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SOCIOLOGY 485RACE AND ETHNICITY

FALL SEMESTER 1996CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY

INSTRUCTOR: DR.GLENN JOHNSON OFFICE 107 KNOWLES HALLPHONE: 880-8686 OFFICE HOURS T&R EJRC 880-6911 880-6909(f) 11:30-12:30 AND BYCLASS 10:00-11:15 T&R APPOINTMENT

OVERVIEW OF THE COURSEEdmund Perry was a bright and promising young man from Harlem, where his family roots wentback five generations. His family was close, hardworking, and God-fearing. In junior high school,Perry tested above the twelfth grade level in both math and reading. He won a full scholarship tothe elite and prestigious Phillips Exeter Academy, a two-centuries old boarding school in NewHampshire that is a training ground for the best colleges in the nation. Perry spent his junior yearin Spain. He graduated from Exeter with honors and a scholarship to Stanford. During thesummer between high school and college, he lived at home and earned $175 a week as a messengerfor a Wall Street firm. But during that summer, too, Perry mugged a white plain clothes policemanand was shot to death. The policeman was cleared by a grand jury. Nearly two dozen witnessessupported his story. Fifteen hundred people turned up for Edmund Perry's funeral, some to praisethis exemplary young man, others to decry the society that had destroyed him.

Another black man killed by violence? Another victim of the system? Another statistic?But Edmund Perry wasn't supposed to be another statistic, unless it was a glorifying one. He wassupposed to make it out of the ghetto. He had a strong family behind him, he had ambition andtalent; he had the backing of an affirmative action program; he had scholarships and honors. Hisdeath from a street crime surprised many people but not everyone. One friend of Perry's, a blackman who had grown up poor, gone to Yale, and succeeded in the white business world, said thatPerry's death was almost suicide:

All this black-white stuff was really grindinghim down, and he knew it wasn't going to goaway. Yeah, he had gone to Exeter, and yeah,he was going to Stanford, but he was nevergoing to be a member of the club. He was alwaysgoing to be Eddie Perry, the smart black. Even if he wanted to be different, Harlem wasn't goingto let him. That boy was in a box, and he wasgoing to have to deal with that box all the restlife (Anson 1987, p. 45).

This insightful passage was taken from Robert Sam Anson. 1987. "Best Intentions." New YorkTimes Magazine (May 11):31-46.

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This brief analysis of a potential black man who probably would have contributed toenhancing the social fabric of this country raises many questions. 1. What is racism? 2. Whatmakes a minority group in sociological terms? 3. Why does racial and ethnic diversity lead tocoexistence in some situations but to unacceptable inequality in others? 4. How and why are somegroups discriminated against? 5. How do different societies respond to new and alien groups?

In this class, the theoretical orientation is from a critical power-conflict perspective. Theemphasis will be on the dynamics of power-relationships among ethnic groups in America. Themain focus of this course is grounded in the historical diassions as to the origins of dominance andsubordination. Race and ethnic groups are part of the stratification system in which conflictsdevelop over our societal economic incentives/rewards which can be reduced to power, wealth,and prestige. This class will examine structural variables and use a macro-level analysis toaddress the various patterns of race and ethnicity. There will also be cases where socialpsychological patterns are highlighted in various examples in the reading materials.

The study of race and ethnic relations in America is centered around Martin Marger'smacro-structural view and a critical power conflict old perspective of race relations. The first partof the course, lays out the theoretical and conceptual issues of race relations while providing anorganizational and analytic framework for ethnicity in America. The second part of the course,examines the major ethnic groups in America. This section incorporates Italian-Americans andJewish-Americans in order to provide a balanced argument for the shaping of the ethnic hierarchyin America. The third part of the course, addresses four contemporary multi-ethnic societies: SouthAfrica, Brazil, Canada, and Northern Ireland. These four societies have received a great deal ofmedia attention in the past and will continue to receive media attention in the future. In thissection of the course, the four multi-ethnic societies will be compared to major ethnic groups in theUnited States. The last part of the course, attempts to thread together the sociologicalunderstanding of race and ethnic relations in the United States and in four contemporary multi-ethnic societies. This part of the course provides discussion on issues of affirmative action, culturalpluralism, and the newest immigration laws and immigrant groups in America. In addition,various articles on issues of race and ethnic relations are used to provide examples and supportingevidence about issues of race and ethnicity in our society.

The objectives of the course are: 1) to recognize contemporary race and ethnic problemsin United States and abroad, 2) to develop a critical and analytical sociological understanding ofthe macro-structural and power conflict perspective of race and ethnic relations in America, 3) tounderstand the basic economic, political, and moral factors that surround race relations locally,nationally, and globally, 4) to raise levels of consciousness about group survival and theirrelationship to the environment.

REQUIRED TEXTBOOKSMartin N. Marger. 1991. Race and Ethnic Relations: America and Global Perspectives.California: Wadsworth.Michael Harrington. 1962. The Other America: Poverty in the United States. New York:MacMillan.Dee Alexander Brown. 1970. Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee: An Indian History of theAmerican West. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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Manning Marable. 1984. Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in BlackAmerica, 1945-1982. Jackson: University of Mississippi.

Reading Package from Graphics Creation (These readings were taken from John A. Kromkowski,editor. 1993. Race, and Ethnic Relations 93/94. Connecticut: Duskin.

SYNOPSIS OF TEXTSRace and Ethnic Relations: America and Global Perspectives. This book's "objective is to providereaders with an analysis of race and ethnic relations in contemporary multiethnic societies; [with]an overriding theme, [of presenting] the global nature of ethnicity and the prevalance of ethnicconflict in the modern world" (Marger 1991: xiii). This book applies a comparative approach inexamining ethnic patterns in America which allow us to understand society in comparison to othersocieties. The author uses a power conflict perspective to highlight the strong power relationshipsbetween various ethnic groups in America.

The Other America: Poverty in the United States. The author provides a thorough and vividpicture of poverty in America which include many voiceless and powerless individuals who areknown as the dispossessed wokers, minorities, mentally retarded, farm poor, disabled, elderly whoare 65 and older, intellectual poor, the poor, and the young who are under 18 (Harrington 1962).The author provides statistical evidence of poverty in our society supported with a sociologicalimagination that explains how "poverty is a culture, an institution, and a way of life" (Harrington1962: 22). Persons living in poverty are not only conquered by poverty in an economic sense butmoreso are defeated by it in a psychological way as well. This defeatism of poverty affectsAmericans by making them pessimistic, cynical, and totally withdrawn from the normal activitiesof society. Not only is the author sympathetic to poverty in America but also engage the lifestylesof poverty in America. "There is a personality of poverty, the typical citizen of the other Americais described, [as]... produced by the grinding, wearing life of slums, hopeless, passive, prone tobursts of violence, lonely, isolated, often rigid, hostile, deprived of the material things in this world,[part of] a fatal, futile universe, an American within America with a twisted spirit, suspicious,[individuals] who do not plan ahead, and [people] are prone to depression, have feelings of futility,lack of belongingness, friendliness, and a lack of trust in others" (Harrington 1962: 120 & 130).

Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. This book examinesa thirty year period 1860-1890 of Indian history in the American West. "During [this] time theculture and civilization of the American Indian was destroyed, and out of [this] time came virtuallyall the great myths of the American West-tales of fur traders, mountain men, steam boat pilots,gold seekers, gamblers, gunmen, cavalrymen, cowboys, harlots, missionaries, school marms, andhome steaders" (Brown 1970: xv). This book is written by a Native American and attempts toaccount for and present the past historical lifestyles of Indians in the American West.

Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1982. "This bookis a history of a people and a vision: the rise of Afro-Americans in political struggles in the UnitedStates since 1945, and their vision of biracial or multicultural democracy and social transformationin which other national racial minority groups shared" (Marable 1984: xi).

Reading Packet from Graphics Creation. "The following collection of articles was designed to assist

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[the student] in understanding ethnic and racial pluralism in the United States" (Kromkowski 1993:iv). These articles will assist the student in formulating a new paradigm about race relations in theUnited States and abroad. United States citizens have for many years created a need racial andethnic self-dentity that is ethnocentric in its sociality, culture, and political consciousness. This self-centered, individualistic, self identity is a by-product from the early immigrants that came alongside of immigrants to this country. "The ethnicities found in [this packet] form a cluster of concernsaddressed in the traditional literature that focused on marginality, minority, and alienation"(Kromkowski 1993: iv). Many Americans believe that life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness isa given, but these freedoms of life must be earned by political, economic, and social sacrifices ofself, family, and communal consciousness. If you wish to purchase a packet of the assignedreadings they can be purchased at Graphics Creations, located at 1809 Lake Avenue.

REQUIREMENTS AND GRADINGRequired Readings: Students are responsible for all reading assignments on the syllabus. Thereare optional readings available for the student to increase his/her knowledge of a particular issueon race and ethnicity. These optional readings are not required but may be of assistance inproviding a research paper topic for the student.

Attendance: Ten points will be given to those students who have perfect attendance at the end ofthe semester. The students need to keep in mind that ten points can be the deciding factor betweenan A or B+.

Research Paper: All students are required to turn in a 10 page paper on an approved topic by theinstructor. The students can choose any topic on the syllabus as a research project. I urge thestudents to choose a topic early in the semester in order to write a quality and thought provokingpaper. Late papers will be accepted with a legitimate excuse but ten points deduction willaccommodate the tardiness. The papers are due the last regular class meeting but can be turnedin any time during the semester.

Films: There will be four films shown this semester. The class as a group will view these films ina group viewing room (Rm 251) at the library. This group viewing room is located on the secondfloor of the library. I would like for the students to meet at the library on those days that a filmis schedule instead of the regular class room.

Presentation: Twenty-five points will be given on the logic and clarity of the research topic. Thestudent will be given about 10 to 15 minutes to present this topic to the class.

Class Participation: Fifty points will be assigned for class participation. Since the topics in thisclass are relatively sensitive in nature and trigger emotional outrage at times, it is best that we asa group share our personal experiences among ourselves. The sharing of our fears and ignoranceon issues of race and ethnicity will build group cohesiveness and collective consciousness.

Examinations: The format of the tests will consist of 50 multiple choice questions which are worthone point each. These examinations will be based on required readings, lectures, discussions, andfilms. Make-up examinations are accepted but the student must have a legitimate written excuse

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signed by an official university administrator. All make-up examinations are essay formatconsisting of two broad questions worth twenty-five points a piece.

Guest Speakers: There will be four Guest Speakers this semester. Attendance on the days thatthey lecture in class is mandatory. Students present on these days will be given a total of 9 points(i.e. 3 points per guest speaker). These points will be added to the final grade. These extra pointsare not only incentives for attendance but a form of extra credit.

Grading: Your final grade will be based on attendance, research paper, presentation, classparticipation, and four tests. The weight of each class grading evaluation is as follow:Attendance 10ptsResearch Paper 100ptsPresentation 25ptsClass Participation 50ptsExaminations (4) 200pts

385pts

The break down of your total points earned in this class will be assigned a letter grade accordingto this scale:

347-385 A327-346 B+308-326 B289-307 C+270-288 C231-269 D193-230 F

COURSE OUTLINE AND SCHEDULE

INTRODUCTION8/5 Introduction to Race and Ethnicity

WHAT IS RACE AND ETHNICITY8/27 Marger, pp.1-368/30 The Mirror of the other. (packet)

ETHNIC STRATIFICATION IN AMERICA9/1 Marger, pp.37-729/3 Harrington, pp. 1-81

Film, "Racism in America"9/6 Labor Day Holiday, No class 9/8 Scholarly Interest in Ethnic Groups Stirs Up the American Melting Pot (packet)

Speaker: Professor Michael Betz on Occupational Stratification

PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

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9/10 Marger, pp. 73-1129/13 Test 19/15 Film, "Strangers and Kin"9/17 Harrington, pp. 82-1919/20 Discrimination Against Latino Job Applicants: A Controlled Experiment (packet)

ASSIMILATION AND PLURALISM9/22 Marger, pp. 113-1509/24 The Changing Face of America (packet)9/27 Speaker: Professor John Gaventaon Poverty and Inequality in Appalachia

ETHNICITY IN AMERICA9/29 Marger, pp. 151-15910/1 Brown, pp. 1-24010/4 Marger, pp. 160-16310/6 Brown, pp. 241-449

Film: "Thunder Heart"10/11 American Indians in the 1990s (packet)10/13 Indian Legislators Break New Ground (packet)10/15 Gadugi: A model of service-Learning for Native American Communities (packet)10/18 Reclaiming Tribal Lands (packet)10/20 Test 2,10/22 Fall Break, No Class10/25 Marger, pp. 163-18910/27 Early Italian Sculptors in the United States (packet)10/29 Marger, pp. 191-22011/1 Jews, Blacks, and the Civil Rights Revolution (packet)11/3 Marger, pp. 221-27811/5 Most Dramatic Events in African American History (packet)

Film: "Boyz in the Hood"11/8 Marger, pp. 279-32011/10 Blacks vs. Browns (packet)11/12 Marger, pp. 321-35411/15 Test 311/17 Teaching East Asian Languages and Chinese Enigmatic Folk Similes (packet)

AMERICAN ETHNIC RELATIONS COMPARED TO NON-AMERICAN ETHNICRELATION11/19 Marger, pp. 355-51511/22 African Americans and African Africans (packet)

Speaker: Professor Asafa Jalata on African American Nationalism, Development, andAfro-centricity: Implications for the 21st Century

11/24 Immigration Reform (packet)11/26 Thanksgiving Holiday, No class11/29 Playing a Perilous Game With Canada (packet)12/1 Irish-Americans Attack Beer Ad Images (packet)

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CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS AND CHANGES IN ETHNIC RELATIONS12/3 Marger, pp. 517-540

Speaker: Professor Sherry Cable on Class Conflict and Race Relations in the NewEnvironmental Movement

12/6 Race in the Workplace: Is Affirmative Action Working (packet)12/8 Mexican-Americans Find An L.A. Niche (packet)

Research Papers are Due before 5:00 p.m.12/14 Final Examination

LIST OF READINGS IN PACKET (FROM GRAPHIC CREATION)The Mirror of the Other, Carlos Fuentes, The Nation, March 30, 1992:188-190.Scholarly Interest in Ethnic Groups Stirs Up the American 'Melting Pot', Karen J. Winkler, TheChronicle of Higher Education, April 20, 1981:182-185.Discrimination Against Latino Job Applicants: A Controlled Experiment, Marc Bendick, Jr.,Charles W. Jackson, Victor A. Reinso, and Laura E. Hodges, Fair Employment Council of GeaterWashington, Inc., April 1992:86-93.The Changing Face of America, Barbara Vobejda, The Washington Post National Weekly Edition,September 23-29, 1991:224-229.American Indians in the 1990s, Don Fost, American Demographics, December 1991:63-67.Indian Legislators Break New Ground, Judy Zelio, State Legislatures, March 1992:68-70.Gadugi: A model of service-Learning for Native American Communities, McClellan Hall, PhiDelta Kappan, June 1991:71-73.Reclaiming Tribal Lands, Linda Wagar, State Government News, November 1990:74-75.Early Italian Sculptors in the United States, Regina Soria, Italian Americanna Spring 1976:176-180.Jews, Blacks and the Civil Rights Revolution, Murray Friedman, New Perspectives, U.S.Commission on Civil Rights, Fall 1985: 220-223.Most Dramatic Events in African-American History, Lerone Bennett, Jr., Ebony, February1992:132-135.Blacks vs Browns, Jack Miles, The Atlantic, October 1992:201-215.Teaching East Asian Languages and Chinese Enigmatic Folk Similes, Eugene Eoyang and JohnS. Rohsenow, Humanities, October 1985. 106-111.African Americans and Africans Africans, George M. Fredrickson, The New York Review ofBooks, September 26, 1991:136-146.Immigration Reform: Overview of Recent Urban Institute Immigration Policy Research, TheUrban Institute Policy and Research Report, Winter/Spring 1991:37-44.Playing A Perilous Game With Canada, Irene Tomaszewski, The Globe and Mail (Toronto), April3, 1992:216-17.Irish-Americans Attack Beer-Ad Images, Joanne Lipman, The Wall Street Journal, March 16,1992:181.Race in the Workplace: Is Affirmative Action Working? Business Week, July 8, 1991:152-159.Mexican-Americans Find an L.A. Niche, Christopher Caldwell, Insight, September 28, 1992:94-100.(All these articles were taken from John A. Kromkowski (Editor). 1993. Race and Ethnic Relations93/94, Third Edition. Connecticut: Duskin.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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This section was directly quoted verbatim from Peter Issac Rose. 1974. They and We: Racial andEthnic Relations in the United States. New York: Random House.

Close to one hundred and fifty books are listed here. Included are histories, textbooks,studies, essays, anthologies, and works of fiction. These volumes are a fraction of the many sourcesavailable to those who wish to study racial and ethnic relations in the United States--or any of itsaspects--more closely. They are presented here to represent the breadth of work in the field andthe variety of approaches used to explore racial and ethnic relatioins in the United States.

Abrams, Charles. Forbidden Neighbors. New York: Harper & Row, 1955. (One of a number ofstudies of discrimination in housing.)

Adorno, T.W., et al. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Haper & Row, 1950. (A studyof prejudice and personality. The "F Scale" and others are introduced and used here.)

Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 1954. (One of themost comprehensive and best known texts on the social psychology of prejudice.)

Asch, Sholem. East River. New York: Putnam, 1946. (Ghetto life in New York during the earlypart of this century is the subject of this work.)

Baldwin, James. The Fire Next Time. New York: Dial Press, 1963. (A prophetic essay about whiteoppression and black response.)

______. Go Tell It on the Mountain. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. (Baldwin's first novel.A story based on his early life as a preacher's son living in Harlem.)

______. Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son. New York: Dial Press, 1961.(Essays on his black experience by the famous novelist.)

Baltzell, E. Digby. The Protestant Establishment. New York: Random House, 1964. (A study ofthe caste-line of privilege maintained by certain members of society which keeps othersfrom access to power. Baltzel's special concern is with anti-Semitism.)

Banton, Michael. Race Relations. New York: Basic Books, 1967. (Written by an Englishanthropologist, this volume offers a series of approaches to the study of race relations. Itincludes analyses of the American scene.)

Bellow, Saul. Mister Sammler's Planet. New York: Viking, 1970. (A novel about a European-Jewish refugee in America and his attempts to understand racial conflict in the 1960s.

Berry, Brewton. Race and Ethnic Relations. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965. (A generalintroduction to the sociology of the subject.)

Bettelheim, Bruno, and Morris Janowitz. Social Change and Prejudice. New York: Free Press,

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1965. (Two books in one, the authors include the full text of their earlier study "TheDynamics of Prejudice" and a reassessment of that study two decades later.

Blalock, Hubert M., Jr. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: Wiley, 1967.(An attempt to symatize theory in the study of racial and ethnic relations. Special attentionto socio-economic factors, competition, and power.)

Blauner, Robert M. Racial Oppression in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. (A seriesof essays in, which the author presents his view of the United States as a racist society.)

Bloom, Leonard, and Ruth Riemer. Removal and Return. Berkeley: University of California Press,1949. (A study of the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II and of theirexperience after being released from internment camps.)

Bogue, Donald. The Population of the United States. Glencoe: Free Press, 1959. (A demographerlooks at American society and reports his facts, figures, and impressions.)

Burma, John ed. Mexican-Americans in the United States. New York: Schenkman, 1970. (Acollection of readings.)

Carmichael, Stokely, and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. NewYork: Vintage, 1967. (The former director of the Student Non-Violent CoordinatingCommittee and a political scientist examine the meaning of Black Power and the role itcould play in Ameican society.)

Christie, Richard, and Marie Jahoda, eds. Studies in Scope and Method of "The AuthoritarianPersonality." Glencoe: The Free Press, 1954. (An examination and critique of the studiesof "The Authoritarian Personality.")

Cox, Oliver C. Caste, Class and Race: A Study of Social Dynamics. New York: Doubleday, 1948.(An examination of the economic basis of prejudice and racial oppression.)

Cronin, E.D. Black Moses. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957. (A biographer ofMarcus Garvey and commentary on his Universal Negro Improvement Association.)

Cruse, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual. New York: William Morrow, 1967. (Acultural history and commentary on black writing, politics, and artistic involvement.)

Cullen, Countee. Color. New York: Harper, 1925. (A book of poems on black life by a great blackpoet.)

Dean, John P., and Alex Rosen, A manual of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: The University ofChicago Press, 1955. (A short book on prejudice, discrimination and suggested ways forresolving intergroup tensions.)

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Di Donato, Pietro. Christ in Concrete. New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1939. (A poignant story aboutItalians in the building trades in the 1930s.)

Disent. Winter, 1972. (The entire issue is devoted to the working class. Of particular interest arepapers on class and ethnicity.)

Dixon, Vernon J., and Badi Foster, eds. Beyond Black and White. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971. (Acollection of papers on the conflict between black and white Americans and a discussionof the concept of a di-unital approach to help to understand, then deal with it.)

Dollard, John. Caste and Class in a Southern Town. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937.(The famous study which examines the bases for prejudice in a southern community.Noted for the combination of Marxian and Freudian perspectives.)

______. et al. Frustration and Aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939. (Psychological determinants of behavior are considered in this series of essays.)

Drake, St. Clair, and Horace Cayton. Black Metropolis. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945. (Astudy of the black community of chicago.)

DuBois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folks, 1903. (Reprinted in many editions.) (A classic portraitof Negro life by a great sociologist and famous black leader.)

Duran, Livie Isauro, and H. Russell Bernard, eds. Introduction to Chicano Studies. New York:Macmillan, 1973. (A reader on the past, present and future status of Mexican-Americans.)

Ellis, John Tracy. American Catholicism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956. (Ellisdiscusses Catholics in colonial America during the nineteenth century (with particularemphasis on mass immigration and Protestant reaction) and in more recent times.)

Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York: Random House, 1962. (A symbolic novel abut theblack man's search for identity in America.)

Essien-Udom, E.U. Black Nationalism. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1962. (An African'sassessment of the Black Muslim movement and it appeal.)

Farmer, James. Freedom, When?. New York: Random House, 1966. (The co-founder of theCongress of Racial Equality looks back at his and others' experiences in the civil rightsmovement.)

Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom, 3rd ed. New York: Knopf, 1967. (A historian'sportrayal of the black experience in Africa and the United States.)

Frazier, E. Franklin. Black Bourgeoisie. Glencoe: Free Press, 1957. (A controversial study of theNegro middle class.)

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Freedman, Morris, and Carolyn Banks, eds. American Mix. Philadelphia: Westminister Press,1971. (Speeches, stories, essays, and reports by and about America's ethnic minorities.)

Friedman, Murray, ed. Overcoming Middle Class Rage. Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1971.(A series of papers dealing with the views and relations of white working-and middle-classAmericans to the changes wrought by black consciousness and the Black PowerMovement.)

Glazer, Nathan. American Judaism, rev. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. (Asynoptic review of American Jewish history from the first settlement in 1654.)

______. Remembering the Answers. New York: Basic Books, 1970a. (Glazer's essays on thestudent revolt of the 1960s and related matters.)

______, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Beyond the Melting Pot, 2nd ed. Cambridge: MIT Press,1970. (An examination of New York City's five major minorities: black, Puerto Rican,Jewish, Italian, and Irish. The book is concerned with the meaning of cultural pluralismand the tenacity of identity. The introduction to this revised edition is particularlyimportant for here the authors review the profound changes that occurred in New York-and elsewhere-since 1963, when the first edition was published.)

Glock, Charles Y., and Ellen Siegelman, eds. Prejudice, U.S.A. New York: Praeger, 1969. (Acollection of essays reporting on recent studies of prejudice in America.)

Gordon, Milton M. Assimilation in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.(An analysis of varying patterns of "assimilation" in the United States. Of particular noteis Gordon's typology of assimilation and his discussion of the relationship between socialclass and ethnicity.

Greely, Andrew M. That Most Distressful Nation. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972. (Astudy of The Irish in America).

______. Why Can't They Be Like Us?. New York: Dutton, 1971. Reports on research on theattitudes of "white ethnics" to blacks and others and a series of commentaries on theresurgence of ethnicity in recent years.)

Grier, William H. and Price M. Cobbs. Black Rage. New York: Basic Books, 1968. (Twopsychiarists explore personality problems which, they claim, are attributable to racialoppression.)

Grodzins, Morton. The Metropolitan Area as a Racial Problem. Pittsburg: University ofPittsburg Press, 1958. (A booklet which describes the character of discrimination in the

American city of the 1950s.)

Handlin, Oscar. The Newcomers: Negroes and Puerto Ricans in a Changing Metropolis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. (A short volume which compares the history

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of New York's earlier immigrants with that of southern blacks and Puerto Ricans.)

______. Race and Nationality in American Life. Garden City: Doubleday, 1957. (A series ofhistorian Handlin's papers on race, racism and American society.)

______. The Uprooted. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. (A Pulitzer Prize-winning history, this bookis "the epic story of the great migrations that made the American people." Of specialinterest are Chapters 4,6, and 7, which deal with the creation of ethnic communities in theUnited States.)

Hannerz, Ulf. Soulside. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970. (An ethnographicexamination of ghetto culture and communal life in one part of Washington, D.C. by aSwedish anthropologist.)

Hansberry, Lorraine. Raisin in the Sun. New York: Random House, 1959. (A play about a blackfamily living in Chicago in the 1950s.)

Hansen, Marcus Lee. The Atlantic Migration: 1607-1860. Cambridge: Harvey University Press,1940a. (A classic study of immigration. It also won a Pulitzer Prize.)

______. The Immigrant in American History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940b. (Aseries of essays by the Harvard historian. The book includes material that was to have beenused in later volumes on immigration.)

Haring, Douglas C. Racial Differences and Human Resemblances. Syracuse: SyracuseUniversity, 1947. (An anthropologist's view of race.")

Herberg, Will. Protestant-Catholic-Jew. New York: Doubleday, 1955. (A study in the sociologyof American religion. Herberg contends that the United States is "a triple-melting pot."

Herskovits, Melville. The Myth of the Negro Past. New York: Harper & Row, 1941. (The mostfamous of Herskovits' many examinations of the retention of Africanisms by BlackAmericans.)

Higham, John. Strangers in the Land. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1955. (Anexamination of American nativism from 1860 to 1925 and an analysis of the forces whichled to the enactment of legislation against unrestricted immigration in the 1920s.)

Hobson, Laura. Gentleman's Agreement. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947. (A magazinewriter poses as a Jew in this best-selling novel about anti-Semitism.)

Hsu, Francis L.K. Challenge of the American Dream. Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1971.(A recent study of the Chinese in the United States.)

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Kallen, Horace M. Cultural Pluralism and the American Idea. Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press, 1956. (An elaboration on an idea, "cultural pluralism," about whichKallen first wrote in 1915.)

Kennedy, John F. A Nation of Immigrants, rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. (Aposthumously published edition of President Kennedy's brief history of the Americanpeople.)

Killian, Lewis M. The Impossible Revolution? Black Power and the American Dream. NewYork: Random House, 1968. (A critical study of the civil rights movement of Black Power,and the future of race relations in America.)

______. White Southerners. New York: Random House, 1970. (The author views whitesoutherners as an ethnic group and a "quasi" minority in this sociological analysis.)

Kitano, Harry H.L. Japanese Americans. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969. (A briefintroduction to the experiences of Japanese Americans in the United States with specialattention to the World War II period.)

Kovel, Joel. White Racism. New York: Pantheon, 1970. (One of the first psycho-historiesof the phenomenon of institutionalized racism in the United States.)

Kramer, Judith K., and Seymour Leventman. Children of Gilded Ghetto. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1961. (A study of second-and third-generation Jews in America.)

Kurokawa, Minako, ed. Minority Responses. New York: Random House, 1970. (Various reactionpatterns are considered here including submission, withdrawal, separation, andrevitalization.)

Lee, Alfred McClung. Fraternities Without Brotherhood. Boston: Beacon, 1955. (One of the fewfull-scale reports of discriminatory practices in private organizations on the college

campus.)

Lee, Rose Hum. The Chinese in the United States of America. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1960. (A comprehensive study of immigration, settlement, and intergroup relations.)

Lerner, Max. America as a Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1958. (An extensivestudy of American society. Of special interest is Lerner's discussion of "People and Place.")

Levy, Mark R., and Michael S. Kramer. The Ethnic Factor. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.(The results of a comprehensive study of the significant role of minority-group membershipin American elections.)

Lewin, Kurt, ed. Resolving Social Conflicts. New York: Harper & Row, 1948. (A social

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psychological treatment of racial and ethnic problems.)

Liebow, Elliot. Tally's Corner. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967. (An anthropologist's portrait of"Negro Streetcorner Men.")

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Earl Raab. The Politics of Unreason. New York: Harper & Row,1969. (A social history of right-wing movements in the United States and a commentaryon those to whom such movements appeal. One should pay particular attention todiscussions of the "once-hads" and the "never-hads.")

Lopreato, Joseph. Italian Americans. New York: Random House, 1970. (In this volume, one ofa series on "Ethnic Groups in Comparative Perspectives," the author presents an insightfulportrait of Italian Americans as a model immigrant group.)

Lowenthal, Leo, and Norbert Guterman. Prophets of Deceit. New York: Harper & Row, 1949. (An examination of the language of prejudice and the nature of demagoguery.)

Lyford, Joseph P. The Airtight Cage. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. (A study of New YorkCity's multi-ethnic west side.)

Lyman, Stanford M. The Black American in Sociological Thought. New York: Capricorn Books,1972. (In this "sociology of sociology" Lyman examines the way different schools andvarious notables (including Robert E. Park) portrayed the black American and dealt withhis plight.)

______. Chinese Americans. New York: Random House, 1974. (A penetrating portrait of ChineseAmericans from early contacts to the "Yellow Power" movement.)

Malamud, Bernard. The Tenants. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Girous, 1971. (The interactionof a black man and a Jew is the subject of this contemporary novel.)

Malcolm X. The autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press, 1964. (The live story ofthe black leader and, for a time, Muslim spokesman.)

Marden, Charles F., and Gladys Meyer. Minorities in American Society, 4th ed. New York: VanNostrand, 1973. (This is a tightly organized volume detailing facts and figures aboutvarious American minorities of particular value are examinations of blacks, AmericanIndians, and Mexican Americans in Chapters 5 through 9, 10, and 11, respectively.)

Mason, Philiph. Patterns of Dominance, New York: Oxford Universtity Press, 1970. (Anexamination of power relations. While there is little material on the United States, thegeneral theeoretical position is extremely relevant to the examination of Americanmaterials.

Mayer, Kurt B., and Walter Buckley. Class and Society, 3rd ed. New York: Random House, 1970.(An introduction to the sociology of social stratification with special attention to the

55

American scence.)

Meier, August, Elliot Rudwick, and F.L. Broderick, eds. Black Protest Thought in the TwentiethCentury, 2nd ed. New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1971. (A collection of essays on civil rightsand black nationalism.)

Mendelson, Wallace. Discrimination. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962. (A resume ofthe first five-year report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, a commissioncreated by act Congress in 1957).

Miller, Aruthur. Focus. New York: Reynal and Hitchock,1945. (A novel about American-stylefactions and anti-Semitism in the 1940s.)Moon, Bucklin, ed. Primer for White folks.Garden City: Doubleday, 1945. (A collection of short stories and articles on the meaningof being black.)

Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma. New York: Harper, 1944. (A classic study of black-white relations in the United States. Often criticized but never ignored, Myrdal's discussionof "creed v. deed" is presented here.)

Novak, Michael. The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics. New York: Macmillan, 1971. (A lengthyessay on the place of Poles, Italians, Greeks, Slavs and other "white ethnics" in Americansociety and American consciousness.)

O'Connor, Edwin. The Last Hurrah. Boston: Little Brown, 1956. (A description of Irish-Americans in politics. The setting is Boston.)

Padilla, Elena. Up from Puerto Rico. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958. (A view ofimmigration from Puerto Rico and settlemen in New York City.)

Puzo, Mario. The Fortunate Pilgrim. New York: Atheneum, 1964. (A novel about growing upItalian-American in New York City.)

Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: Bantam. (This is thefamous "Kerner Commission" report on the urban riots of the 1960s and their causes.Includes comparisons of the experiences of white immigrants and blacks.)

Rex, John. Race Relations in Sociological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. (Anexamination of the treatment of racial and ethnic relations by sociologists. The book endswith a statement about "race relations" as a distinct field of study.)

Rose, Arnold M. The Negroe's Morale. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1949. (Astudy of self-identification of black Americans largely based on material from the CarnegieStudies in the early 1940s.)

Rose, Peter I., ed. Americans from Africa. 2 vols. New York: Atherton, 1970. (Volume I, Slavery

56

and Its Aftermath, deals with four controversies: the retention of "Africanism," slavery andpersonality, family and social structure, and life in the North compared with life in theSouth. Volume II, Old Memories, New Moods, considers the roots of black protest, the civilrights movement, Black power, and changing self-images.)

______, ed. The Ghetto and Beyond. New York: Random House, 1969. (Essays by the editor andothers on Jewish life in America. Topics covered include culture, religion, politics, civilrights, and literary expression.)

______, ed. Nation of Nations. New York: Random House, 1972. (A volume of readings editedto accompany They and We. Includes essays, stories, excerpts from autobiograhies,andsociological analyses of "the ethnic experience and the racial crisis" in the United States.)

______, The Subject is Race. New York: Oxford University RPess, 1968. (A summary of theauthor's study of traditional ideologies and the teaching of race relatios. Reports onhundreds of courses taught at American univesities in the mid 1960s.)

______, Stanley Rothman, and William J. Wilson, eds. Through Different Eyes. New York:Oxford University Press, 1974. (Original essays by twenty black and white writers which

examine race relations in the United States in the 1970s from varying perspectives.)

Roth, Philip. Goodbye Columbus. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959. (A prize-winning novellaand several short stories about Jewish life in America today.)

Schermerhorn, R.A. These Our People: Minorities in American Culture. Boston: D.C. Heath,1949. (Unlike most books on the subject this one includes discussions of Poles, Czechs andSlovaks, Hungarians and Yugoslavs in this country in addition to historical examinationsof blacks, Spanish-speaking American Italians, Japanese-Americans and Jews.)

______. Comparative Ethnic Relations. New York: Random House, 1970. (Working papers oncomparative ethnic relations, the author includes a commentary on the study of prejudiceand the character of "victimology."

Schrag, Peter. Out of Place in America. New York: Random House, 1970. (A collection ofSchrag's previously published essays on various aspects of American social life. Included

here is his "Decline of the WASPs.")

Senior, Clarence. Stranger-Then Neighbors. New York: Harper & Row, 1961. (A briefintroduction to the Puerto Rican situation.)

Sexton, Patricia. Spanish Harlem. New York: Harper & Row, 1965. (An excellent study of thePuerto Rican community in New York City.)

Sherif, Muzafer, and Carolyn Sherif. Groups in Harmony and Tension. New York: Harper andRow, 1953. (A series of essays on prejudice and a report on several fascinating studies ofinduced prejudice.)

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Shibutani, Tamotsu, and Kian M. Kwan. Ethnic Stratification: A Comparative Approach. NewYork: Macmillan, 1965. (A textbook which raises a number of fundamental questionsabout the relations between peoples. Many sections are relevant for understanding themeaning of "integration."

Silberman, Charles. Crisis in Black and White. New York: Random House, 1964. (Anticipatingmany of the events of the mid-and late 1960s, Charles Silberman offers an examination ofthe struggle for and barriers to integration. His comments on Saul Alinsky's radicalprograms are especially significant.

Simpson, George E., and J. Milton Yinger. Racial and Cultural Minorities. New York: Harper &Row, 1972. (A widely used near-encyclopedic text which deals with many different aspectsof prejudice and discrimination from both a sociological and social psychologicalperspective.)

Sklare, Marshall. America's Jews. New York: Random House, 1971. (The entire volume dealswith social history and group identity. Emphasis is on five social characteristics: family,

community, education, interaction (and intermarriage), and the issue of Zionism.)

Smith, Lillian. Strange Fruit. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1946. (The theme of thispowerful novel is segregation in the deep south.)

Stoddard, Ellwyn. Mexican Americans. New York: Random House, 1973. (A controversial studywhich includes historical background and sociological analyses of Mexican Americans.)

Stonequist, Everett V. The Marginal Man. New York: Scribner's, 1937. (The author appliesRobert Park's notion of "marginality" to a variety of racially mixed peoples.)

Suchman, Edward A., John P. Dean, and Robin M. Williams, Jr. Desegregation. New York: TheAnti-Defamation League, 1958. (This book offers some propositions about researchsuggestions for understanding both the dominant and minority communities.)

Sugarman, Tracy. Stranger at the Gates: A Summer in Mississippi. New York: Hill and Wang,1966. (An artist's commentary and sketches of the "Mississippi Summer" of 1964).

Sumner, William Graham. Folkways. Boston: Ginn, 1906. (A classic study in the sociology ofculture, this book includes Sumner's definitions of "in-groups" and "out-groups" and adiscussion of his conception, "ethnocentrism.")

Tumin, Melvin M., ed. Race and Intelligence. New York: The Anti-Defamation League, 1963.(The editor and several other behavior scientists discuss the controversy over intelligence

testing.)

Van den Berghe, Pierre. Race and Racism. New York: Wiley, 1967. (The author views the UnitedStates as a "herrenvolk democracy" and explains why in this comparative study of race andracism.)

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Wagner, Nathaniel, and Marsha J. Have, eds. Chicanos. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1971. (Contributedessays on social and psychological problems and perspectives of Mexican-Americans.)

Warner, W. Lloyd, and Leo Srole. The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups. New Haven:Yale University Press, 1945. (One of several volumes in the famous "Yankee City Series,"this book deals with ethnicity.)

Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1901. (TheNegro educator's autobiography.)

Wax, Murray. Indian-Americans: Unity and Diveristy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1971. (One of the best among a growing number of studies of American Indians bysociologists and anthropologists.)

Weinstein, Allen, and Frank Otto Gattel, eds. American Negro Slavery, rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. (A modern reader which includes articles on slaves,masters, and "the system.")

Whyte, William Foote. Street Corner Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943. (Asociological study of social interaction among the members of a group of men who livedin the Italian section of Boston.)

Williams, Robin M., Jr. Reduction of Intergroup Tensions. New York: Social Science ResearchCouncil, 1947. (A quarter of a century ago, this little book provided a guide tounderstanding the dynamics of intergroup conflict in the United States. Most of what wassaid then still applies.)

______. Strangers Next Door. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964. (A summary reporton the Cornell Studies of Intergroup Relations conducted in the 1950s. Important chapters

document group attitudes and minority reactions.)

Wirth, Louis. The Ghetto. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956. (A classic study of Jewishlife in Europe and the United States with particular attention to responses to

discrimination.)

Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow, rev, ed. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1955. (The development of segregation from the withdrawal of federal forces fromthe south to the mid-1960s, written by the author of Reunion and Reaction (1951) andOrigins of the New South (1951).

Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York: Harper, 1945. (An

OPTIONAL READINGSThese optional readings should be used to strengthened the students back ground in those

areas of race and ethnic relations that they are weak in or unfamiliar with its contents. All of thesereadings can be found in the reserve section of the library on the second floor. The students have

59

to locate my name in the reserve readings handbook first, then write down the call numbers of thereadings (if they are books) and go to the designated area where they are located in order toretrieve teh books. If the readings are articles, the students will have to locate my name in the filecabinets directly in front of the reserve readings handbook and retrieve the articles by title of theauthor.

Feagin, Joe R. 1984. Racial and Ethnic Relations. 2nd ed., New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc.

Luhman, Reidand Stuart Gilman. 1980. Race and Ethnic Relations: The Social and PoliticalExperience of Minority Groups. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Dworkin, Anthony Gary and Rosalind J. Dworkin. 1976. The Minority Report: An Introductionto Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Relations. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Issacs, Harold R. 1989. The Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change. London:Harvard University Press.

Benjamin, Lois. 1991. The Black Elite: Facing the Color Line in the Twilight of the TwentiethCentury. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers.

Nash, Gary B. 1982. Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America. New Jersey:Prentice- Hall.Mathabone, Mark. 1986. Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in

Apartheid South Africa. New York: Plume.Giddings, Paula. 1984. When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex

in America. New York: Morrow.hooks, bell. 1981. Ain't I a woman: Black women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press.hooks, bell. 1984. Feminist theory from margin to center. Boston: South End Press.Hacker, Andrew. 1992. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York:

Maxwell Macmillan International.Mathabane, Mark. 1989. Kaffir Boy in America: An Encounter with Apartheid. New York:

Scribner.Mathabane, Mark. 1992. Love in Black and White: The Triumph of Love Over Prejudice

and Taboo. New York: Harper Collins.Kingston, Maxine Hong. 1980. China Men. New York: Knopt.Phillips, J.J. 1992. The Before Columbus Foundation Poetry Anthology: Selections from the

American Book Awards, 1980-1990. New York: Norton.Bell, Derrick A. 1978. The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890-1945. (essays).

Jackson: University of Mississippi Press.Bell, Derrick A. And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice. New York: Basic

Books.Bell, Derrick A. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism. New York: Basic

Books.Bell, Derrick A. 1975. Race, Racism, and American Law. Boston: Little and Brown.Bell, Derrick A. 1980. Shades of Brown: New Perspectives on School desegregation. New York:

Teachers College Press.Morrison, Toni. 1992. Race-ing, Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence

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Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. New York: Pantheon Books.Schermerhorn, R.A. 1970. Comparative Ethnic Relations: A Framework for Theory and

Research. New York: Random House.Berghe, Pierre L. Van den. 1970. Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology. New

York: Basic Books.Barclay, William Krishna Kumar and Ruth P. Simms (Editors). 1976. Racial Conflict, Discrimination, and Power: Historical and Contemporary Studies. New York: AMS.Harrington, Michael. 1984. The New American Poverty. New York: Penguin.Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University.Dahrendorf, Ralf. 1959. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford: Stanford

University."La Raza Cosmica," Richard Rodriguez, New Perspectives Quarterly, Winter 1991:78-81.Marable, Manning. 1985. Black American Politics: from the Washington Marches to Jesse

Jackson. New York: Schocken.Marable, Manning. 1981. Blackwater, Historical Studies in Race, Class Consciousness, and

Revolution. Ohio: Black Praxis.Issel, William. 1985, Chapter 9, Race and Ethnicity (pp. 153-170) in Social Change in the United

States 1945-1983. New York: Schocken.Adam, Heribert. 1971. "The South African Power-Elite: A Survey of Ideological Commitment."

Pp. 73-102 in Heribert Adam (ed.), Oxford University.Lenski, Gerhard. 1963. Power and Privilege: A Theory of Stratification. New York: McGraw-Hill.Lewis, Oscar. 1966. "The Culture of Poverty." Scientific American, 215 (October):1925.Lieberson, Stanley. 1961. "A Societal Theory of Race Relations." American Sociological Review

26:902-910.Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1960. Political Man. New York: Anchor.Lusane, Clarence. 1989. "Black Political Power in the 1990s." The Black Scholar 20(January/February):38-42.Lyman, Stanford. 1968. "The Race Relations Cycle of Robert Park." Pacific Sociological Review,

11:16-22.Marger, Martin. 1987. Elites and Masses: An Introduction to Political Sociology. 2nd ed.

Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.McClesky, Clifton and Bruce Merrill. 1973. "Mexican American Political Behavior in Texas."Social Science Quarterly 53:785-798.Milbraith, Lester. 1982. Political Participation. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: University Press of

America.Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.Noel, Donald L. 1968. "A Theory of the Origin of Ethnic Stratification." Social Problems 16:157-172.Olsen, Dennis. 1977. "The State Elites." Pp. 199-224 in Leo Panitch (ed.), The Canadian State:

Political Economy and Political. Toronta: University of Toronto.Olsen, Marvin E. 1970. "Power Perspectives on Stratification and Race Relations." Pp. 296-305 in

Marvin E. Olsen (Ed.), Power in Societies. New York: MacMillan.Parkin, Frank. 1971. Class Inequality and Political Order. New York: Praeger.Skidmore, Thomas. 1972. "Toward a Comparative Analysis of Race Reltions Since Abolition in

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Brazil and the United States." Journal of Latin American Studies 4(May):1-28.Turner, Ralph H., and Lewis M. Killian. 1972. Collective Behavior. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall.Yinger, J. Milton. 1981. "Toward a Theory of Assimilation and Dissimilation." Ethnic and Racial

Studies 4:249-264.Zweigenhaft, Richard L. 1984. Who Gets to the Top? Executive Suite Discrimination in the

Eighties. New York: American Jewish Committee.Zweigenhaft, Richard L. 1987. "Minorities and Women of the Corporation: Will They Attain Seats

of Power?" Pp.37-62 in G.W. Domhoff and T.R. Dye (eds.), Power Elites andOrganizations. Newburg Parks, CA: Sage.

Barritt, Denis P., and Charles F. Carter. 1972. The Northern Ireland Problem: A Study in GroupRelations. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University.

Blackwell, James E. 1976. "The Power Basis of Ethnic Conflict in American Society." Pp. 179-196in Lewis A. Coser and Otto N. Larsen (eds.), The Use of Controversy in Sociology. NewYork: Free Press.

Blalock, Hubert M., Jr. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: Wiley.Blau, Peter M. 1977. "A Macrosociological Theory of Social Structure." American Journal of

Sociology 83:26-54.

Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs? New Haven, CT: Yale University.Dahrendorf, Ralf. 1959. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford

University.Dye, Thomas R. 1990. Who's Running America?: The Bush Era. 5th ed. Englewoodcliffs, NJ:

Prentice-Hall.Gamson, William A. 1975. The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.Geschwender, James A. 1978. Racial Stratification in America. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown.Glazer, Nathan. 1971. "Blacks and Ethnic Groups: The Difference and the Political Difference It

Makes." Social Problems 18:444-461.Hamilton, Richard. 1972. Class and Politics in the United States. New York: Wiley.King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1964. Why We Can't Wait. New York: Harper and Row.Lane, David. 1982. The End of Social Inequality?: Class, Status and Power Under State

Socialism. London: Allen and Unwin.Lane, Robert E. 1962. Political Ideology. New York: Free Press.