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%qwl v}%fnc.vfq`{}.cbè.bq}%bv{>bq}`fldidp38==8:

Gbvvbe,V%Z%d}% bl%'1;;:)% Ontqebl nh [lbe} Vf`defdv% Be}`htejbl Bf} x`}`dv bem[gp}nfgdc`fbl Beblpv`v nh Fnltce Fgqncb}njqb{g`f Hqbf}`nev nh V}dc Abqi Dw}qbf}v nh H`ftv vpfncnqtv L% % @VVE 2728#=042% {j% 1;0#124%

Gthhcbe CB '1;;6)% !Be`cbl vdlh#cdm fb}`ne bem d}gen#cdm`f ed? dw{lnqb}`ne bemdw{ln`}b}`ne nh }gd cdm`fèbl {qn{dq}`dv nh {lbe}v!% [qnf Et}q Vnf 81 '1)?6:2 72% mn`?2;%2;:0.[EV1;;614:% [C@M 2=4;877=

Igpbmd C% V% bem Xb inv E% [% ' 1;2;)% [gbqcbfnjenvp Ontqebl% Fnc{bqb}`xd[gp}nfgdc`fbl bem Be}àbf}dq`bl V}tm`dv ne }gd abqi nh Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`vbem Blv}ne`b cbfqn{gpllb% Xnltcd 1, En% 8% Qd}q`dxdm Btjtv} 21,1;2; hqncg}}{?..{gfnjo%fnc.

6=
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/Aspergillus/niger.htmlhttp://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/Aspergillus/niger.htmlhttp://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/Aspergillus/niger.htmlhttp://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/Aspergillus/niger.html


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Iqdvv, Gdeq`d}}d% '2004#1;2;)% Blv}ne`b, @%F%B% Blv}ne`b% Gdeq`d}}dv Gdqabl Gncd{bjd%Qd}q`dxdm B{q`l 16, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%gdeq`d}}dvgdqabl%fnc.dfldf}`f.a{f2022.blv}ne`b%g}cl %

Lbabp, [%C% '1;;6)% D}genan}be`fbl bem {gp}nfgdc`fbl v}tm`dv ne adedh`f`bl hlnqb nh

Cbqèmtrtd % [FFBQM Fnccnm`}`dv # MNV] % Qd}q`dxdm? B{q`l 11, 1;2;hqnc g}}{?..cb`mne%{fbqqm%m nv}%jnx%{g.onnclb.èmdw%{g{

Lb` [I 'Oted 1;;=)% !Be}`c`fqna`bl bem fgdcn{qdxde}`xd {qn{dq}`dv nh gdqav bemv{`fdv!%Ftqq Cdm Fgdc ? 2=42 8;% [C@M 2427;4::%

Lbe}èj Oq% , Cbw`cn X% bem [blbp{bpne, Fnefd{f`ne C% '1;;1) % Hnqdv} ]qdd V{df`dvz`}g Cdm`fèbl Tvdv % Qd}q`dxdm? hqnc g}}{?..dqma%mdeq%jnx%{g.{t

al`fb}`nev.mde q.mde q^x22%{mh

Lèfnle ]b` bem Dmtbqmn _d`jdq%'1;;8)% Teqbxdl ej }gd Htef}`ne nh Vdfnembqp

Cd}banl }dv% B Fnc{be`ne }n [lbe} [gpv`nlnjp%=}g

Dm`}`ne% Dvvbp 26%1 %Qd}q`xdm? B{q l 2=, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..=d%{lbe}{gpv%ed}.bq}`fld%{g{>fg326(`m3626

Cbm`jbe C bem Cbq}èin O % '1;;4)% Aqnfi A`nlnjp nh C`fqnnqjbe`vcv '22}g dm%)%[qde}`fd Gbll%@VAE;262==6102 %NFLF 4:;;272= % Qd}q`xdm?B{q`l 4, 1;2; %

Cbgctm d} bl%'1;;0)% BE]@HTEJBL BF]@X@]@DV NH X@]DW EDJTEMN L@EE% [bi% O% An} %, =2'=)? 20=2#20=6% Qd}q`dxdm Otlp 2= ,1;2;%

Cdm`fèdEd}%'1;;=)% Mdhè`}`ne nh Fnc{ldcde}bqp cdm`fèd% Qd}q`dxdm? B{q`l 2=, 1;2;

hqnc g}}{?..zzz%cdm}dqcv%fnc.vfq`{}.cbè.bq}%bv{>bq}`fldidp362;::

Cnemnhnf}n %'1;;0)%Cnemnhnf}n% Te`}dm Ièjmnc% Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14, 1;2; hqncg}}{9zzz%cnemnhnf%fnc

Cnqbld}b, Qnlbemn %'1;;6)% Qdx`dz nh C`fqna`nlnjp% Cbe lb [g`l {{èdv% {j28=%Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14,1;2;%

Cf@e}nvg, [g`ll`{% '1;2;)%Qd}qq`dxdm Cbqfg 14, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..cpfnlnjp%vt`}d2;2%fnc .bq}`fld%fhc.vbantqbtm^mdw}qnvd^bjbq

Ctqbe, [btlb %'1;2;)% [bqbv`}`f Pdbv} @ehdf}`ne% T%V% Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..gdblèj%bant}%fnc.nm.fbem`mb.b.fbem`mb^ctqbe%g}cl

Qb`, C%I,Mdd{bi Bfgbqpb bem [%Zbmdjbneibq% '1;;6)% [lbe} mdq`xdm#be} cpfn}`fv?[n}de}`bl nh Bv}dqbf`nv [lbe}, @e% [lbe} mdq`xdm#be}`cpfn}`fv?Ftqqde} ]qdemvbem Ht}tqd {qnv{df}v, Gbznq}g {qdvv, E#pnqi, Lnemne, Nwhnqm, {{%284#274%

64
http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Centerhttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57001814http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31077http://mycology.suite101.com/article.cfm/sabouraud_dextrose_agarhttp://healing.about.com/od/candida/a/candida_muran.htmhttp://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/bpc1911/alstonia.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Centerhttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57001814http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31077http://mycology.suite101.com/article.cfm/sabouraud_dextrose_agarhttp://healing.about.com/od/candida/a/candida_muran.htm


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Qb{gbdl, V}beldp V% '2076)% Lpefgv Cdm`fbl Lbanqb}nqp ]dfgenlnjp% Hntq}g Dm`}`ne%Z%A% Vbtemdqv Fnc{bep % {j%=66#=6=%

Qdmmp, Xèbp Q%, C%M%'1;2;)%Be}à`n}`fv, Abf}dq`b bem 'tvtbllp en}) X`qtvdv% Mq% Qdmmp*v [dm`b}q`f Nhh fd ne }gd Zda % Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqnc

g}}{?..zzz%mqqdmmp % fnc.be}àw%g}cl%

Qpbe IO, Qbp FJ '1;;=)% Vgdqq`v Cdm`fbl C`fqna`nlnjp '=}g dm%)% CfJqbz G`ll%@VAE;#7674#7410#0 % Qd}q`xdm ? B{q`l 4, 1;2;%

V{qèj, Cbemb%'1;;7)%Zgb} `v Bv{dqj lltv e`jdq >% Be nxdqx`dz nh Bv{dqj`lltve`jdq %Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%aq`jg}gta%fnc.gdbl}g.}dfgenlnjp.bq}`fldv.04=6%bv{w%

V}d{{, Onge Q% bem Cndqcbe ,Mbe`dl D%%'1;;2)%]gd `c{nq}befd nh zddmv èd}gen{gbqcbfnlnjp% Ontqebl nh D}gen{gbqcbfnlnjp % Qd}q`xdm? B{q l 2=,

1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%vf`defdm`qdf}%fnc.vf defd%mn`?2;%2;28.V;6:7#7:=2';;);;674#7

]b{vdll LF '1;;8)% !Gdbl}g adedh`}v nh gdqav bem v{`fdv? }gd {bv}, }gd {qdvde}, }gd ht}tqd!%Cdm O Btv} 2% [C@M 2:;11=67

]bqlnhh, Onbe A%, [gM% '1;;:)% Blldqj`dv }n Mqtjv% Bmxdqvd Mqtj Qdbf}`nev%]gd Cdqfi Cbetblv Nelèd Cdm fbl Làqbqp% Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 2:, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zzz%cdqfi%fnc.c cgd .vdf;1.fg;24.fg;24h%g}cl%

]tvidjdd Te`xdqv`}p% '1;2;)% Epv}b}è'Cpfqnv}b}`fQ)% Be}`htejbl mqtjv% Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l21, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..fnc{d{`m%}tvidjdd%dmt.vpllba`.a`ncdm`fbl.[gpv`nl njp.{gpv`nln jp641.fgb{}dq 21%g}cl

Te`xdqv`}p nh Vbe}n ]gncbv#Qdvdbqfg Fde}dq hnq }gd Eb}tqbl Vf`defdv 'TV]#QFEV)%'1;;=)% Jt`mdanni }n [lbe} Vfqdde ej? [gp}nfgdc`fbl bem A`nlnj fbl%Te`xdqv`}p nh Vbe}n ]gncbv% Dv{bb% Cbe`lb% [g`l`{{èdv

Zbjnedq, Ade bem V{ddq Aqbè% '1;;8)% Te`xdqv`}qp nh Fbl`hnqe`b% @e}qnmtf}`ne }n Htej`%Qd}q`dxdm Cbqfg 14,1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%tfc{%adqidldp%dmt.htej` %

ZGFFBC[,'1;;1)%Zg`}d Gntvd Fncc`vv`ne ne Fnc{ldcde}bqp bem Bl}dqeb}`xdCdm`fèd [nl`fp% Qd}q`dxdm? B{q`l 2=, 1;2; hqncg}}{?..zgffbc{%ggv%jnx.hq1%g}cl

Pdbv}Jdencd% '1;2;)% Zgb} bqd pdbv}> % Qd}q`xdm? B{q`l 4, 1;2; hqnc g}}{?..zzz%pdbv}jdencd%nqj .XL#zgb}^bqd^pdbv}%g}cl

68
http://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8385-8529-9http://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungihttp://whccamp.hhs.gov/fr2.htmlhttp://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy.com/http://www.drreddy/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8385-8529-9http://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Physiol%20ogy/physiolo%20gy352/chapter%2012.htmlhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungihttp://whccamp.hhs.gov/fr2.html


37/56


38/56

B{{dem`fdv

B{{dem`w B

Fnccte`fb}`nev

67


39/56

Fnlldjd nh [gbqcbfp bem Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjpTe`xdqv`}p nh Vbe Bjtv}`e

@ln`ln F`}p

Cbp :, 1;2;

60


40/56

MQ% QDVTQQDF@NE A% VBMBABM`x`v`ne nh A`nlnj`fbl Vf`defdvFnlldjd nh Bq}v bem Vf`defdvTe`xdqv`}p nh }gd [g`l`{{èdv è }gd X`vbpbv

C`bjbn, @ln`ln

Mdbq Mq% Vbmbab,

Jqdd}èjv"

Zd, }gd }g`qm pdbq Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjp v}tmde}v bqd qdrt`qdm ap }gd vfgnnl }n fnemtf} b}gdv`v qdlb}dm }n ntq h`dlm% @e qdlb}`ne }n }g`v, ntq jqnt{ z`ll ad fnemtf}èj b v}tmp }`}ldm,

Vfqddeèj bem Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) Abqi D}gbenl`f Dw}qbf}%Z`}g }g`v, zd gtcalp bvi hnq pntq gdl{ }n xdq`hp }gd {lbe} }gb} zd bqd bant} }n tvd è ntq

{qn{nvbl% Pntq xdq`h`fb}`ne z`ll gdl{ qdbvvtqd }gd nt}{t} nh ntq dw{dq`cde}%

Zd bqd gn{èj hnq pntq ièm vt{{nq} bem fnev`mdqb}`ne%

]gbei pnt xdqp ctfg bem Jnm Aldvv"

Vèfdqdlp pntqv,

Bfd Onge Hdl`w V% md lb FqtJqnt{ Ldbmdq

EN]DM?Cqv% Fgq`v}èd B% X`llbetdxbQdvdbqfg Bmx`vdq

Fnlldjd nh [gbqcbfp bem Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjpTe`xdqv`}p nh Vbe Bjtv}è

@ln`ln F`}p

Otlp 2, 1;2;

=;


41/56

Mq% Jdqbqm L% [dedf`llbBvvnf`b}d M`qdf}nq ZXVT, Qdvdbqfg bem Mdxdln{cde} Fde}dq

Mdbq Mq% [dedf`llb9

Jqdd}èjv"

Zd, }gd hntq}g pdbq Cdm`fbl ]dfgenlnjp v}tmde}v bqd qdrt`qdm ap }gd vfgnnl }n fnemtf} b}gdv`v qdlb}dm }n ntq h`dlm% @e qdlb}`ne }n }g`v, ntq jqnt{ z`ll ad fnemtf}èj b v}tmp }`}ldm,Vfqddeèj bem Be}`htejbl Bf}`x`}p nh A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) Abqi D}gbenl`f Dw}qbf}%

Z`}g }g`v, zd qdv{df}htllp bvi hnq pntq gdl{ }n bvv`v} tv mtqèj ntq {gp}nfgdc`fbl

vfqddeèj% Bv {bq} `}, zd bqd jnèj }n }dv} hnq }gd {qdvdefd nh Hlbxnen`mv bem ]beeèv%Qb}gdq }gbe }gb}, zd zntlm lìd }n bvi {dqc`vv`ne `h zd fntlm tvd pntq lbanqb}nqp bemqdbjde}v è nqmdq }n qte }gdvd }dv}% @e qd}tqe, zd bqd jnèj }n {bp b hb`q bcnte} hnq }gdtvbjd nh }gd qdbjde}v, b{{bqb}tv, bem drt`{cde}v% Pntq bvv`v}befd bem fnn{dqb}`ne zntlmvtqdlp ad b a`j gdl{%

Zd bqd gn{èj hnq pntq {nv`}`xd qdv{nevd%

]gbei pnt xdqp ctfg bem Jnm Aldvv"

Vèfdqdlp pntqv,

Bfd Onge Hdl`w V% md lb FqtJqnt{ Ldbmdq

EN]DMCqv% Fgq`v}èd B% X`llbetdxbQdvdbqfg Bmx`vdq

B{{dem`w A

V}bembqm [qn}nfnl

[lbe} Cb}dq`bl Fnlldf}`ne bem @mde}`h`fb}`ne

=2


42/56

]gqntjg dw{dq}v è {lbe}}bwnencp

[lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne

Dw}qbf}`ne ap }gd tvd nh 04$ D}gbenl

[gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqddeèj Md}dqcèb}`ne nh

vdfnembqp cd}banl }dv'Hlbxnen`mv bem]beeèv)%

]gqntjg be Dw{dq} èCpfnlnjp

[b{dq M`vf M`hhtv`neCd}gnm

H`jtqd 4% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh Znqihlnz

H`jtqd 4% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh Znqihlnz

B% [qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd [lbe} Dw}qbf}v 'TV]#QFEV,1;;=)

Be}`htejbl Bvvbp

=1

A`nlnj`f Zbv}d M`v{nvbl

]dv} Nqjbe`vc Xdq`h`fb}`ne


43/56

H`jtqd 8% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh [lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne

A% [gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqddeèj 'TV]#QFEV,1;;=)

Fnlldf}`ne nh hqdvg {lbe}

Zd`jgèj nh {lbe} {bq} '2;;j {lbe})

Ft}}èj nh }gd abqi è}n {`dfdv bem fqtvgèj nh Ldbxdv bem Abqi tvèj bcnq}bq bem {dv}ld

Vnbièj nh {lbe} {bq} è 04$ D}gbenl vnlt}`ne hnq =7 gntqv b} qnnc}dc{dqb}tqd è b cdfgbe`fbl vgbidq

=6

H`l}qb}d z`ll }gde ad fnefde}qb}dm x`b XBFTN 'qn}bqp dxb{nqb}nq) b} b}dc{dqb}tqd adlnz 4; mdjqddv

Vnlt}`nev z`ll ad èftab}dm hnq =7 gntqv b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd ne b vgbidq bem h`l}dqdm%

]gd fnefde}qb}dm dw}qbf} z`ll ad tvdm è }gd Be}`htejbl Bvvbp%


44/56

Hlbxnen`mv? Ab}d#Vc`}g bem Cd}fblh Cd}gnm bem Z`lv}b}}dq fpbe`mè }dv}

b% ]gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl f h l}qb}d `v bmmdm z`}g }gqdd mnq{v nh 21C

gpmqnfglnq`f bf`m% Navdqxd hnq bep fnlnq fgbejd

a% Zbqc hnq 24 cè è b zb}dq ab}g bem navdqxd hnq htq}gdq fnlnq fgbejd z`}g

ned gntq%

f% ]gd n}gdq }dv} }tad, gbxèj }gqdd cl nh }gd blfngnl f h`l}qb}d, `v bmmdm z`}g

}gqdd mqn{v nh 21C gpmqnfglnq`f bf`m% Hnllnzdm ap bmm`}`ne nh }gqdd

{`dfdv cbjedv`tc }tqeèjv%

m% Navdqxd hnq fnlnq fgbejd z`}gè 2; cè%

]beeèv? Hdqq`f fglnq`md }dv}

2% ]bid ned cl nh blfngnl h`l}qb}d bem }qbevhdq `} }n b fldbe }dv}tad%

1% ]qdb} }tad z`}g }gqdd mqn{v nh hdqq`f fglnq`md qdbjde}% Navdqxd hnq jqdde#

albfi {qdf`{`}b}d%

A% Be}`htejbl Bvvbp ? M`vf M`hhtv`ne Bvvbp ' TV]#QFEV,1;;=)

==


45/56

H`jtqd :% Vfgdcb}`f M`bjqbc nh Be}`htejbl Bbvvbp

@enftltc {qd{bqb}`ne nh H`lbcde}ntv Htej` ' Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq )

[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd @enftltc nh Bv{dqj`lltv e`jdq bemFbem`mb bla`fbev

[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd Bvvbp [lb}dv

[lbf`ej nh {b{dq m`vfv `c{qdjeb}dm z`}g }gd fne}qnl bem }gd {lbe} dw}qbf} vnlt}`ne%

=4

Qdbm`ej nh }gd qdvtl}v

@e}dq{qd}b}`ne nh }gd qdvtl}v


46/56

2% @enftlb}`ne nh B% e`jdq fnlne`dv ne Vbantqbtm jltfnvd bjbq {lb}d

1% Qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd èftab}`ne te}`l }gd fne`m`b ltwtq`be}lp mdxdln{v

6% Vfqb{{èj nh 4 lnn{htlv, nh fne`m`b%

=% @ccdqv`ne nh }gd fne`m`b }n 4cl v}dq`ld vblèd# ]zdde 7; vnlt}`ne è }gd vfqdz

fb{{dm }tadv

4% Vgbièj nh fne}de}v hnq 2 cèt}d%

8% Fnc{bq`vne nh }gd ènftltcv }tqa`m`}p z`}g }gd ;%4 CfHbqlbem v}bembqm%

@enftltc {qd{bqb}`ne nh Pdbv} ' Fbem`mb bla`fbev )

2% B lnn{htl nh F% bla`fbev z`ll ad ènftlb}dm hqnc ftl}tqd vlbe}v }n b 4;clVbantqbtmv jltfnvd aqn}g cdm`tc%

1% @eftab}d hnq 27 gntqv b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd%

6% Bmotv}cde} nh pdbv} fdll vtv{dev`ne z`}g }gd tvd nh ;%4 CfHbqlbem v}bembqm bv

}gd abv`v nh bmotv}cde} bem ]zdde 7; bv }gd m`ltde}, }n bmotv} }gd }tqa`m`}p%

Be}à`n}`f {qd{bqb}`ne

B {qd{bqdm Epv}b}è }bald} zbv tvdm è }gd v}tmp, }gde }gd nt}dq vgdll zbv

qdcnxdm, bem èedq {nq}`ne zbv {nzmdq` dm z`}g }gd tvdm nh cnq}bq bem {dv}ld% 4;; cj

{nzmdq` dm Epv}b}è zbv c`w }njd}gdq z`}g m`v}`lldm zb}dq%

[qd{bqb}`ne nh }gd Bvvbp [lb}dv

2% 1; cl nh }gd [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd Bjbq z ll ad {ntqdm è}n b mqp bem v}dq`ld [d}q`

m`vg%

1% Zb`} te}`l }gd bjbq v vnl`m`h`dm

6% Vtqhbfd nh }gd bjbq z`ll ad v}qdbidm }gqdd }`cdv, qn}b}èj }gd {lb}d

=8


47/56

b{{qnw`cb}dlp 8; mdjqddv bh}dq dbfg vzba, z`}g b fn}}ne vzba m`{{dm è }gd

}dv} nqjbe`vc vtv{dev`ne%

=% Bllnz }n v}bem hnq 4 cèt}dv%

[lbfèj nh [b{dq M`vf bem @eftab}`ne

2% Tvèj b v}dq`ld hnqfd{v, { fi bem lbp ne }gd Bjbq vtqhbfd }gd {b{dq m`vf }gb}

gbv adde `ccdqvdm è}n `}v qdv{df}`xd vnlt}`nev%

1% @eftab}d hnq 27# 1= gntqv b} qnnc }dc{dqb}tqd%

Qdbmèj nh qdvtl}v

2% ]gd _ned nh èg a`}`ne z`ll ad cdbvtqdm z`}g }gd tvd nh b qtldq 'Cdbvtqdcde}

z`ll ad c`ll`cd}qdv)%

B{{dem`w F

=:


48/56

Mnftcde}b}`ne

{

H`jtqd 7 A`}b ' Blv}ne`b vfgnlbq`v) jb}gdqdm b} Abqbejbp Vbe C`jtdl, Vbe

C`jtdl,@ln`ln%

B% [lbe} Dw}qbf}`ne

=7


49/56

H`jtqd 0 [lbe} {bq} tvdm `e }g`v v}tmp

H`jtqd 2; [qd{bqb}`ne nh {lbe} {bq} hnq Dw}qbf}`ne

=0


50/56

H`jtqd 22 [qd{bqb}`ne nh [lbe} Dw}qbf}

A% [gp}nfgdc`fbl Vfqdde`ej

4;


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H`jtqd 21 [lbe} dw}qbf} hnq [gp}nfgdc`fbl vfqddeèj nh Hlbxnen`mv bem ]beeèv

H`jtqd 26 ]dv} hnq Hlbxnen`mv

H`jtqd 2= ]dv} hnq ]beeèv

F% Be}`#Htejbl Bvvbp

42


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H`jtqd 24 [qd{bqb}`ne bem Lbadl`ej nh [n}b}n Mdw}qnvd [lb}dv

H`jtqd 28 V}bembqm` b}`ne nh @enftltc

41


53/56

H`jtqd 2: Vzbaa`ej nh enftltc }n {lb}dv

H`jtqd 27 [lbe} dw}qbf} bem fne}qnl

46


54/56

H`jtqd 20 [lbf`ej nh M`vf

H`jtqd 1; Nt}{t} nh }gd Be}`htejbl Bvvbp

4=


55/56

B{{dem`w M

Qbz Mb}b

]q`bl' F% bla`fbev ) Fne}qnl ' ) Fne}qnl '#) A`}b2 2) 6;

1) 1:6) 27

2) ;1) ;6) ;

2) ;1) :6) 8%4

1 2) 101) 616) 17

2) ;1) ;6) ;

2) :%61) ;6) ;

6 2) 1:1) 176) 16

2) ;1) ;6) ;

2) 2;1) :%16) 7

]q`bl ' B% e`jdq ) Fne}qnl ' ) Fne}qnl '#) A`}b2 2) 11

1) 1=6) 6;

2) ;1) ;6) ;

2) 111) 276) @exbl`m

1 =) 20

4) 168) 11

2) ;

1) ;6) ;

2) 28

1) 226) 216 =) 14

4) 168) 1:

2) ;1) ;6) ;

2) 211) 266) 26

44


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48

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