Socioeconomics and the Ethics of Organ Donation Elizabeth McClinchie, Department of Biology, College...
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Socioeconomics and the Ethics of Organ Donation Elizabeth McClinchie, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Honors College Faculty Mentor: Diane Verrill, Department of Political Science, College of Arts and Sciences, and Honors College The ethics of organ donations, particularly of organ sales, has been speculated upon by many a bioethicist. The political, social, biological, and moral implications of organ sales have caused a struggle for medical policy makers for some time now. This research will delve into the possible correlation of socioeconomic status and views on the ethical problem of organ Is there a correlation between socioeconomic status and opinions about whether or not it is ethical to allow organs to be sold for transplants? •My hypothesis is that those who are in lower socioeconomic levels will be more in favor of organ sales because it will serve as a possible source of income. •I also predict that there will be predominantly negative opinions about organ sales, despite economic standing, which begs my second question: Is there a compromise that can be reached between the two sides of the argument, should organ sales be legalized? What are the sides to the ethical dilemma of organ donations? Can a reasonable compromise be reached? Valid arguments can be made for both sides of the question: Should the sale of organs for donation be legalized? What factors do these arguments consider? Are they complete and logical? In my research I plan to answer these questions, but I will start by taking a look at that which has already been uncovered. Epstein (2003) makes the case that organ sales should be legalized. He points out that there are too many needs unmet for policies to remain unchanged and he addresses the possible risks for organ sales. Epstein says that it is nearly illogical not to legalize organ sales. There are simply too many people in need of organs. There is nothing more important than saving as many lives as possible. According to his logic, the benefits far outweigh the risks. In an opposing view, Childress speaks to the claim that organ sales should not be legalized. He says that the sales will become exploitative and that they are simply unnecessary. He fears that with organ sale legalization will follow coercion and that organ transplantation will become tainted with a lack of morals. Childress offers the option of recognizing and honoring donors, instead of using monetary incentives to increase organ donation (Epstein, 2003). Jarvis, R., Richards, J., Daar, A. S., Guttmann, R. D., Hoffenburg, R., Kennedy, I., Lock, M., Sells, M. R., Tilney, N. (1998) expand on the need for organ availability to increase and lists the options for how to go about making this change. Education in is important factor, according to this essay. The public needs to be aware of the need for organs and how they can help to end the shortage. There is not a high risk for the actual kidney donation surgery, so many individuals would be capable of undergoing the process. Jarvis also expresses concern for exploitation and states that with organ sales, organ donation may disappear. The need for kidney sales is also advocated, in an attempt to explain both sides of this issue. Caplan (1992), delves into the actual policy of organ donations. He explains the entire process as an enormous funnel in which potential organ recipients are combed through in order to decide who will actually receive an organ. In each of these sources one idea remains the same: A policy change needs to be made. The need for organs is too monumental to keep moving at the slow pace in which the transplant policy process is moving. Due to the two extreme ends of the ethical spectrum, it is clear that some sort of middle ground must be reached. A compromise must be attained and maintained. There are far too many people in need of organs to proceed without an upgrade. Warren Burggren, Ph.D., Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs Vish Prasad, Ph.D., Vice President for Research and Economic Development Michael Monticino, Ph.D., Dean College of Arts and Sciences Gloria C. Cox, Ph.D., Dean, Honors College Art Goven, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Biology Michael Monticino, Dean, college of Arts and Sciences Caplan, A. (1992). If I Were A Rich Man Could I Buy A Pancreas?. If I Were A Rich Man Could I Buy A Pancreas? (pp 158-177). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Epstein, R., Childress, J., Kennedy, I., Phillips, M., Fung, J., Berger, A., et al. (2003). What Ethics Should Guide Organ Donations. Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints (pp. 62-74). Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Jarvis, R., Richards, J., Daar, A. S., Guttmann, R. D., Hoffenburg, R., Kennedy, I., Lock, M., Sells, M. R., Tilney, N. (1998). The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales and Join the Club. The Ethics of Organ Transplants (pp. 224-228, 183-192). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. http://blogs.aafp.org/fpm/transformation/ http://www.quora.com/Why-do-medical-emblems-often-depict-a- snake-or-serpent donation-death/ http://www.transplanttshirts.com/ CHART or PICTURE •My methodology will, hypothetically, be that of a standard survey. I plan to construct a fairly simple questionnaire that will address the volunteers’ average income, view of organ sales, and perhaps more detailed questions regarding economic standing such as: quality of life, ease paying bills, or other questions that can be ranked on a numerical scale by the volunteers. •These surveys may be conducted over the phone for convenience, and the phone book may be used to keep a consistent means of “random sampling.” A certain measurement, such as 4 inches, will be used to determine which phone number from each page will be dialed. •After the data is collected, I will examine each question’s answer set statistically to determine whether there is a significant correlation between economic status and beliefs about organ sales. TOPIC RESEARCH METHODS LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH QUESTIONS/ HYPOTHESES REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Transcript of Socioeconomics and the Ethics of Organ Donation Elizabeth McClinchie, Department of Biology, College...
Socioeconomics and the Ethics of Organ DonationElizabeth McClinchie, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Honors College
Faculty Mentor: Diane Verrill, Department of Political Science, College of Arts and Sciences, and Honors College
The ethics of organ donations, particularly of organ sales, has been speculated upon by many a bioethicist. The political, social, biological, and moral implications of organ sales have caused a struggle for medical policy makers for some time now. This research will delve into the possible correlation of socioeconomic status and views on the ethical problem of organ sales.
Is there a correlation between socioeconomic status and opinions about whether or not it is ethical to allow organs to be sold for transplants?•My hypothesis is that those who are in lower socioeconomic levels
will be more in favor of organ sales because it will serve as a possible source of income.• I also predict that there will be predominantly negative opinions
about organ sales, despite economic standing, which begs my second question:
Is there a compromise that can be reached between the two sides of the argument, should organ sales be legalized?
What are the sides to the ethical dilemma of organ donations? Can a reasonable compromise be reached? Valid arguments can be made for both sides of the question: Should the sale of organs for donation be legalized? What factors do these arguments consider? Are they complete and logical? In my research I plan to answer these questions, but I will start by taking a look at that which has already been uncovered.
Epstein (2003) makes the case that organ sales should be legalized. He points out that there are too many needs unmet for policies to remain unchanged and he addresses the possible risks for organ sales. Epstein says that it is nearly illogical not to legalize organ sales. There are simply too many people in need of organs. There is nothing more important than saving as many lives as possible. According to his logic, the benefits far outweigh the risks.
In an opposing view, Childress speaks to the claim that organ sales should not be legalized. He says that the sales will become exploitative and that they are simply unnecessary. He fears that with organ sale legalization will follow coercion and that organ transplantation will become tainted with a lack of morals. Childress offers the option of recognizing and honoring donors, instead of using monetary incentives to increase organ donation (Epstein, 2003).
Jarvis, R., Richards, J., Daar, A. S., Guttmann, R. D., Hoffenburg, R., Kennedy, I., Lock, M., Sells, M. R., Tilney, N. (1998) expand on the need for organ availability to increase and lists the options for how to go about making this change. Education in is important factor, according to this essay. The public needs to be aware of the need for organs and how they can help to end the shortage. There is not a high risk for the actual kidney donation surgery, so many individuals would be capable of undergoing the process. Jarvis also expresses concern for exploitation and states that with organ sales, organ donation may disappear. The need for kidney sales is also advocated, in an attempt to explain both sides of this issue.
Caplan (1992), delves into the actual policy of organ donations. He explains the entire process as an enormous funnel in which potential organ recipients are combed through in order to decide who will actually receive an organ.
In each of these sources one idea remains the same: A policy change needs to be made. The need for organs is too monumental to keep moving at the slow pace in which the transplant policy process is moving. Due to the two extreme ends of the ethical spectrum, it is clear that some sort of middle ground must be reached. A compromise must be attained and maintained. There are far too many people in need of organs to proceed without an upgrade.
Warren Burggren, Ph.D., Provost and Vice President for Academic AffairsVish Prasad, Ph.D., Vice President for Research and Economic DevelopmentMichael Monticino, Ph.D., Dean College of Arts and SciencesGloria C. Cox, Ph.D., Dean, Honors CollegeArt Goven, Ph.D., Chair, Department of BiologyMichael Monticino, Dean, college of Arts and Sciences
Caplan, A. (1992). If I Were A Rich Man Could I Buy A Pancreas?. If I Were A Rich Man Could I Buy A Pancreas? (pp 158-177). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Epstein, R., Childress, J., Kennedy, I., Phillips, M., Fung, J., Berger, A., et al. (2003). What Ethics Should Guide Organ Donations. Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints (pp. 62-74). Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.
Jarvis, R., Richards, J., Daar, A. S., Guttmann, R. D., Hoffenburg, R., Kennedy, I., Lock, M., Sells, M. R., Tilney, N. (1998). The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales and Join the Club. The Ethics of Organ Transplants (pp. 224-228, 183-192). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
http://blogs.aafp.org/fpm/transformation/http://www.quora.com/Why-do-medical-emblems-often-depict-a-snake-or-serpenthttp://chriskelly24.com/2011/02/14/organ-donor-bill-progresses/http://www.zentastic.com/blog/2005/06/06/noble-suicide-organ-donation-death/http://www.transplanttshirts.com/
CHART or PICTURE
•My methodology will, hypothetically, be that of a standard survey. I plan to construct a fairly simple questionnaire that will address the volunteers’ average income, view of organ sales, and perhaps more detailed questions regarding economic standing such as: quality of life, ease paying bills, or other questions that can be ranked on a numerical scale by the volunteers.
•These surveys may be conducted over the phone for convenience, and the phone book may be used to keep a consistent means of “random sampling.” A certain measurement, such as 4 inches, will be used to determine which phone number from each page will be dialed.
•After the data is collected, I will examine each question’s answer set statistically to determine whether there is a significant correlation between economic status and beliefs about organ sales.
TOPIC
RESEARCH METHODS
LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
