Sociolinguistics - Ethnography of speaking
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Transcript of Sociolinguistics - Ethnography of speaking
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ETHNOGRAPHY OF SPEAKING
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Communicative Competence: the ability to know how to use language in order to do certain things that people do with that language.
Communicative competence is the key component of social competence.
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Ethnography of speaking: a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieve its objective.
Dell Hymes (1974) made a formula to identify the factors.
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
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S-P-E-A-K-I-N-GS Setting and Scene
: Setting refers to time and place (physical circumstances) e.g.: living room: Scene refers to psychological setting (situation)
or cultural definition of the occasion.e.g.: seriousness, happiness
P Participants: Speaker and audiencee.g.: speaker-hearer, addressor-addressee, sender-receiver.
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S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
E Ends: Purpose or goals of the utterances or communication event.
A Act Sequence: Form and order of the event.Different forms will have a different kinds of language and different things to talk about.
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S-P-E-A-K-I-N-GK Key
: tone, manner in which a particular message is conveyed.Example: serious, sarcastic, mocking → know by the gesture, posture, etc
I Instrumentalities: the choice of channel.Channel: oral, written, telegraphic, and actual forms of speech employed → language, dialect, code, register, that is chosen.
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S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
N Norms of interaction and interpretation: Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reactions.Example: loudness, silence
G Genre
: type or kind of utterancese.g.: poems, proverbs, riddles, prayers, lectures
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S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
SPEAKING formula is a very necessary reminder that talk is a complex activity.
To make the talk to be successful, the speaker must reveal the sensitivity and awareness of each of the 8 factors.
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Explain how consideration of when and how are deeply involved in doing (choose one) asking for a date or giving bad news.