Sociolinguistics
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Transcript of Sociolinguistics
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LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
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BEFORE WE START
DESCRIBE THESE LANGUAGES:• ENGLISH• FRENCH• MANDARIN• ARABIC• PUNJABI• SWAHILI
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Sociolinguistics
Related to _________.Relates ________ phenomenon and ________ phenomenon.
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Sociolinguistics
Human side of linguistics … ________: individual and collectiveWhat is truly said behind our « way » of saying it ..
________ :Our use of language and other’s use
of language
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Languages & Diaclects
Could it be that the way we speak creates social ________?
Do we place different « ways » of speaking on a ________?Language … dialect Language … dialect
Are there languages/dialects that we consider more ________or ________?Ex: French, Swahili ...
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What did you Answer …
To speak of your own linguistic competence?
Which region could serve as a model of proper English?
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How do we call it? What terminology do we use to speak of linguistic variation?1.LANGUAGES2.DIALECTS3.PIDGINS4.CREOLE
Terminology used to speak of linguistic variation?
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A Language
Language:A code or system, used by consensus.Collective Ex: French, English, Spanish, Greek,
etc.
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Dialects or Varieties of a Language
Dialect/Variety - includes pronunciation (phonological/phonetic), but also includes grammatical, lexical and language usage Some examples of homophones for some --
hock/hawk, caller/collar, cot/caught, Don/Dawn
Variety - used as a more neutral term for dialect or language
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Pidgin
Pidgin: speakers of a different languageintergroup communication; no native speakers (because the speakers
have their own language that they speak in their homes)
reduced grammatical system.
Ex: Traverler’s use of another language
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Creole
Defined in it’s political and historic context Colonialism and slavery
Derived from colonial languages: French (Haiti), English (Jamaica), Netherlands (South Africa), Portugeese (Cap Vert) Spanish (Philippines)
Contact with African languages (mostly)Oral languages, vernacular
NOTE: Creoles are considered languages in their own right.
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Creole (continued)
Here are a few examples of French Creoles:
Statement: « I don’t know where he is. »
French: «Je ne sais pas où il est» M’pas kome (ki) koté li yé (haïtien) Moin pa sav ola i yé (guadeloupéen) Mi koné pas ousa i lé (réunionnais) Mo pa koné li été (mauricien)
Consider spoken French (Acadian): Mwa, j’sé pa ous qui é. Mwa, j’connais pa a yous qui é.
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Creole (continued)
Lobi love Bigi big Lafu laugh Mofo mouth Ini in
Tapu topLuku lookAbi haveFutu footSeni sendLeni lend
Here are a few examples of an English Creole - Sranan:
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CODE SWITCHING VS. CODE MIXINGBORROWING
Terminology used to speak of
Languages in contact?
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Languages in Contact
Code Switching:The systematic alternation between language systems in discourse.
Also called “code mixing”
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Code Switching
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgWQoZz6nEk
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What About Chiac?
Video : Chiac pour les Dummies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q9BqfXyx4k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRgbpIQU1hw
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Languages in Contact
Borrowing:A source of language change that involves adopting aspects of one language into another.
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VERNACULAR LANGUAGESVEHICULAR LANGUAGES
Terminology used to speak of a language’s/dialect’s
functions
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Vernacular Languages
Vernacular: a variety of a given language often limited to ________ ________ within the _______(not often written).
Example: Chiac is a vernacular language of francophones living in the south-east region of NB.
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Vehicular Languages
Vehicular : a language used to assure ________ ____between many groups of differing tongues.
For example: American English is a vehicular language
throughout the world at present. Wolof is the vehicular language of
Senegal, West Africa.
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ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS AS HONESTLY AS POSSIBLE
Evaluating a Speaker
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Evaluating Speakers
What is your impression of this speaker? Education? Profession? Social class?
Describe the character of this person? Friendly? Honest? Intelligent? Proud/ arrogant?
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Perceptions, Presuppositions and
Prejudice
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Stereotypes
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=_VF9G37FCMK
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Language Myths
What is "proper Englishproper English"? What is the most prestigious pronunciationprestigious pronunciation? Is there a right way right way and a wrong way wrong way to speak ?
Sociolinguists often want to know two things:1. How do you perceive your way of speakingyour way of speaking?2. How do you perceive others way of speakingothers way of speaking?
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vF9g37FCmk
(AMERICAIN TONGUES) 6:18 min
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SOCIOLINGUIST:WILLIAM LABOV
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN NEW-YORK’S DEPARTMENT STORES.
Prestigious Pronunciation?
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Prestigous Pronunciation
Hypothesis: Is there a correlation between the
pronunciation of the words with the sound /r/ and New-Yorker’s social classes.
According to Labov, many individuals that are part of the upper class tend to pronounce the final /r/ in words like ___, ___, ___, et _____.
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Labov (3)
Employees of three New-York departement stores Upper: Saks Fifth Avenue Middle : Macy's Lower: S. Klein
Asked them a question to which the answer would be « ________ » in order to determine their pronunciation of the final /r/.
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Labov: Résultats
Results : 62% of the
employees at Saks pronounce the /r/,
51% at Macy's;20% at Klein.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Saks Macy's Klein
/ r/prononcé
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1. REAL PRONUNCIATION VS. PERCEIVED PRONUNCIATION
2. SEEKING THE PRESTIGIOUS PRONUNCIATION3. CONSEQUENCE OF LINGUISTIC INSECURITY
Linguistic Insecurity
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Prestigious PronunciationsPeter Trudgill, Norwich (Great Brittan)
Study of the pronunciation of the words:tune, student, music
These words have variants in Norwich:/ju:/ et /u:/
Ex: /tju:n/ (considered more prestigious) /tu:n/ (considered less prestigious)
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Prestigious PronunciationsPeter Trudgill, Norwich (Great Brittan)
Two steps in this study: 1.Ask the people to pronounce the words (transcribe the actual pronunciation)
2.Then ask the people what they ________ they pronounce.
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Trudgill: Results
Those who say that they pronounce /ju:/ (considered more prestigious)
Those who say that they pronounce /u:/
Those that actually pronounce /ju:/ (considered more prestigious)
6060 4040 =100=100
Those that actually pronounce /u:/ 1616 8484 =100=100
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Trudgill: Interpretation
40% of the people who actually use the _______pronunciation seemed to have “________” their pronunciation.
16% of the people who used that ____ ____ ____pronunciation had a tendency to “________” their pronunciation.
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Trudgill: Men vs. Women
Trudgill then analysed the results in light of SEXES :
Total Men Women
Over evaluate
13 0 29
Under evaluate
7 6 7
Right perception
80 94 64
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Trudgill: Interpretation
Sociolinguistics now wants to explain these results.As opposed to « descriptive linguistics » that only seeks to describe.
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Trudgill: Interpretation
Trudgill’s interpretation in view of sociological findings:
Women:Are more preoccupied with the
desire to adopt what is promoted as a more socially acceptable behaviour, in this case, language.
“women are more likely to have social class aspirations than men”
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Trudgill: Interpretation
Trudgill’s interpretation in view of sociological findings:
Men:Do not tend to desire to adopt what
is promoted as a more socially acceptable behaviour, in this case, language.
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Trudgill: Interpretation (2)
Linguistic security vs. insecurity.
Linguistic insecurity : The anxiety __ ________ ________ experienced by speakers and writers who believe that their use of language does not conform to the principles and practices of ________ ________
(e.g. Standard English).
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Video : Learning not to Tawk Like a New
Yorker
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2010/11/19/nyregion/1248069311927/you-talkin-to-me.html
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Linguistic insecurity
Possible effects of linguistic insecurity: False perceptions Loss of confidence to speak given language Hypercorrection:
“You and I” “Whomever”
Loss of desire to speak given language Language transfer
Loss of identity
Effects on others
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Acadian Teachers: Boudreau & Dubois
Professors at Université de Moncton, did a similar experiment.
Future teachers:Results:
The more there is intense language contact, the more Acadians are insecure about their language.
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WHAT HAVE YOU ANSWERED?
Questionnaires