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• Comte-(1898-1857)He is considered as father of sociology

• He founded the philosophy of positivism, and originated a concept of social science known as sociology

• Comte believed that students should concern themselves only with phenomena that have an objective, "positive," existence.

• Founder of positivism

• Herbert Spencer-

Spencer's major works include First Principles (1862) and Principles of Ethics (1879-1893).In his work, Spencer traced the development of life from its lowest recognizable form up to human beings. He believed that the great law of nature is the constant action of forces which tend to change all forms from the simple to the complex.

• He explained that the mind of human beings has developed in this way, advancing from the simple automatic responses of lower animals to the reasoning processes of human beings. According to him it(scope of sociology )should study family, religion social control, division of labor, politics etc.

• Marx, Karl (1818-1883), The main reason of social change is ,change in economic relationship. Due to clashing interests of both ,there is always clashing relationship between owner and labor,which brings change in society.

• In sociology, Marx's work is also regarded with increasing respect. Without his contributions, sociology would not have developed into what it is today.

• Marx wrote on social classes, on the relationship between the economy and the state, and on the principles that underlie a political or economic system.Many people still turn to Marx for an explanation of current social, economic, and political evils

• Emile Durkheim(1858-1917), was a French sociologist. His theories and writings helped establish the foundations of modern sociology. Durkheim disagreed with most social theorists of the late 1800's because they thought that individual psychology was the basis of sociology. Durkheim regarded sociology as the study of the society that surrounds and influences the individual. He says there is relationship between moral values and religious beliefs, which establishes unity in society

• In The Division of Labour (1893), Durkheim developed the theory that societies are bound together by two sources of unity. He called these sources mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity refers to similarities that many people in the society share, such as values and religious beliefs. Organic solidarity results from the division of labour into specialized jobs. Durkheim believed that the division of labour makes people depend on one another and thus helps create unity in a society.

• Durkheim studied thousands of cases of suicide to demonstrate his theory that a person commits suicide because of the influence of society.

• "Father of sociology". By 1902, Durkheim had finally achieved his goal

of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the chair of education at the Sorbonne. Durkheim also served as an advisor to the Ministry of Education.

• Max Weber- (1864-1920), Weber was born in Erfurt, Germany. He studied at the universities of Berlin, Gottingen, and Heidelberg. Other important work by Weber is Essays in Sociology and The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. His theories and writings helped establish the foundations of modern sociology

• Weber considered bureaucracy to be the most important feature of modern society. Bureaucracy is a method of organization based on specialization of duties, action according to rules, and a stable order of authority. Weber also developed an ideal type method for studying society. This method studies the basic elements of social institutions and how these elements relate to one another .According to him scope of sociology is study and interpretation of social actions.

Erving Goffman

• Goffman pioneered the study of face-to-face interaction, also known as micro-sociology, which he made famous in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. He used the imagery of the theater to portray the importance of human and social action. All actions, he argued, are social performances that aim to give off and maintain certain desired impressions of the self to others.

• In social interactions, humans are actors on a stage playing a performance for an audience. The only time that individuals can be themselves and get rid of their role or identity in society is backstage where no audience is present.

George Herbert Mead

• George Herbert Mead is well-know for his theory of the social self, which is based on the central argument that the self is a social emergent. The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the products of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction. It is not initially there at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity.

• The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the products of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction. It is not initially there at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity.

• George Herbert Mead is also well-known for his concept of the “I” and the “me.” According to Mead, the self has two sides. The “me” represents the expectations and attitudes of others (the generalized other).

• The “I” is the response to the “me,” or the person’s individuality. According to Mead, the generalized other (internalized in the “me”) is the major instrument of social control for it is the mechanism by which the community exercises control over the conduct of its individual members.

• William Julius Wilson, • (born Dec. 20, 1935, Derry township, Pa.,

U.S.), American sociologist whose views on race and urban poverty helped shape U.S. public policy and academic discourse.

• Harvard sociologist William Julius Wilson has studied race relations in the United States, and identified a trend of diversion between middle-class and lower-class blacks.

• Margaret Mead ( 1901-1979)

Margaret Mead was arguably the most renowned anthropologist of all time, contributing to the development of the discipline, as well as, introducing its insights to thousands of people outside the academy. Her work continues to contribute to the understanding of people around the world today.

Robert E. Park

• To Park, individual self concepts, goals, and status all contributed to the various forms of society, forms Park believed could be understood in social scientific terms. He was instrumental in drawing sociology away from a normative and often overtly prescriptive analysis of society toward a more objective methodology.

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