Socio-cultural Diversity and National Integration Padma Prasad Khatiwada, PhD.
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Transcript of Socio-cultural Diversity and National Integration Padma Prasad Khatiwada, PhD.
Socio-cultural Diversity and National Integration
Padma Prasad Khatiwada, PhD
Objectives
• Explain the socio-cultural diversity profile of the country• Explain the importance of socio-cultural diversity in national
development• Analyze the binding factors for national integration
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• o;sf] kl/efiff b'O{ d'Vo tTj;+u cfwfl/t x'G5 M :jLsfo{tf (Acceptance) / ;Ddfg (Respect/Dignity) • Understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our
individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.• Diversity is a recognizable source of creativity and innovation that can provide a
basis for competitive advantage. On the other hand, diversity is also a cause of misunderstanding, suspicion and conflict in the workplace that can result in absenteeism, poor quality, low morale and loss of competitiveness (Bassett-Jones, 2005)
Dimensions of Diversity
• Qualitative Diversity: – Diverse feature of multicultural society cannot be changed that are
rooted in a common history nor effectively modified by violating fundamental human rights, such as religion, language
• Quantitative Diversity: – Economic diversities can be changed in a society by improving
equality or by making political decision
• ‘We’ a common feeling of us creates the ‘Other’ or ‘They’- diversity crop out
Different Forms of Social Diversity
• Multiculturalism, or ethnic diversity, the promotion of multiple ethnic cultures• Cultural diversity, the respect of different cultures and interculturality• Functional diversity (disability), an alternative term for "special needs,"
"disability," "impairment" or "handicap"• Neurodiversity, a movement in support of civil rights of people with
atypical (different) neurological characteristics• Diversity training, the process of educating people to function in a
diverse environment• Diversity (politics), the political and social policy of encouraging
tolerance for people of different backgrounds
Why Diversity?
• Exploration of differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing (promoting) environment.
•Understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual.
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What are Nepal’s diversities?
• Natural, social, cultural, geographical, linguistic, ethnic and religious
• Base: Geographical diversity of Nepal that has shaped its socio-cultural diversity
• Caste/ethnic diversity: 125 caste/ethnic groups • Linguistic diversity: 123 languages spoken as mother tongue • Religious diversity: 10 types of religions
To UNDERSTAND ALL DIVERSITIES, ONE MUST UNDERSTAND
DEMOGRAPHY
Nepal’s Social Demography
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DhuniaLo
dhKanu
Musalm
anKahar
Kurmi
Dhandi
Natuwa
Halkhor
DhobiLo
har
NEPAL
BaramSh
erpa
Khawas
Bahing
Dhimal
Loharu
ng
Bantaba
Hill Brahman
Hyolm
o
Gurung
Lhopa
Walung
Jirel
Thakali
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.46.2 6.2 6.2
4.9
4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9
Top 11 and bottom 14 caste/ethnic groups in terms of household size, Census 2011
Hill Brahman Hill Chhetree Madhesi B/C Madhesi OC - A
Madhesi OC - B
Hill Dalit Madhesi Dalit
Newar M/H Janajati - A
M/H Janajati - B
Tarai Janajati Musalman Others (MPB)
Others undefined
NEPAL80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
92 91
108107
102
87
101
95
87
94
97
101
116
98
94
Sex ratio by broader social groups, Census 2011
Total Fertility Rate
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
6.3 6.27
5.39
3.25
2.52
Year
Total fertility rate by broader social groups, 2011
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2.01
2.67
2.14
2.953.27 3.33 3.20
1.73
2.422.62
2.37
3.69
2.16
Life expectancy at birth (1981-2011)
1981 1991 2001 2011
49.8
54.3
60.4
66.6
50.9
5561.1
65.4
48.1
53.5
61.6
68Total Male Female
Life expectancy at birth by broader social groups, 2011
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
73.26
70.32
74.1072.35
65.57
70.4572.26
70.12 69.44 70.4772.87
Population Projection(2011-2031) (Medium variant)
2011 2016 2021 2026 2031
26.5 28.4 30.4 32.1 33.6
Population Projection (in Million)
Population Projection (in Million)
Fig 4.1: Top and bottom ten caste/ethnic groups in terms of percentage of population, Census
2011
Raute (618), Nurang (278) and Kusunda (273) have even less than one thousand populations.
Classification of 125 groups into broader social groups, 2011 Census
SN Social Groups 125 Caste/Ethnic groups1. Hill Brahman Hill Brahman (1)2. Hill Chhetree Chhetree, Thakuri, Sanyasi/Dasnami (3)
3. Madhesi Brahman/ Chhetree (B/C) Tarai Brahmin, Kayastha, Rajput (3)
4. a. Madhesi Other Caste(OC) – A[literacy 50+%]
Amat, Badhaee, Baraee, Dev, Gaderi/Bhedihar, Hajam/Thakur, Haluwai, Kalar, Kalwar, Kamar, Kanu, Kathbaniyan, Koiri/Kushwaha, Kurmi, Lohar, Rajbhar, Rajdhob, Sonar, Sudhi, Teli, Yadav (21)
b. Madhesi Other Caste(OC) – B[literacy <50%]
Bin, Dhandi, Dhankar/Kharikar, Dhunia, Kahar, Kewat, Kori, Kumhar, Lodh, Mali, Mallaha, Natuwa, Nuniya, Nurang, Sarbaria (15)
5. Hill Dalit Badi, Damai/Dholi, Gaine, Kami, Sarki (5)
6. Madhesi Dalit Bantar/Sardar, Chamar/Harijan/Ram, Chidimar, Dhobi, Dom, Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi, Halkhor, Khatwe, Musahar, Tatma/Tatwa (10)
7. Newar Newar (1)8. a. Mountain/Hill (M/H)
Janajati–A[literacy 66+%]
Sherpa, Yakkha, Jirel, Kulung, Yamphu, Mewahang Bala, Gharti/Bhujel, Khaling, Darai, Magar, Chhantyal/Chhantel, Aathpariya, Bahing, Rai, Thulung, Gurung, Limbu, Lepcha, Samgpang, Dura, Chamling, Bantaba, Loharung, Thakali (24)
b. Mountain/Hill (M/H)
Janajati–B[literacy <66%]
Bhote, Bote, Brahmu/Baram, Byasi/Sauka, Chepang, Danuwar, Dolpo, Ghale, Hayu, Hyolmo, Kumal, Kusunda, Lhomi, Lhopa, Majhi, Nachhiring, Pahari, Raji, Raute, Sunuwar, Tamang, Thami, Topkegola, Walung (24)
9. Tarai JanajatiDhanuk, Dhimal, Gangai, Jhangad/Dhagar, Kisan, Koche, Meche, Munda, Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya, Rajbansi, Satar/Santhal, Tajpuriya, Tharu (13)
10. Musalman Musalman (1)11. Other (MPB) Marwadi, Punjabi/Sikh, Bangali (MPB) ( (3)12. Other undefined Dalit others, Janajati others, Tarai others, undefined others (4)13. Foreigner Foreign citizens
Hill B
rahman
Hill C
hhetree
Mad
hesi B
/C
Mad
hesi O
C - A
Mad
hesi O
C - B
Hill D
alit
Mad
hesi D
alit
Newar
M/H
Janaja
ti - A
M/H
Janaja
ti - B
Tarai J
anaja
ti
Musa
lman
Others
(MPB)
Dalit O
thers
Janaja
ti Oth
ers
Terai O
thers
Others
undefined
Foreigner
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
12.18
19.07
0.83
11.25
2.55
8.12
4.414.99
14.33
7.89
8.59
4.39
0.320.59
0.000.39
0.06 0.03
Percentage distribution of population by broader social groups, Census 2011
Hyo
lmo
Dhu
nia
Badi
Kush
wad
iya
Bin
Mun
da
Bang
ali
Punj
abi/
Sikh
Bara
ee
Byas
i
NEP
AL
Sher
pa
Bhot
e
Badh
aee
Kisa
n
Sunu
war
Sona
r
Rajb
har
Kam
ar
Chid
imar
Nur
ang-50.0
-40.0-30.0-20.0-10.0
0.010.020.030.040.0
29.2224.9021.62
17.5213.9012.709.92 8.54 8.22 6.161.35
-3.14-3.63-4.63-5.03-5.36-8.13-9.33-15.90
-22.83
-41.44
Top 10 and bottom 10 caste/ethnic groups in terms of annual growth rate of population, Census 2011
Number of languages reported in different censuses of Nepal
1952/54
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
4436
17 1831
92
123
Number of languagesNumber of languages
Language speakers, 2011 (in %)
44.64
11.67
5.98 5.77 5.11 3.2 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.61 1.89 1.3 1.23 1.030.600000000000
001
Major language Speakers (in %) Major language Speakers in percentage
Top 10 and bottom 10 caste/ethnic groups in terms of literacy, Census 2011
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Literacy rates of selected social groups
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
81.972.2
82.1
56.7
41.3
61.9
34.5
80.172.2
61.6 62.5
43.6
79.5
55.7
65.9
Population by Religion
Hinduism
Buddihism Islam
Kirat
Christian
ity
Prakriti Bon
Jainism Bah
ai
Sikhism
Others
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
100.081.3
9.0 4.2 3.6 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3
Chart Title
Hinduism 21551492
Buddihism 2396099
Islam 1162370
Kirat 807169
Christianity 375,699
Prakriti 121,982
Bon 13,006
Jainism 3,214
Bahai 1,283
Sikhism 609
Others 61,581
Integration
• Bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation.• Pre-condition to Integration • Inclusion (which is different from Integration). • Inclusion based on equity, or short-term policies like reservation,
quota system.
What types of Integration, Where?
• Political• Socio-cultural• Economic• Psychological
How Integration Possible?
• Diversity as an asset • Power sharing (Holding Together Federal System – not by
decentralization in unitary system)• Multiple loyalty• Self rule and shared rule• Territorial and non territorial model of federal ruling system • Concept of composed citizens• Inclusive democracy• The most contentious issue: Concept of multinational state.
What are the unifying factors?
• Linguistic • Cultural• Historic • Keep silent on religion : State has no religion• Local Governance and Decentralisation • Economic Prosperity
Tribute to Madiba who materialized Rainbow Colour : “Young people are our greatest treasure”
Thanks